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Biology IGCSE > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

The circulatory system

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-wat flow circulation

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2
Q

Single circulation of fish

A

Blood passes through the heart ONCE per full cycle

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3
Q

The double circulation of mamals

A

Blood passes through the heart TWICE each full circuit

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4
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of

A

A pump (heart)
Blood vessels
Valves -> allows ONE directional flow of blood

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5
Q

Which are the three types of vessels

A

Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

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6
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system

A
  • Blood travels at a higher pressure
  • Blood pumped much fastee -> delivers more oxygen to cells
    -> this is important a mammals use a lot of oxygen in mantaining body temperatures
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7
Q

How is blood plumped through blood vessels

A

In mammals, blood is plumped away from the heart arteries and returns to the heart in veins

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8
Q

Three ways of monitoring the heart rate

A
  • Listening to the valves opening and closing
  • ECG
  • Measuring the pulse rate
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9
Q

Listening to the valves opening and closing

A

The opening and closing of heart valves makes a ‘lub dub’ sound
-> A stethoscope can be used to listen to heart sounds

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10
Q

ECG

A

The hearts activity is controlled by electrical impulsed
-> sensors are attatched to persons sskin that detect these electrical impulses
-> these are recorded by a machine

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11
Q

Measuring pulse rate

A

This gives an idea of how quickly the heart is beating conpared to what is expected

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12
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than the walls of the atria

A

Because they are plumping blood to a further distance. To the lubgs or the rest of the body

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13
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the walls of the right ventricle

A

Because blood is pumped at a higher pressure and more force to travel further to the whole body

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14
Q

What are the roles of valves

A

One way structure that helps seperate the chambers and prevent backflow of blood

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15
Q

Why does heart rate increase when you exercise?

A

Because muscles need more energy to sutain muscle contraction
-> therefore respiration increases so the heart has to pump more blood as more oxygen is needed for the body (muscles) for aerobic respiration

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16
Q

What is Coronary heart disease

A

A disease that affects the heart. It occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked with fatty depositis (plaques)

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17
Q

Risk factors for coronary heart disease (7)

A

Smoking
Diet
Lack of exercise
Age
Genetics
Biological sex
Stress

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18
Q

How cam coronary heart diseas be prevented

A
  • a change in diet -> reduce saturated fats and salt
  • no smoking
  • less stressful environment
  • exercising frequently
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19
Q

Coronary arteries

A

These supply the heart with blood (O2 for respiration) -> energy for muscle contraction

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20
Q

What happens when the coronoary arteries are blocked by plaques

A

Less blood reaches the heart
-> therefore there is less oxygen
-> less respiration
-> heart can’t contract efficiently
-> can lead to a heart attack

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21
Q

Prevention of coronary heart disease: diet

A

High blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol causes fatty deposits in the arteries
- Reducing salt -> reducing blood pressure
- Reducing saturated fate -> reduces cholesterol levels
- Eating lots of fruit and vegetables -> helps protect against CHD

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22
Q

Prevention of coronary heart disease: exercise

A

Regular exercise lowers blood pressure

23
Q

Capillaries: function, valves, pressure of blood, lumen

A

Function: gas exhange aswell as nutrients and waste
Lumen: very small
Valves: NO
Pressure of blood: very low

24
Q

Arteries: function, valves, pressure of blood, lumen, exceptions

A

Function: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Blood pressure: high
Lumen: small
Valves: NO
Exceptions: pulmonary arteries -> deoxygenated blood

25
Q

Veins: function, valves, pressure of blood, lumen, exceptions

A

Function: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Blood pressure: very low
Lumen: large
Valves: YES
Exceptions: pulmonary veins -> oxygenated blood

26
Q

Heart: main blood vessels to.. and from..

A

Vena cava -> aorta
Pulmonary vein -> pulmonary artery

27
Q

Lungs: main blood vessels to.. and from…

A

Pulmonary artery -> pulmonary vein

28
Q

Kidney: main blood vessels to.. and from..

A

Renal artey -> renal vein

29
Q

Liver: main blood vessels to.. and from..

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein -> BOTH hepatic artery

30
Q

Blood

A

Blood is a tissue that transports dissolved substabces from digestion

31
Q

Blood’s 4 main components

A

1) blood plasma
2) red blood cells
3) white blood cells
4) platelets

32
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

To transport oxygen around the body
- Contains heamoglobin

33
Q

Role of heamoglobin in blood

A

It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen at tissues

34
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells

A
  • Biconcave shape (larger surface area)
  • no nucleus
35
Q

White blood cells: function

A

Destroy/fights pathogens/diseas
Consist of Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

36
Q

Phagocytes

A

Carry out phagocytosis -> engulf pathogens

37
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies -> proteins that attatch to antigens on pathogens to destroy them

38
Q

Platelets and clotting

A
  • Small fragements of cells
    Clotting:
    1) blood contains fibrinogen
    2) when you damage a blood vessel, it triggers fibrinogen to convert into fibrin
    3) these tangle together and form a mash where RBCs and platelets become trapped
    4) the blood clotting creates a barrier to pathogens and stops bleeding
    + lack of platelets can cause bruisng and excesive bleeding
39
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

Soluble protein

40
Q

What is fibrin

A

Insoulble fibres

41
Q

Function of plasma

A

Pale straw with couloured liquid which carries substances in the blood

42
Q

What does plasma contain? (6)

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Soluble nutrients (eg glucose and amino acids)
Carbon dioxide
Ions
Hormones
Urea (excretion)

43
Q

Role of blood clotting

A

Prevents blood loss and the entry of pathogens

44
Q

Left ventricle

A

Thicker wall -> needs more muscle to pum blood around the whole body at high pressure

45
Q

Right ventricles

A

Thinner wall -> only has to pump blood to the lungs

46
Q

Ventricle walls

A

Are thicker than atria walls -> as atria walls only has to pump blood to ventricles

47
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Arteries surrounding heart that supply blood

48
Q

Septum

A

Sepertaes deoxygenated from oxygenated blood

49
Q

Pulse

A

contractions in ventricle creates surge of blood in arteries

50
Q

Haemaglobin

A

iron-containing protein, where the red colouring of blood comes from

51
Q

The structure of arteries related to blood pressure

A

Small lumen - more pressure

52
Q

Structure of veins realted to blood pressure

A

Large lumen -> lowers the pressure

53
Q

How is the structure of capillaries related to their function

A

Capillaries have a very thin wall -> small diffusion distance

54
Q

Investigating the effect of physical activity on pulse rate:

A
  • Put 2 fingers on wrist/neck and count number of pulses in 1 min
  • Take your 1 min pukse after doing physical activities
  • Plot results
  • Repeat 3 times for mor accuracy and caclculate average
    Conclusion: pulse will increase the more intense the physical activity

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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