Unit 1 Flashcards
Movement
Action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
Respiration
Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
Sensitivity
Ability to detect and respond tu stimuli (changes) in the internal or external environment
Growth, and in animals and plants
Permanent increase in size and dry mass
. Animals: stop growing at a certain size
. Plants: grow throughout their lives
Reproduction
Processes that make more of the same kind of organism
Excretion
The removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements
Nutrition
Taking in of food to obtain energy and nutrients
The five kingdoms
. Plants
. Animals
. Fungi
. Protoctista
. Prokaryotes
Characteristics of plants
. Multicellular
. Cell walls made of cellulose
. Cells contain chloroplasts
. Make food -> photosynthesis
Characteristics of animals
. Multicellular
. No chloroplasts
. Unable to make food: feed on other organisms
. Most capable of moving
Characteristics of fungi
. Mostly single-celled
. Cell walls made of chitin
. Reproduce by forming spores
. Don’t photosynthesise
Characteristics of protoctista
. Mostly single-celled
. Microscopic
Characteristics of prokaryotes
. Single-celled
. No nucleus
Examples of plants (3)
. Flowers
. Mosses
. Grasses
Examples of animals (3)
. Fish
. Insects
. Humans
Examples of fungi (3)
. Mushrooms
. Toadstools
. Yeast
Examples of protoctista (2)
. Amoeba
. Algae
Example of prokaryote
. Bacteria
Virus
. It’s a parasite
. Not a living organism
The Bionominal system
Internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts: genus and species
Order of the bionominal system (7)
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Vertebrates
Have backbone and internal skeleton
The types of vertebrates (5)
. Fish
. Birds
. Mammals
. Reptiles
. Amphibians
Characteristics of fish
. Gills for breathing
. Fins to swim
. Soft and moist scales
. External fertilisations
. Skeletons made of bone and cartilage
. Cold-blooded
Characteristics of birds
. Feathers and wings to fly
. Warm-blooded
. Hard-shelled eggs
. Sharp claws + beaks: to hunt
. Webbed feet to swim
. Internal fertilisation
Characteristics of mammals
. Feed milk to their ypung
. Fur/hair
. Breathe air
. Warm-blooded
. Internal fertilisation
Characteristics of reptiles
. Soft, leathery shells
. Dry, hard scales
. Cold-blooded
. Internal fertilisation
. Breathe with lungs
Characteristics of amphibians
. Smooth moist (mucus) and permeable skin
. External fertilisation
. Breathe through skin in water and with lungs on land
. Cold-blooded
Invertebrates
. Arthropodes
. Don’t have a backbone
Characteristics of Arthropods
. Hard exoskeleton
. Segmented body
. Jointed legs
Types of invertebrate (4)
. Crustaceans
. Myriapods
. Insects
. Arachnids
Characteristics of crustaceans
. 2 segments
. 2 pairs of antennae
. Compund eyes
. 5-20 pairs of legs
. Breathe using gills
. Most live in water
Characteristics of myriapods (centpiedes and milipedes)
. Long bodies with many segments
. 1 pair of antennae
. Centpiedes:
- 1 pair of legs per segments
- Fast moving carnivores
. Milipedes:
- 2 pairs of legs per segement
- Slow-moving herbivores
Characteristics of insects
. 3 segments: head, thorax and abdomen
. Thorax: 2 pairs of legs + 2 pairs of wings
. Head: 1 pair of antennae
. Covered by waterproof cuticle
. Breathe through spiracles
Characteristics of arachnids
. 2 segments: cephalothorax + abdomen
. 4 pairs of legs
. No wings or antennae
. Several pairs of eyes (not compound)
Characteristics of Ferns (non-flowering plants)
. Non-flowering plants
. Strong stem, roots and leaves
. Leaves have a cuticle
. Many grow from thick underground stem -> rhizome
. Don’t produce seed
. Reproduce with spores
Flowering plants
- Reproduce by means of flowers that make seeds
2 types of flowering plants
. Monocotyledons
. Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons: Leaves, flowers, roots, seeds
. Leaves: Narrow leaves with parallel veins
. Flowers: Flower parts in multiples of 3
. Roots: Fibrous roots
. Seeds: One cotyledon
Example of monocotyledons
All grasses
Dictotyledons: Leaves, flowers, roots, seeds
. Leaves: Broad leaves with branched veins
. Flowers: Multiples of 4 and 5
. Roots: Primary root called taproot
. Seeds: Two cotyledons
Example of dicotyledons
All trees
Aim of classification systems
. To reflect evolutionary relationships
In what way were organisms originally classified?
Physical features
What is the advantage of the binomial naming system?
It is universal (everyone can understand it)
Define species
A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring
Why are viruses not living?
They do not have all of the 7 characteristics of living organisms (for example they cannot respire)
How are modern classification techniques more accurate?
Biochemical and genetic analysis are used -> more accuracy
Morphology
Apperance
Anatomy
Inside
DNA in classification
How similar the sequence of bases is
