Unit 08: 1945 - 1980 Flashcards
You’ll learn about the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States, the growth of various civil rights movements, and the economic, cultural, and political transformations of this period. Topics may include: • The Cold War and the Red Scare • America as a world power • The Vietnam War • The Great Society • The African American civil rights movement • Youth culture of the 1960s On The Exam 10%–17% of score
♣ Chapter 23: The United States and the Cold War (1945-1953) ♣
Chapter 22: World War II
Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe Roosevelt’s foreign policy:
- ambassadors to USSR
- formalized Hoover’s policy: Good Neighbor Policy
- US right intervene militarily in the internal affiars of LA
- still supported dictators
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe Japan’s movement before WW2:
- Created Empire of China
- Rape of Nanjing
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe Hitler’s actions just before the official start of WW2 (before September 01 1939)?
- Occupied Germany
- Overtook Rhineland (demilitarized zone between France and Germany)
- Alliance with Benito Mussolini
- 1938: annexed Austria and Sudetenland
Chapter 22: World War II
What was Roosevelt’s initial stance towards My Fuehrer?
- alarmed
- policy of “appeasement” → prevent conflict
Chapter 22: World War II
How did American actions towards Japan and Germany illustrate not vew as a imminent threat?
- Obsessed communism → approved German expansion
- Still did business with both Germany and Japan
- Saw WW1 as a mistake
- Ethnical allegiances reinforced traditional reluctance to enter war
Chapter 22: World War II
What was American “Isolationism” and Neutrality Acts?
Isolationism: desire to avoid conflict and foreign entanglements
Neutrality Acts:
- banned travel on belligerents’s shifts
- banned arms sale
hoped avoid conflict
Chapter 22: World War II
What resulted in a declaration of war in Europe?
September 01, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland
- Just before: Nazi-Soviet Pact (nonaggression pact)
- Result: Britian and France declare war
- overrun France
- Britian mostly alone war
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe the conflicting attitutes towards war and Congress’s actions in the 1940s:
Roosevelt: saw Hitler threat America
Americans: wanted stay out of war
Congress:
- allowed sale of arms to Britain
- military rearmament
Chapter 22: World War II
What happened in the Election of 1940?
Roosevelt announced candidacy for a thrid term
- political situation too fragile
- successful
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Lend-Lease Act?
Authorized military aid so long as countries promised return it after war
- weapons to Allies and Soviets
- froze Japanese assets
Chapter 22: World War II
What happened at Pearl Harbor on December 07, 1941?
- Japan bombed naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
- wanted cripple American naval power in Pacific
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the result of Pearl Harbor
Roosevelt decared war agianst Japan
(Next day Germany declared war on America)
Chapter 22: World War II
Why was WW2 called the “gross national product war”?
Coalition of combatatns could outproduce other
- American superior industrial might
- defeated Axis Powers
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Grand Alliance?
Britian, US, and USSR
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Chapter 22: World War II
What was D-Day? (June 06, 1944)
- First major involvement of American troops in Europe
- attacked northern France
Chapter 22: World War II
What was Hitler’s “final solution?”
Mass extermination of undesirable people (Slavs, gypsies, gays, women, and Jews)
Holocaust
Chapter 22: World War II
How did miltiary service unite American society?
- Americans from every region and racial units (though AA and Asians fought segregated units)
- meet people not meet under normal conditions
- wartime sacrifice widely shared
Chapter 22: World War II
How did WW2 transform the role of national government?
- federal agencies (War Production Board and War Manpower Commission)
- regulated allocation labor
- forced civilian industries retool for war production
- fixed wages, prices, rent
- Increased number federal workers
- built housing war workers
- increased taxes
- billions of war bonds
Chapter 22: World War II
What did wartime manufacturing achievements result in?
- Win two-front war
- help restore reputation of businesses and businessment
Chapter 22: World War II
What three-sided arrangement regarding labor rose during the war?
arrangement with government and businesses allowed union membership soar unprecedented levels
why: secure industrial peace and stable production
Chapter 22: World War II
Why was the Second World War remembered as the “Good War” in comparrison to past wars?
- Previous wars: divided Americans
- WW2: united Americans
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe wartime proganda themes:
- noble war
- protection against tyrannical government as defining characteristic of American life
- “free men and free women”
Chapter 22: World War II
What were the 4 freedoms of American ideology?
- freedom of speech
- freedom of worship
- freedom from want
- freedom from fear
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the 5th freedom of American wartime ideology?
