Topic 9 Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

The circulatory system

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-wat flow circulation

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2
Q

Single circulation of fish

A

Blood passes through the heart ONCE per full cycle

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3
Q

The double circulation of mamals

A

Blood passes through the heart TWICE each full circuit

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4
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of

A

A pump (heart)
Blood vessels
Valves -> allows ONE directional flow of blood

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5
Q

Which are the three types of vessels

A

Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

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6
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system

A
  • Blood travels at a higher pressure
  • Blood pumped much fastee -> delivers more oxygen to cells
    -> this is important a mammals use a lot of oxygen in mantaining body temperatures
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7
Q

How is blood plumped through blood vessels

A

In mammals, blood is plumped away from the heart arteries and returns to the heart in veins

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8
Q

Three ways of monitoring the heart rate

A
  • Listening to the valves opening and closing
  • ECG
  • Measuring the pulse rate
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9
Q

Listening to the valves opening and closing

A

The opening and closing of heart valves makes a ‘lub dub’ sound
-> A stethoscope can be used to listen to heart sounds

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10
Q

ECG

A

The hearts activity is controlled by electrical impulsed
-> sensors are attatched to persons sskin that detect these electrical impulses
-> these are recorded by a machine

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11
Q

Measuring pulse rate

A

This gives an idea of how quickly the heart is beating conpared to what is expected

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12
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than the walls of the atria

A

Because they are plumping blood to a further distance. To the lubgs or the rest of the body

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13
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the walls of the right ventricle

A

Because blood is pumped at a higher pressure and more force to travel further to the whole body

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14
Q

What are the roles of valves

A

One way structure that helps seperate the chambers and prevent backflow of blood

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15
Q

Why does heart rate increase when you exercise?

A

Because muscles need more energy to sutain muscle contraction
-> therefore respiration increases so the heart has to pump more blood as more oxygen is needed for the body (muscles) for aerobic respiration

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16
Q

What is Coronary heart disease

A

A disease that affects the heart. It occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked with fatty depositis (plaques)

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17
Q

Risk factors for coronary heart disease (7)

A

Smoking
Diet
Lack of exercise
Age
Genetics
Biological sex
Stress

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18
Q

How cam coronary heart diseas be prevented

A
  • a change in diet -> reduce saturated fats and salt
  • no smoking
  • less stressful environment
  • exercising frequently
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19
Q

Coronary arteries

A

These supply the heart with blood (O2 for respiration) -> energy for muscle contraction

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20
Q

What happens when the coronoary arteries are blocked by plaques

A

Less blood reaches the heart
-> therefore there is less oxygen
-> less respiration
-> heart can’t contract efficiently
-> can lead to a heart attack

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21
Q

Prevention of coronary heart disease: diet

A

High blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol causes fatty deposits in the arteries
- Reducing salt -> reducing blood pressure
- Reducing saturated fate -> reduces cholesterol levels
- Eating lots of fruit and vegetables -> helps protect against CHD

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22
Q

Prevention of coronary heart disease: exercise

A

Regular exercise lowers blood pressure

23
Q

Capillaries: function, valves, pressure of blood, lumen

A

Function: gas exhange aswell as nutrients and waste
Lumen: very small
Valves: NO
Pressure of blood: very low

24
Q

Arteries: function, valves, pressure of blood, lumen, exceptions

A

Function: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Blood pressure: high
Lumen: small
Valves: NO
Exceptions: pulmonary arteries -> deoxygenated blood

25
Veins: function, valves, pressure of blood, lumen, exceptions
Function: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart Blood pressure: very low Lumen: large Valves: YES Exceptions: pulmonary veins -> oxygenated blood
26
Heart: main blood vessels to.. and from..
Vena cava -> aorta Pulmonary vein -> pulmonary artery
27
Lungs: main blood vessels to.. and from...
Pulmonary artery -> pulmonary vein
28
Kidney: main blood vessels to.. and from..
Renal artey -> renal vein
29
Liver: main blood vessels to.. and from..
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein -> BOTH hepatic artery
30
Blood
Blood is a tissue that transports dissolved substabces from digestion
31
Blood's 4 main components
1) blood plasma 2) red blood cells 3) white blood cells 4) platelets
32
Function of red blood cells
To transport oxygen around the body - Contains heamoglobin
33
Role of heamoglobin in blood
It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen at tissues
34
Adaptations of red blood cells
- Biconcave shape (larger surface area) - no nucleus
35
White blood cells: function
Destroy/fights pathogens/diseas Consist of Phagocytes and Lymphocytes
36
Phagocytes
Carry out phagocytosis -> engulf pathogens
37
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies -> proteins that attatch to antigens on pathogens to destroy them
38
Platelets and clotting
- Small fragements of cells Clotting: 1) blood contains fibrinogen 2) when you damage a blood vessel, it triggers fibrinogen to convert into fibrin 3) these tangle together and form a mash where RBCs and platelets become trapped 4) the blood clotting creates a barrier to pathogens and stops bleeding + lack of platelets can cause bruisng and excesive bleeding
39
What is fibrinogen
Soluble protein
40
What is fibrin
Insoulble fibres
41
Function of plasma
Pale straw with couloured liquid which carries substances in the blood
42
What does plasma contain? (6)
RBCs, WBCs, platelets Soluble nutrients (eg glucose and amino acids) Carbon dioxide Ions Hormones Urea (excretion)
43
Role of blood clotting
Prevents blood loss and the entry of pathogens
44
Left ventricle
Thicker wall -> needs more muscle to pum blood around the whole body at high pressure
45
Right ventricles
Thinner wall -> only has to pump blood to the lungs
46
Ventricle walls
Are thicker than atria walls -> as atria walls only has to pump blood to ventricles
47
Coronary arteries
Arteries surrounding heart that supply blood
48
Septum
Sepertaes deoxygenated from oxygenated blood
49
Pulse
contractions in ventricle creates surge of blood in arteries
50
Haemaglobin
iron-containing protein, where the red colouring of blood comes from
51
The structure of arteries related to blood pressure
Small lumen - more pressure
52
Structure of veins realted to blood pressure
Large lumen -> lowers the pressure
53
How is the structure of capillaries related to their function
Capillaries have a very thin wall -> small diffusion distance
54
Investigating the effect of physical activity on pulse rate:
- Put 2 fingers on wrist/neck and count number of pulses in 1 min - Take your 1 min pukse after doing physical activities - Plot results - Repeat 3 times for mor accuracy and caclculate average Conclusion: pulse will increase the more intense the physical activity