Unit 01: Early Contact with the New World (1491 - 1607)

Question 1

Pre-Columbian America

From who are native Americans descendants and how did they reach the Americas (When)?

What motivated the migration?

Answer 1

descended from bands of hunters crossed Bering Strait (land bridge) 15,000-16,000 years ago

• colder period: (before polar iceaps melted) walk over lanlbridge

Question 2

Pre-Columbian America

Describe the range of societies of the NA?

Answer 2

Ranged from small, nomatic groups to highly organized urban organizations

Question 3

Pre-Columbian America

Waht was the capital of the Azten Empire? How developed was it?

Answer 3

Tenochititlan

• most populous any city (Europe included) in world

Question 4

Pre-Columbian America

How did the North Americans Indian societies compare to that of the Incan and Aztec Empires?

Answer 4

North American Indian societies were not as developed. Perfected techniques of: farming, hunting, fishing, political and religious structures

Question 5

Pre-Columbian America

What were the three main urban cultures in Northern America (Indian societies)?

Answer 5

1. Pueblo People (desert Southwest
2. Chinook People (Pacific Northwest)
3. Plains Indians (nomadic)

Question 6

Early Colonial Era

When did Columbus arrive in the New World? Was he the first?

Answer 6

Columbus (La Isabella): 1492

Vikings before

Question 7

Early Colonial Era

What was the Contact Period and the Columbian Exchange? ?

Answer 7

Europeans had sustained contact with Americans

Columbian Exchange:

spread plants, animals, food, disease and ideas

Question 8

Early Colonial Era

How did the Columbian exchange and previous Indian naturalism compare?

Answer 8

Columbian exchange: external plants and animals damage environment

Indians: little impact environment; except fire which helped environment

Question 9

Early Colonial Era

What was the encomienda system?

Answer 9

Crown granted colonists authoirty over specified number of natives:

colonists obligated protect and convert to Catholism.

Indians obligated provide labor (sugar harvesting and silver mining).

Question 10

Early Colonial Era

What was the racial caste system in Spanish and Portuguese colonies?

Answer 10

1. Europeans
2. Mestizos (mixed European and Native American)
3. Zambos (mized African and Native American
4. Africans

Question 11

Early Colonial Era

How did the Spanish prevent the other European powers from colonizing the New World during the early years?

How did the English change this?

Answer 11

Spanish Armada (navy): prevent others establishing much of a foothold

1588: English defeat Armada → easier other powers to colonize

Question 12

Early Colonial Era

Why were Europeans mostly victorious in battles with the natives?

Answer 12

Not technology: Native American’s tech more appropriate

DISEASE

• smallpox
• no immune system
• killed 95% natives

Question 13

Early Colonial Era

Why was it possible for Europeans to travel to the New World?

Answer 13

• improvements navigation
• sextant

Question 14

What motivated European expansionsim?

Answer 14

1. wealth and resources
2. convert to Christainity
3. Dominant role geopolitics

Question 15

What caused intercontinental trade to become more organized?

Answer 15

Joint-stock companies

1. British East India Company
2. Dutch East India Company (VOC)
3. Virginia Company (later)

Question 16

How did increased trade and competition lead to more racial conflict?

Answer 16

Debated how Native Americans should be treated?

Question 17

What role did generosity play in Native American culture (specifically in regard to chieftains)?

Answer 17

Chieftains reputation rely on them sharing land

generosity most valued quality

gift giving essential

Trade > elaborate ceremonies of gift giving

Question 18

How did farming work in pre-European colonization America?

Answer 18

Village leaders > gave land for seasonal farming

Hunting grounds claimed by tribes

Communal land

Question 19

How did gender relations between Native Americans and the Europeans differ?

Define materilineal:

Answer 19

Indians:

1. membership of family important for women
2. openly engaged premarital sex

European law > man controlled all the property

Indians would move to where the wives lived

Matrilineal:

centered on clans or kinship groups in which children became members of the mother’s family, not the father’s.

Question 20

Explain how the Spanish and [English, Dutch, and French] used “land” as a justification for colonization:

Answer 20

Spanish: right of conquest

English, Dutch, French: not actually “used” land - nomadic - since land was communal

Question 21

What was “Christian” Liberty? How did it tie in with the law?

Answer 21

freedom collection distinct rights > enjoyed by few

Ideas > abandon sin in favor for Christ

no religious tolerance

closely tied to economic, political, and social position

Question 22

What was the legal doctrine COVERTURE?

