Topic 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of gas exchange surfaces

A

Large surface area: faster diffusion of gasses
Thin walls: short diffusion distance
Good ventilation with air: diffusion gradient mantaines
Good blood supply: maintain high concentration gradient

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2
Q

The trachea: cartilage

A

Rings of cartilage around trachea (and bronchi)
- Cartilage: support airways and keep them open during breathing -> without them sides could collapse inwards when air pressure inside tubes drops

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3
Q

Cilia

A

Passage down to lungs lined with ciliated epithelial cells:
- Cilia (cytoplasm extensions) move mucus up passages towards nose and throat -> removing it from body

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4
Q

Mucus

A

Made: goblet cells
Traps: particles, pathogens and dust -> prevents them from entering the lungs

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5
Q

Ventilation of the lungs: Inhalation

A

Thorax volume increases and pressure decreases -> air drawn in
- External intercostal muscles: contract -> ribs move upwards and outwards
- Diaphgram: contracts -> flattens
- Internal intercostal muscles: relax

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6
Q

Ventialtion of the lungs: exhalation

A

Thorax volume decreases and pressure increases -> air forced out
- External intercostal muscles: relax -> ribs move downwards and inwards
- Diaphgram: relaxes -> rises
- Internal intercostal muscles: contract -> if air is being forced out (forced exhalation)

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7
Q

Composition of air: oxygen

A

Inspired air: 21%
Expired air: 16%

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8
Q

Composition of air: carbon dioxide

A

Inspired air: 0.04%
Expired air: 4%

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9
Q

Composition of air: nitrogen

A

Inspired air: % varies
Expired air: saturated

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10
Q

Reasons for differences in inhaled and exhaled air: oxygen

A

Removed from blood by respiring cells -> returns to lungs with lower concentration

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11
Q

Reasons for differences in inhaled and exhaled air: carbon dioxide

A

Produced by respiring cells into blood -> returns to lungs with higher concentration

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12
Q

Reasons for differences in inhaled and exhaled air: water vapour

A

Evaporated from lining of alveoli into air -> warmth of body

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13
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

Limewater: clear -> cloudy/milky when carbon dioxide bubbled through

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14
Q

Effect of exercise on breathing

A

Exercise: increases frequency and depth of breathing -> muscles working harder and aerobically respiring more needing more oxygen to keep up with energy demand
- Increased depth of breathing: so more carbon dioxide is removed as brain detects increased concentration of caebon dioxide in blood

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