Free enterprise
Chapter 22: World War II
Why were women workers needed during WW2?
Mobilization of “womanpower” to fill industrial jobs vacated by men
Chapter 22: World War II
How did the “taste of freedom” doing mens jobs become contentious after the war ended?
- government, businesses, and unions: depicted work temporar necessity, not an expansion of women’s freedom
- men wanted to return to American and continue traditional life
Chapter 22: World War II
What was The American Century by Henry Luce (1941) and what was its purpose?
- effort mobilize American poeple for coming war and postwar era
- American embrace role as “dominant power in world”
Chapter 22: World War II
Why was The American Century by Henry Luce (1941) opposed by liberals? What was Henry Wallace’s response?
Saw as a call for American imperialism
- Henry Wallace response “The Price of Free World Victory”
- war would usher in “century of common man”
- humanize capitalism
Chapter 22: World War II
How did Congress dismantle parts of the New Deal in favor of a peacetime economy?
National Resource Planning Board: (NRPB) blueprint peacetime economy based on full employment
- expanded welfare state
- widely shared American standard of living
“new bill of rights”
Chapter 22: World War II
What was Roosevelt’s “Economic Bill of Rights” (1944)?
- Original Bill of Rights: restricted power of government name of liberty
- Plan: expand its poer in order secure full employment, medical care, education, decent housing
Not exacted by Congress
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the GI Bill of Rights (or Servicemen’s Readjustment Act)?
- most farthest-reaching pieces of social legislation in American history
- aim rewards service members & prevent unemployment
Chapter 22: World War II
What was The Road to Serfdom (1944) by Friedrick A. Hayek?
Best-intentioned government effects direct economyst posed threat of individual liberty
- free market mobilizes fragmented and partial knowledge scattered through society
- lay foundation rise of modern conservatism and revival of laissez-faire economic though
- virtues of war: reinvigorate belief in virtues of capitalism
- Nazism highlighted danger merging economic and politcal power
Chapter 22: World War II
What did the Americans believe set them apart from the Axis?
- Four Freedoms
- principle of American pluralism
- idea of toleration and diversity
Chapter 22: World War II
How did assimilation occur during the war?
- melting pot
- especially European immigratns
Americans move out of ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves - contact people different backgrounds
- appauled racism of Nazis
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe anti-Semitism during WW2 in America:
- governemnt circles still excluded Jews
- unwilling allow too many Jewish refugees during the war
- Roosevelt knew about the Holocaust → failed authorize air strike might have destroyed German death camps
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Bracero Program? (1942)
Thousands contract laborers from Mexico corssed US to work
- why: temporary response wartime labor storage
-
effects:
- reinforced stereotype of Mexicans as unskilled laborers
- new opportunities second-generation Mexican-Americans
Chapter 22: World War II
What was thhe zoot suit roits of 1943?
- sailors and policement attacked Mexican-Americans youthers wearing flamboyant cloting
- illustrated limit of wartime toleration
Chapter 22: World War II
How did WW2 bring American Indians closer to mainstream American life?
- served in Army
- transmitted codes in complex native language (Japanese not decipher)
- Iroquois insisted American government not legally allowed draft Indains: own declaration of war
-
left reservations to work
- exposed industrial society: not return
- took advantage of GI Bill attend college
Chapter 22: World War II
Why was the Asian-American war experience paradoxical?
- Some fought in war
- Japanese saw it as a racial war
Chapter 22: World War II
How did the American Government view German- and Italian-Americans during the War?
Bent over backwards to include
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Executive Order 9066? What caused it?
why:
- fear Japanese invation
- pressured whites saw opportunity gain possession their proporty
what:
- relation of all persons of Japanese decent from West Coast
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe the nature of the Japanese-American internment camps:
- quasi-military discipline in camps
- bad living conditions
Illustrated how easily war can undermine basic freedoms
- no court heearings
- not writes of habeas corpus
Chapter 22: World War II
Koremastu v. United States (1944):
Found Executive Order 9066 constitutional
Chapter 22: World War II
How did Nazism illustrate contradictions of American ideology?
- American practiced own race policies
- similar (somewhat) to Nazi race theory
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Second Great Migration?