Answer 22

When women married:

• When married women give up legal identity > covered by the husband
• women not own poperty
• not control wages
• not divorce

Question 23

Why was Spain successful at converting Native Americans?

Answer 23

Spanish Missionary System

• example: Juan De Onate
• use all means nesseccary (even violence)

Question 24

How did increased African slave purchases result in hybrid cultures?

Answer 24

Adapted new environment by bleding relgion and languange

• Christainity blended with voodoo and animalism
• sang african songs while working
• escaped (ex: Maroons)

Question 25

How did the North Americans Indian societies compare to that of the Incan and Aztec Empires?

Answer 25

North American Indian societies were not as developed. Perfected techniques of: farming, hunting, fishing, political and religious structures

Question 26

Who were the Western Indians? Did they trade with those in the east?

Answer 26

The Hopi and Zuni Indian peoples, who lived in villages (present day Arazona) for about 3000 years. They traded with those in Mexico and Mississippi.

Question 27

What was the relation between freedom and lawfulness (according to religious doctrine in pre-colonization Europe)?

Answer 27

Freedom = obedience to the law (of ruler and church)

Therefore: freedom knowing and fulfilling duties of your place in society

Question 28

What were the three things that inspired Spanish expansionism?

Answer 28

1. wealth
2. national glory
3. spreading Catholicism

Question 29

When did Martin Luther write the Ninety-Five Theses and what was it about?

Answer 29

(Additionally) 1517: Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther posted Ninety-Five Theses

“List of moral grievances against Catholic church”

1. wanted cleanse church of indulgences
2. people should read the bible themselves

Question 30

Which two occurrences in Europe ignited the Spanish’s Holy War and served as a “missionary purpose” for colonization?

Answer 30

1. Spanish Inquisition [1492]
2. Protestant Reformation [1517]

Question 31

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

Answer 31

Missionary purpose for Colonization: HOLY WAR

1492: Spanish Inquisition

1. holy war with Islam
2. forced all Muslims and Jews to convert or leave Spain

Question 32

Who wrote “A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies?”

What was the content?

What influence did it have?

Answer 32

1552: Bartolome de Las Casas

wrote: “A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies.”

Casas writing:

• denounced Spain - causing death
• details about “shocking cruelties” by Christians
• thought African labor save Indians
• Spread “The Back Legend”

Spain as uniquely brutal colonizer

Justification other Europeans to colonize

Question 33

What new laws were passed in the Spanish Empire in 1542?

Answer 33

1542: New Law
* Brutally improved*

[1] Indians no longer enslaved

[2] abandoned encomienda system

• explorers take Indian lands

[3] established repartimiento system

• residents of Indian villages legally free
• entitled to wages
• still fixed amount of work per year

Question 34

Why did the splendor of the Hopi and Zuni people decline? What was their response?

Answer 34

Decline due to drought: - moved south and east - started desert farming

Question 35

What was the Great League of Peace and who was involved?

Answer 35

Period of stability in Pennsylvania where 5 Iroquoix people united Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onodaga

Question 36

What role did generosity play in Native American culture (specifically in regard to chieftains)?

Answer 36

Chieftains reputation rely on them sharing land

• generosity most valued quality
• gift giving essential
• Trade > elaborate ceremonies of gift giving

Question 37

What were the three motivations Europeans had for thinking the Indians were “barbaric”?

Answer 37

1. RELIGION (lacked it or worshiped devil)
2. LAND USE (Europeans viewed land as potential commodities)
3. GENDER RELATIONS

• saw men as weak
• hunting and fishing, not real work

Question 38

Explain how the Spanish and [English, Dutch, and French] used “land” as a justification for colonization:

Answer 38

Spanish: right of conquest

English, Dutch, French: not actually “used” land - nomadic - since land was communal

Question 39

What were the two basic components of European “freedom”?

Why did they think the Indians were not “free” and how did Indian freedom compare?

Answer 39

Europeans:

• individual autonomy
• ownership of property

Indians:

Indian Freedom: freedom in a group

• kinship ties
• following spiritual values
• mutual obligation

Question 40

Explain how Europeans freedom in the 17th century rooted from the “freedom” in the Middle Ages?

Answer 40

Freedom from Middle Ages:

• “liberties”
• formal privileges

Ex:

• self-government
• exemption from tax
• royal decree

Question 41

What were the three things that inspired Spanish expansionism?

