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Biology IGCSE > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Movement

A

Action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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3
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability to detect and respond tu stimuli (changes) in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

Growth, and in animals and plants

A

Permanent increase in size and dry mass
. Animals: stop growing at a certain size
. Plants: grow throughout their lives

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

Processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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7
Q

Nutrition

A

Taking in of food to obtain energy and nutrients

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8
Q

The five kingdoms

A

. Plants
. Animals
. Fungi
. Protoctista
. Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Characteristics of plants

A

. Multicellular
. Cell walls made of cellulose
. Cells contain chloroplasts
. Make food -> photosynthesis

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10
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

. Multicellular
. No chloroplasts
. Unable to make food: feed on other organisms
. Most capable of moving

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11
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

. Mostly single-celled
. Cell walls made of chitin
. Reproduce by forming spores
. Don’t photosynthesise

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12
Q

Characteristics of protoctista

A

. Mostly single-celled
. Microscopic

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13
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

. Single-celled
. No nucleus

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14
Q

Examples of plants (3)

A

. Flowers
. Mosses
. Grasses

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15
Q

Examples of animals (3)

A

. Fish
. Insects
. Humans

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16
Q

Examples of fungi (3)

A

. Mushrooms
. Toadstools
. Yeast

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17
Q

Examples of protoctista (2)

A

. Amoeba
. Algae

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18
Q

Example of prokaryote

A

. Bacteria

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19
Q

Virus

A

. It’s a parasite
. Not a living organism

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20
Q

The Bionominal system

A

Internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts: genus and species

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21
Q

Order of the bionominal system (7)

A
  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
22
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have backbone and internal skeleton

23
Q

The types of vertebrates (5)

A

. Fish
. Birds
. Mammals
. Reptiles
. Amphibians

24
Q

Characteristics of fish

A

. Gills for breathing
. Fins to swim
. Soft and moist scales
. External fertilisations
. Skeletons made of bone and cartilage
. Cold-blooded

25
Q

Characteristics of birds

A

. Feathers and wings to fly
. Warm-blooded
. Hard-shelled eggs
. Sharp claws + beaks: to hunt
. Webbed feet to swim
. Internal fertilisation

26
Q

Characteristics of mammals

A

. Feed milk to their ypung
. Fur/hair
. Breathe air
. Warm-blooded
. Internal fertilisation

27
Q

Characteristics of reptiles

A

. Soft, leathery shells
. Dry, hard scales
. Cold-blooded
. Internal fertilisation
. Breathe with lungs

28
Q

Characteristics of amphibians

A

. Smooth moist (mucus) and permeable skin
. External fertilisation
. Breathe through skin in water and with lungs on land
. Cold-blooded

29
Q

Invertebrates

A

. Arthropodes
. Don’t have a backbone

30
Q

Characteristics of Arthropods

A

. Hard exoskeleton
. Segmented body
. Jointed legs

31
Q

Types of invertebrate (4)

A

. Crustaceans
. Myriapods
. Insects
. Arachnids

32
Q

Characteristics of crustaceans

A

. 2 segments
. 2 pairs of antennae
. Compund eyes
. 5-20 pairs of legs
. Breathe using gills
. Most live in water

33
Q

Characteristics of myriapods (centpiedes and milipedes)

A

. Long bodies with many segments
. 1 pair of antennae
. Centpiedes:
- 1 pair of legs per segments
- Fast moving carnivores
. Milipedes:
- 2 pairs of legs per segement
- Slow-moving herbivores

34
Q

Characteristics of insects

A

. 3 segments: head, thorax and abdomen
. Thorax: 2 pairs of legs + 2 pairs of wings
. Head: 1 pair of antennae
. Covered by waterproof cuticle
. Breathe through spiracles

35
Q

Characteristics of arachnids

A

. 2 segments: cephalothorax + abdomen
. 4 pairs of legs
. No wings or antennae
. Several pairs of eyes (not compound)

36
Q

Characteristics of Ferns (non-flowering plants)

A

. Non-flowering plants
. Strong stem, roots and leaves
. Leaves have a cuticle
. Many grow from thick underground stem -> rhizome
. Don’t produce seed
. Reproduce with spores

37
Q

Flowering plants

A
  • Reproduce by means of flowers that make seeds
38
Q

2 types of flowering plants

A

. Monocotyledons
. Dicotyledons

39
Q

Monocotyledons: Leaves, flowers, roots, seeds

A

. Leaves: Narrow leaves with parallel veins
. Flowers: Flower parts in multiples of 3
. Roots: Fibrous roots
. Seeds: One cotyledon

40
Q

Example of monocotyledons

A

All grasses

41
Q

Dictotyledons: Leaves, flowers, roots, seeds

A

. Leaves: Broad leaves with branched veins
. Flowers: Multiples of 4 and 5
. Roots: Primary root called taproot
. Seeds: Two cotyledons

42
Q

Example of dicotyledons

A

All trees

43
Q

Aim of classification systems

A

. To reflect evolutionary relationships

44
Q

In what way were organisms originally classified?

A

Physical features

45
Q

What is the advantage of the binomial naming system?

A

It is universal (everyone can understand it)

46
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

47
Q

Why are viruses not living?

A

They do not have all of the 7 characteristics of living organisms (for example they cannot respire)

48
Q

How are modern classification techniques more accurate?

A

Biochemical and genetic analysis are used -> more accuracy

49
Q

Morphology

A

Apperance

50
Q

Anatomy

A

Inside

51
Q

DNA in classification

A

How similar the sequence of bases is

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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