Movement blacks from rural South to cities in North and West
- seek jobs in industry
- in army
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe segregation in the army:
Begining WW2: no blacks in army
During War: 1 million blacks
- segregated units
- confined contruction, transport, other noncombat tasks
Chapter 22: World War II
Describe segregation in postwar American and its effect on the GI Bill:
- sough benefits of GI Bill
- surface: no discrimination
- local authorities: authorized southern blacks use its education benefits at segregated colleges
- limit job training to unskilled work
- restricting loans for farm purchase
Chapter 22: World War II
What did A. Philip Randolph contribute to the civil rights movement? (1941)
- angered exclusion blacks
called March on Washington (1941)
- demanded included access to defense employment
- end segregation
- national antilynching law
Chapter 22: World War II
How did Roosevelt respond to the possibily of the March on Washinton?
Executive Order 8802
- banned discrimination in defense jobs
- established Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the “Double V” in WW2?
Victory over Germany and Japan must be accompanies by victory over segregation at home
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the role of WW2 in the Civil Rights Movement?
Brith of modern Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 22: World War II
What was An American Dilemma (1944) by Gunnar Myrdal?
- uncompromising portrail how deeply racism entrenched in America
- concluded: need redefine Negro’s status
Chapter 22: World War II
What was V-E Day (May 08, 1945)?
- Hitler shoot self
- Soviets occupied Berlin
Chapter 22: World War II
How did Harry S. Truman become president?
Roosevelt died stroke → successor
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Manhattan Project? (1940)
FDR authorized Manhattan Project (Secret program which American scientists developed atomic bomb)
Chapter 22: World War II
What happened on August 6, 1945? What happened on the 9th?
06 August: Atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Japan)
- why: only city not suffer damage yet
-
result:
- 70,000 died immediately
- radiation: more dead (140,000)
09 August: Atomic Bomb Nagasaki
- 70,000 died
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the effect of the warcrime of atomic warfare with Japan?
Soviet Union declared War Japan; Japan surrendered
Chapter 22: World War II
Why did few people question Truman’s warcrimes?
- dehumanized Japanese
Chapter 22: World War II
What meetings took place to formulate plans for the postwar world?
- “Big Three” conferences
- Potsdam Conference: military administration Germany and place Nazi leaders on trail for war crimes
Chapter 22: World War II
What happened at the Yalta Conference (1945)?
- Churchill & Roosevelt: mild protest against Soviet plans retain control Baltic states
- resulted in conflict
Chapter 22: World War II
What was the Bretton Woods Conference?
- created two American-dominated finanical institutions
- money develop countries and rebuild Europe
- International Monetary Fund: Prevent governments devaluing currencies to gain advantage in international trade
Chapter 22: World War II
What led to the creation of the United Nations?
Successor to League of Nations
What:
- General Assembly (forum for maintaining world peace)
- Security Council (maintain world peace)
Chapter 22: World War II
How did WW2 result in a radical redistibution of world power?
- Germany & Japan: utterly defeated
- Britain and France: somewhat weakened
- US and USSR: significant influence in regions
- US: most dominant
- Soviety union occupation Eastern Europe = Cold War
What were the postwar ideals of Human rights?
Four Freedoms: intended highligh difference between Anglo-American ideals and Nazism
- unanticipated consequences:
- lay foundation postwar ideals of human rights
- resulted in disputes over the hypocracy regarding the colonies
07.01 The Great Depression
Which of the following was not a sign of trouble in the U.S. economy before the 1929 stock market crash? (5 points)
- Real estate market busts
- High unemployment rates
- Great drops in farm crop prices
- Falling sales of consumer goods
2. High unemployment rates
07.01 The Great Depression
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“A fall in the bloated stock market, driven ever higher during the 1920s by speculators, was inevitable.”—Eric Foner, historian
Which of the following is a true statement? (5 points)
- Most investors knew prices were overvalued, but they continued to invest more to prevent a big loss.
- No one at the time truly understood the mechanisms of investing, and all were surprised by the crash.
- Some people expressed concern at the state of the economy, but most believed in prosperity.
- Very few people could predict the problems to come, and they kept silent to protect their own wealth.
3. Some people expressed concern at the state of the economy, but most believed in prosperity
07.01 The Great Depression
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“The emergency banking legislation passed by the Congress today is a most constructive step toward the solution of the financial and banking difficulties which have confronted the country. The extraordinary rapidity with which this legislation was enacted by the Congress heartens and encourages the country.”—Secretary of the Treasury William Woodin, March 9, 1933
What was the aim of the legislation referred to in this excerpt? (5 points)
- Reopen banks and convince people to redeposit their cash.