Answer 41

1. wealth
2. national glory
3. spreading Catholicism

Question 42

Which two occurrences in Europe ignited the Spanish’s Holy War and served as a “missionary purpose” for colonization?

Answer 42

1. Spanish Inquisition
   [1492]
2. Protestant Reformation
   [1517]

Question 43

What two “freedoms” did the 17th century the Netherlands have that was not present anywhere else in Europe at the time?

Answer 43

1. Freedom of press
2. Private Religious practices

Question 44

What was the Pueblo Revolt about?

Answer 44

Spanish: Assumed Indians would never unite

1680: Indians united (2000)

Destroyed century of colonizers work

Pueblo Revolt:

• most complete victory for natives
• Leader: Popé (little known)
• Aim: remove Spanish

United:

• destroyed farms
• killed 400 colonists

most complete victory for natives

Question 45

What are the three drivers of history?

Answer 45

Forces / “Great Causes”

things outside individual control

ex: religion

Accidents and coincidences

ex: disease

Human design

ex: war

Question 46

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? (1494)

Answer 46

Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI:

• degree all new land discovered west of 46 degrees → Spain

1494: *Treaty of Tordesillas*

• Spanish and Portuguese monarchs adjusted
  
  1. Most South America: Spanish speaking
  2. Brazil: Portuguese

Question 47

What was the requerimiento system, as posed by Las Casas? How did it work in practice?

Answer 47

Requerimiento: ultimatum read to natives

1. submit to Spain
2. convert to Christianity

1542: Repartimiento system replaced encomienda

1. Spanish Indians free by law
2. Right to wages
3. Still required to give to set amount of labor

Little change: Las Casas believe:

• right to choose to convert
• right to govern themselves
• writings > revolts*

Question 48

What was the Valladolid Debate in 1550-1551?

Answer 48

called by monarch Charles V

1550-1551: Las Casas captive audience

• support from Spanish monarch and Catholic Church

Opposite side: Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

• support: colonizers and businessmen
• not been to America
• respected philosopher

Sources for argumentation:

• Bible
• ancient writers (Aristotle)

Question 49

What were Sepulveda’s arguments, Las Casas arguments, and what did they both agree on?

Answer 49

Sepúlveda - War is Just

1. Barbaric and “natural slaves”
2. Indians committed crimes that violated natural law
   
   • cannibalism
   • human sacrifice
3. Killed other Indians
4. Indians infidels > must be taught Christianity
   
   • bible supports forced conversion

Both

[1] drew on Bible and other ancient sources for support

[2] Believed Indians should be taught about Christianity

Las Casas - War is Wrong

1. Indians rational human beings
   
   • capable of learning and accepting Christianity
   • less developed than Europeans
2. Pagans due to ignorance; not heretics
   
   • peacefully persuaded to accept Christianity
3. Spain not right to punish people outside of Spain
4. Indians complex language; number practicing human sacrifice is small

Question 50

How did syncretism happen in the Spanish Empire?

Answer 50

Native Americans and Africans adopted European views in different ways → hybrid cultures

West Indies: combined Christianity and Yoruba beliefs

result: Santería

• African traditions
• Roman Catholicism

Similarities:

• Single supreme being
• Africans believed in prayer to lesser gods (Orishas) → linked to Catholic saints

Question 52

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following statements is true about the Americas before European contact?

1. The largest civilization was the Pueblo in the present-day American Southwest.
2. North America exhibited less complex social, political, and economic development than South America.
3. Cahokia was one of the world’s largest and most developed cities.
4. Despite varied lifestyles, the people across both continents saw themselves as one connected cultural group.

Answer 52

2. North America exhibited less complex social, political, and economic development than South America.
   * Cahokia, while the most significant city in North America, was certainly not more populated than Tenochtitlán. The largest civilization in the Americas at the time of contact was the Inca, spanning over 2,000 miles. While people across the continents had similarities, they saw themselves as distinct groups, identifying most closely with their immediate community. It is true that South America had greater development by the time of contact.*

Question 53

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

In which of the following regions were people least likely to have permanent settlements?

1. Caribbean
2. Eastern Woodlands
3. Great Plains
4. Southwest

Answer 53

3. Great Plains —- They focused on hunting bison, hence were nomadic and less populated

Question 54

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following regions contained people known for mound building?