- Create a federal insurance program for funds held in banks.
- Separate the banking from the investment industry.
- Permanently close all of the poorly performing banks.
1. Reopen banks and convince people to redeposit their cash
07.01 The Great Depression
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement.”—Herbert Hoover, from a message to Congress, December 1930
How did statements like this one affect Hoover’s reputation with the American people? (5 points)
- They felt he understood and were more confident in their own ability to weather the hard times.
- They believed he was doing everything possible to help fix the economy through existing agencies.
- They disagreed with his economic position and thought that he himself had become hopeless.
- They were angered that he seemed unwilling to use his position to provide direct relief to people.
4. They were angered that he seemed unwilling to use his position to provide direct relief to people
07.01 The Great Depression
Which of the following did President Hoover do in an attempt to stabilize the economy or provide relief to citizens? (5 points)
- Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- Created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
- Funded the building of Hoovervilles
- Funded the opening of soup kitchens
2. Created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
07.01 The Great Depression
Why did President Hoover’s “associational action” fail? (5 points)
- People were so deeply self-interested as a result of 1920s culture that they would not voluntarily help others.
- Most Americans had lost respect for the president long before his calls for charitable and collective measures.
- The economic decline was deeper than had been seen before and beyond saving by the few with means.
- It depended on goodwill and as the depression worsened, groups of people blamed rather than helped each other.
3. The economic decline was deeper than had been seen before and beyond saving by the few with means
07.01 The Great Depression
What aspect of the Great Depression does this cartoon emphasize? (5 points)
- That no one was paying attention, causing the economy to decline
- That people with competing goals caused the economy to decline
- That the economic decline was global, and not just a domestic issue
- That the cause of the economic decline was foreign investments
3. That the economic decline was global, and not just a domestic issue
07.01 The Great Depression
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“Where then is the average man’s share of the prosperity promised in the election of Mr. Coolidge? It has not arrived and it is not discernible on the horizon. But when the stock boom spends itself and deflation sets in, the average citizen will be invited, as usual, to sustain the losses.”—From an editorial in The Nation, February 28, 1925
What problem of the 1920s economy does this excerpt emphasize? (5 points)
- Uneven distribution of income
- Falling crop prices
- Credit purchasing
- Bank failures
1. Uneven distribution of income
07.01 The Great Depression
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“The flow of funds through the hands of the general public into those of the corporations, and from the latter into the hands of brokers and dealers, who then re-lent the funds to the public engaged in speculation, was thus primarily the result of a loose banking policy which had turned from the making of loans on commercial paper to the making of loans on security.”—From the Senate Report on the Glass-Steagall Act, 1933
Which of the following statements does the excerpt support? (5 points)
- That investors knew what they were doing was illegal
- That the government failed to recognize danger signs
- That nothing could be done to stop the stock market crash
- That there needed to be regulation of the banking industry
4. That there needed to be regulation of the banking industry
Which of the following is a true statement? (5 points)
- The stock market crash of 1929 caused the Great Depression.
- The Great Depression caused the stock market crash of 1929.
- The stock market crash of 1929 was a symptom of a failing economy.
- The failing economy was a symptom of the stock market crash of 1929.
3. The stock market crash of 1929 was a symptom of a failing economy
What were the three terms of the New Deal?
- Relief—immediate help to slow or stop economic decline
- Recovery—temporary programs to jumpstart consumer demand, also known as “pump-priming”
- Reform—permanent programs to protect people and the economy in the long run
How did the European and Pacific Theater compare in the second world war?
European Theater:
- Ground troops played the biggest role. Army air force bombers attacked positions the way battleships did for sea-based attacks.
- Many battles were fought in extreme cold, where soldiers suffered from freezing temperatures and trench foot.
- Battles were fought mostly on land over the large land masses of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- U.S. leaders determined that resources should be focused on defeating Germany and the Axis Powers in Europe when the nation first joined the war.
Pacific Theater:
- Battles were fought in tropical island locations and at sea; soldiers often died from malaria and other tropical illnesses.
- Resources were limited after the attack at Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
- Battles were fought mostly in the air and at sea; there was some ground combat on small islands as U.S. forces used a strategy nicknamed “island hopping” to capture territory.
- The Navy played the biggest role, with Marines fighting a ground war on islands. Some captured islands were used as airfields as Allied forces advanced.
Why was the battle of Coral Sea Significant?
The Battle of the Coral Sea provided the first opportunity for the US Navy to challenge the Japanese Navy with roughly equivalent forces. In the interwar period the US Navy had trained for long range strikes by carrier-based aircraft and this battle was the proving ground for this capability
Why was th US the world power after WW2? Who was the rival
- half of the world’s manufacturing capacity
- possessed the atomic bomb
Soviet Union rival (occupied eastern europe)
What was the Long Telegram in early 1946?
- writen by American diplomat Goerge Kennan
- Warned Truman administration Soviets not be dealt with as a normal government
- communist ideology - want to expand power
- only US able to stop them
Result: foundation for the policy of “containment”
- US committed itself to prevent any further expansion of Soviet power
What was the US policy of “containment?”
US committed itself to prevent any further expansion of Soviet power
Describe Churchill’s speech in March 1947.
- Churchill declared “iron curtain” descended across Europe
What was the Truman Doctrine of March 1947?
Embrace the Cold War as the foundation for American foreign policy and describe it as a worldwide struggle over the future of freedom
How was the Cold War an ideological battle?
- both claimed to be promoting freedom and social justice & defense of own country
- each offered its social system as a model that the rest of the world should follow
What was Truman’s rhetoric about the cold war?
“Defense of Freedom”
- US shoulder responsibility of supporting freedom
- repel communism
What was the effect of Truman’s rhetoric?
- began a period of anticommunist regimes throughout the world & military alliances against the USSR
Describe the postwar foreign aid the Europe and the reason.
- US contribute billions of dollars to finance economic recovery
- Much of the continent lay in ruins: food shortages and inflation
- strenghtened communist parties in France and Italy
- feared fall into societ hands
What was the Marshall Plan? How successful was the plan?
US program for reconstruction of post WW2 Europe through massive aid to allies
- prooved one of the most successful foreign aid program
- western Europe’s production exceeded prewar levels
- region poised to follow the US down the road to a mass-consumption society
- solidified the division of continent
What was the General Agreement and Trade (GATT)?
Proposed to stimulate freer trade among participants & enormous market for Americans goods and investment
How did the Japanese governance change after WW2?
- Until 1948: General Douglas MacArthur “Supreme commander”
-
1948: democratic constitution
- women right to vote
- Japan renource forever the policy of war and aggression & only a modest self-defense force
Describe the reconstruction of Japan after WW2?
- Initially: US proposed dissolve Japan’s giant industrial corporations
- abandoned
- rather rebuild Japan’s industrial base as a bastion of anticommmunist strength
- New technologoes & low spending on military: full recovery
How was Germany divided after WW2?
- Divide inbetween
- Berlin (capital) in Soviet Zone
- 1948: Allies new currency in zone
- Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from Allied zones
What happened after the Soviets put up a blocade in 1948?
11-month airlift followed
- Western planes flew fuel and food to their zones in city
- Result: East and West Germany
What was NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)?
- pledge multual defense agianst any future Soviet attack
- first long term limitary alliance between US and Europe
What was the Warsaw Pact of 1955?
- Soviets formalized own eastern European alliance
- (Eastern NATO)
How did the governance of China change after WW2? How did the US respond?
- Communist led by Mao Zedong → overtook Chinese government
- USA not recognise People’s Republic of China
What was the NSC-68 manifesto? What caused it?
Causes:
- Soviet nuclear weapon
- Communist China
What:
called permanent military buildup to endable US to pursue a global crusdade agianst communism
Describe Korean goverance after WW2.
- Divided:
- Communist North Korea
- Anticommunist South Korea
*
Describe the Korean war and the events that caused it.
June 1950: North Korea invaded south (wanted to reunify)
- Truman response: repeled invasion
1953: armistice agreed → restore prewar status quo [36th Parallel]
- never been a formal peace treaty of end the Korean War
Describe Stalin’s brutal dictatorship.
- jailed or murdered millions of Soviet citizens
- One-party rule
- state control of arts and intellectual life
- government-controlled economy
Describe Walter Lippmann’s objection to Truman’s “ideological crusade.”
- US intervention continuously in affairs of nations whose political problems did not arise from Moscow
- Not understook in terms of the battle between freedom and slavery
How did WW2 increase American awareness of imperialism?
- Liberal and Democrats and blacks leaders urged Truman administration to take lead in promoting decolonization
- Free World worthy of name not include colonies
- As Cold War progressed → declined
What other mobilizing concept took place along side “freedom?”
Totalitarianism (aggressive, ideologically driven state sough subdue all civil society)
How did the Cold War reshape the understanding of freedom?
- Whatever Moscow stood for was the definition the opposite of freedom
What reinforced the ideas of human rights during the Cold War?
- the Four Freedoms
- Atrocities committed during WW2
What was the UN General Assembly (1948) “Declaration of Human Rights?”
- drafted Eleanor Roosevelt
- Broad range of rights enjoyed by people everywhere
- speech, religion protectoin against arbitrary government
- no enforcement mechanism
- seen as an “empty rhetoric”
Describe the economic transision after the Cold War
- Solders returned home → wanted employment → 2 million women lost their jobs
- Many soldiers took advantage of the GI Bill of Rights
- Abolished wartime agencies (regulate production, labor, and price controls)
- sharp rise in prices
How did Truman attempt to restall the New Deal movement?
Fair Deal (September 1945)
- focus societal improvement
- raised standard of living ordinary Americans
- increase minimum wage
- enact program of national health insurance
- expand public housing & Social Security
Describe the wage of labor movements in 1946. ``
AFL and CIO launched the Operation Dixie
- campaign bring unionization to South
- shatter hold of anti-labor conservatives in region’s politics
- Inflation caused reduction in real income: sparked largest strike wave in American history
Why was there a republican resurgance in 1946?
- Alarmed: labor turmoil
- Hence, Operation Dixie failed to unionize South
- Result, ensured conservative coalition of Republicans and soutern Dems
- dominate Congress
What was the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947?
- alternative for Truman’s Fair Deal
- president tried to veto
Enacted tax cuts for wealthy Americans
- authorized president suspend strikes by ordering 8-day “cooling off” period
- banned sympathy strikers and secondary boycotts
- union workers swear not communist
How did Truman reach out to the black community?
Truman reached out in unprecedented ways to nation’s blacks
Status of blacks enjoyed prominence in nations affairs unmatched since
- 11 states established fair employed practices
- laws against discrimination in access to jobs & accommodation
- 1952: no lynchings took place in the year
What was To Secure These Rights (1947) about?
- one of the most devastating indictment every published of racial inequality in America
- called federal government assume responsibility for abolishing segregation
Describe the nature of Truman’s civil rights program in 1948.
What:
- permanent federal civil rights commission
- national laws against lynching and poll tax
- action ensure equal acesss to employment and education
Response:
- Congress approved none of the proposabls
- (1948) executive order desegregate armed forces
- election campaign most progessive party’s history
Who were the Dixiecrats?
Lower South delegates walked out of the 1948 Democratic national convention in protest of the party’s support for civil rights legislation and late formed the Dixiecrats
How did the military-industry change during WWII and the Cold War?
- military-industrial established = permanent (not temporary)
- National security stated reason for government project:
- aid higher education
- building new national highway system
- fuel economic growth & support scientific research = improved weaponry
How did the Cold War shape immigration policy?
- refugees from communism allowed enter (regardless ethnicity)
- right to dissent came under attack
How did fear of communism affect American society?
Catalyst reconsidering American identity
Paradoxical outcomes:
- many Americans expressed devotion to civil liberties while also favoring depriving communists and other nonconformists of their jobs or even citizenship
- Accusations of commmunist activity: individual abandoned American identity
- targeted gays, Jews, immigrants
What was the MacCarran-Walter Act of 1952? How did it condify the relationship between communism and citizenship?
Immigration legislation passed in 1952 allowed government deport immigrations who been identified as communists (regardless of citizenship).
What was Operation Wetback?
- 1954: Operation Wetback
- employed military invade Mexican-American neighborhoods and round up and deport undocumented aliens
What was MacCarthyism?
Post-War Red Score focused fear of Communists in US
- dividing world between liberty and slavery = communists enemy of freedom
- Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
What was the Loyal Review System in the 1940s?
Required government employees demonstraet patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers
- targetted gays and lesbians worked in the government
- not manly enough resist soviet temptation
- Failed uncover any casese of espoinage
What was the Hounse Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)?
(1947) Launched a series of hearings about communist influences in Hollywood
What happened during the trail of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
Most sensational trails
- working class Jewish-communist couple
- convicted conspiracy to pass secrets concerning atomic bomb
How was MacCarthy elected to the Senate? What was his downfall?
- claimed list 205 communists - never revealed
- hearings against numerous people as well as the Defense Department
- Downfall:
- claim that the army harbored communists
- revealed McCarthy as a bully
What did “McCarthyism” mean?
a shorthand for character assassination, guilt by association, and abuse of power in the name of anticommunism.
Describe state and local actions fulled by anti-commmunist sentiment.
States created own committees (modeled on HUAC) investigate suspected communists and other dissenters
- required loyalty oaths of teachers, pharmacists, others
- banned communists from having fishing, driver license
- sometimes lost their loves
How did anticommunist crusade sahpe 1940s and 1950s American politics and culture?
- Truman loyalty program (1947)
- vetoed McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950
- excluded self-employed and domestic workers to Social Security
- Organized labor emerged major supporter of foreign policy in Cold War
How did the Cold War afffect the black civil rights movement?
- Transformation: most felt they had no choice but go along with government
- NAACP purged community from local branches
- embranced language of the Cold War
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
♣
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society
(1953-1960)
♣
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What economic growth followed the end of WW2?
“Golden Age” of Capitalism
- period of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment, rising standards of living
- GDP doubled
- lessened economic inequality
- why: tax policy: wealthier paid more
- ended in 1973
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the Cold War influence American economy?
- fueled US indusrial production
- Promote redistribution of nation’s population and economic resources
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the 1950s symbolize a shift in the American industry?
- last decade of industrial age in US
- Since then:
- shift to services, education, information, finance, entertainment
- employment in manufacturing has declined
- Since then:
- More unionization
- more white-collar than blue-collar workers
- transformed souther life
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the 1950s transform southern life?
- new machinery > less labor needed
- massive migration out of the region
- result: increase in production and supply of fruit
- essential part of American diet
*
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What was the main engines of economic growth during the 1950s?
Residential construction and consumer spending
- why:
- post-war baby boom
- shift of population from cities to suburbs
- Result: demand consumer goods
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What are Levittowns? Describe their rise in the 1950s.
Low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing
- rose during the 1950s
- first: William and Alfred Levitt
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What factors contributed to the change in living during the 1950s?
- Levittowns
- Automobiles
- Highway system
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the automobile transform the nation’s life?
- construction of motels, theaters roadside eating places
- made long-distance travel more accessable
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the “Modern West” emerge in the aftermath of WW2?
- migrants from whole country
- climate appealing
- Federal Spending (infrustructure)
- rapid expansion oil production
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did California become the symbol for the postwar suburban boom?
- 30 million moved in
- Life centered around the car
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the TV contribute the the image of middle-class life?
- 9/10 Americans owned a tellie
- Replaced newspapers as the most common source of information
- changed eating habits
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
Describe women’s employment after WW2. How did its nature change?
- Modern women:
- part-time to help support family
- not to lift family out of poverty of self-fulfillment
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the media portray gender roles in post-war America? How did this lead to the baby boom?
- man: breadwinner
- Woman: marriage most important goal
- Result:
- married younger
- divorced less
- more children
- Other factors:
- feminism disappeared American life
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What was the baby book (until the mid-1960s)?
Markably higher birthrate in the years following WW2
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
Describe the racial aspect of the subsurban areas.
Racial uniformity
- government financed housing segregation
- banks and private developers barred non-whites
- government refused substitute morgages
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
what was the “urban renewal” that took place in the 1960s?
Series of policies supported by all levels of governemnt allowed local governments to demolish so-called blighted areas in urban centers to replace with more valuable real estate
- demolished poor neighborhoods
- non-whites not afford new houses: found housing run-down cities
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did suburbanization harden racial lines in America? how was it self-reinforcing?
- different races lived different sectors
-
Self-reinforcing
- non-whites concentrated manual labor
- employment discrimination and exclusion from education opportunities
- non-whites concentrated manual labor
- non-whites trapped urban ghettos
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did protestants and catholics (and religion in general) contribute to the spread of anti-communist culture in the Cold War era?
American values: nation’s religiosity as opposed to “godless” communists
- majority of Americans religious
- Congress addd “Under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance
- 1957: “In God We Trust” added paper money
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did the ideological battle in the Cold War contribute to the American approach to economics in the decades afterwards?
Focus on consumer capitalism or “Free Enterprise”
- economic system resting on private ownership united nations of the Free World
- “Free enterprise” opposed to reality
- few large corporations dominated key sectors
- brought up questions about the nature of American freedom
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What group of thinkers revived conservatism in the 1950s? What was their ideolgy?
* Libertarian conservatives
- Revive: idea of freedom from liberals
- define conservatism through the next half-century
- appealed conservative entrepreneurs
What:
- opposed strong national government
- freedom - individual autonoy
- unregulated capitalism
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
Who were the “new conservatives” that rose in the 1950s?
- conviction: Free World arm selves morallly and intellectually
- battle against communism
- West: suffering moral decay & should return to Christian traditions
What:
- freedom: moral condition
- lead virtuous lives or governmental action to force them
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
how did the “new conservatives” and “libertarian conservatives” create a division in conservatism?
presist into 21st century
- Unretrained individual choice and moral virtue: opposing
- united by fear of communism
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
How did television transform politics?
Allow candidates to brings carefully crafted images directly to Americans
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
Why was Eisenhower successful in the 1952 campaign?
- Very popular: alongside public’s weariness with Korean War
- wanted end conflict
- 1950s: wanted elderly leaders to govern them
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What was Eisenhower’s first changes to government after taking up office?
- Wealthy businessmen dominated Eisenhower’s cabinet
- Champoin of business community and fiscal policy
- scaled back government spending (including military budget)
- Right-wing republicans wanted end New Deal:
- not able to abolish Social Security
Chapter 24: An Affluent Society (1953-1960)
What was Rosa Park’s contribution to the Civil Rights Movement?
- 1955: refused surrended her seat on the city bus to a white rider (required by law)
- arrested
- symbol ordinary black’s determination to resist daily injustice
- Result: sparked youlong Montgomery bus Boycott
- beginning mass phase of civil rights movments in South
- hundreds blacks gathered local church and vowed refuse ride bus until accorded equal treatment
- triumphant
08.01 The Cold War
Which of the following best explains the trend shown in the graph? (5 points)
- The 1964 presidential election debates increased public support for the war in Vietnam.
- There were no U.S. troops sent to or in Vietnam prior to 1960 or after 1970.
- The concern of Communist influence increased after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident.
- The protests against the Vietnam conflict spurred efforts to end involvement faster.
3. The concern of Communist influence increased after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident
08.01 The Cold War
Why did the effort to identify Communists within the United States become divisive? (5 points)
- The role and methods of those conducting investigations were challenged as unconstitutional.
- The investigations took time away from more pressing domestic issues of concern.
- People who stood accused as traitors claimed they were tortured into confessing.
- Prominent celebrities were accused, and the public refused to believe they were guilty.
1. The role and methods of those conducting investigations were challenged as unconstitutional
08.01 The Cold War
How did the announcement shown in this image affect the United States? (5 points)
- It led to public calls for a rapid expansion of the military and arms to be ready for a war now seen as inevitable.
- It increased the buildup of weapons as part of national security, but this would later lead to public fear of nuclear war.
- It had little overall effect as neither the public nor government officials feared that their power was threatened.
- It generated a massive manhunt for Communist spies thought to be responsible for a leak of technological information.
2. It increased the buildup of weapons as part of national security, but this would later lead to public fear of nuclear war.
08.01 The Cold War
Which of the following aspects of the Cold War does the chart best reflect? (5 points)
- Domestic policy
- Covert action
- Space race
- Arms race
4. Arms race
08.01 The Cold War
Why did the United States get involved in the conflicts in the Koreas and Vietnam? (5 points)
- It wanted a chance and excuse to declare war on the Soviet Union.
- Involvement was an extension of the containment policy against Communism.
- It wanted to prove its own military and leadership superiority.
- Involvement was an effort to encourage peace in war-prone regions.
2. Involvement was an extension of the containment policy against Communism.
08.02 Postwar America
Which of the following postwar trends is most related to the trend shown in this chart? (5 points)
- Technological advances
- Conservative culture
- Artistic expression
- Baby boom
4. Baby boom
08.04 Civil Rights for All
How does the information in this graph relate to feminism? (5 points)
- An increasing sense of economic and social independence is thought to have caused the average marriage age to rise.
- The growing movement for women’s rights led many men to turn away from seeking and asking women to marry.
- Women were encouraged to improve themselves and become educated before considering marriage and family.
- In the 1950s, the movement focused on glamorizing the role of housewife and mother through the print media and TV.
1. An increasing sense of economic and social independence is thought to have caused the average marriage age to rise