1. Atlantic Seaboard
2. Southwest
3. Mississippi Valley
4. Great Plains

Answer 54

3. Mississippi Valley —- Experts believe “mound builders” settled the Mississippi Valley, or modern Louisiana, about 3,500 years ago. The American Southwest is famous for the Pueblo peoples. Those of the Atlantic Seaboard favored agriculture, some hunting, and fishing. Experts note the people of the Great Plains for bison hunting.

Question 55

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following regions contained the largest city in the Americas before European contact?

1. Eastern Woodlands
2. Great Basin
3. Southeastern
4. Mesoamerican

Answer 55

4. Mesoamerican —- Tenochtitlán, in the Mesoamerican region, was the largest city in the Americas pre-contact.

Question 56

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following bordered the cities Cahokia and Poverty Point?

1. Great Lakes
2. Pacific Ocean
3. Mississippi River
4. Gulf of Mexico

Answer 56

3. Mississippi River —- The cities were near the Mississippi River. Cahokia existed near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. It is north of the site of Poverty Point, which is now an archaeological site and historic monument to the mound-building peoples of the region. Poverty Point is located in modern-day Louisiana.

Question 57

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which statements best explain the pre-colonial Indians’ motivations for building Cliff dwellings?

1. People in the Caribbean needed to build dwellings that could withstand hurricanes.
2. People in the Great Plains needed to build long-term storage areas for bison.
3. People in the Southwest needed homes with water access and plenty of farmland.
4. People in the Eastern Woodlands needed to build apartments for their laborers.

Answer 57

3. People in the Southwest needed homes with water access and plenty of farmland. —- Cliff dwellings like this one were common in the Southwest. The multiple levels minimized the loss of land for farming. While at first glance the other options may sound plausible, they are not. None of the other groups lived near sandstone cliffs. Bison hunters would not likely have permanent settlements with long-term storage.

Question 58

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following is not true for most of the First Americans?

1. Materialistic, status determined by wealth
2. No concept of permanent land ownership
3. Lineage was matrilineal
4. Belief in a single creator that presides over other spiritual beings

Answer 58

1. Materialistic, status determined by wealth

The Native Americans, or American Indians as many groups prefer as a name today, were not materialistic. In fact, status often depended on how generous a person was to others. Most groups did believe in many spiritual beings, often based in nature, under one single creator. While tribal groups established territories, they believed the land belonged to all and could not be bought or sold. Though there were a few exceptions, most groups were matrilineal in kinship ties.

Question 59

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following is most likely true about this photograph of a man taken on the Northwest Coast?

1. It shows an Iroquois man maintaining his dugout canoe.
2. It shows a Taíno man leaving to visit neighboring islands.
3. It shows a Pueblo man headed out to trade with local tribes.
4. It shows a Chinook man returning from salmon fishing.

Answer 59

4. It shows a Chinook man returning from salmon fishing.

While the image does show a dugout canoe and the man could be trading, visiting, fishing, or fixing it, only one group makes sense. The Chinook were excellent canoe builders and navigators. They are also the only group in this list that lived in the Northwest Coast region.

Question 61

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán? (5 points)

1. It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.
2. It was located in the dense jungle of the Yucatan Peninsula.
3. It had the New World’s first mass transit system.
4. It was far behind European capitals, technologically and architecturally.

Answer 61

It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.

Question 62

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

How were the native peoples of the Americas living prior to European contact? (5 points)

1. They were organized into two large empires of the Incas and the Aztecs.
2. They had not developed into advanced forms of civilization.
3. They relied primarily on nomadic herding of domesticated animals for their sustenance.
4. They were divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than 2,000 different languages.

Answer 62

They were divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than 2,000 different languages.

Question 64

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following is true regarding the European belief about American Indians and their cultures? (5 points)

1. All American Indians were gentle and friendly.
2. Native Americans worshipped the same God that Europeans did, although they called him by different names.
3. American Indians failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.
4. Because American Indian men engaged in masculine pursuits such as hunting and fishing, Indian gender divisions were acceptable.

Answer 64

American Indians failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it. [3]

Question 65

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

What did both the Aztecs and the Incas have in common? (5 points)

1. Small in population but sophisticated in infrastructure
2. Large, wealthy, and sophisticated in infrastructure
3. Large in geographic size but sparsely populated
4. Rural with few impressive buildings

Answer 65

Large, wealthy, and sophisticated in infrastructure

Question 66

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following statements does the image support?

1. Colonization was met with Native American resistance.
2. Native Americans accepted conversion to Christianity.
3. Colonization benefited most Native Americans.
4. Native Americans thought Europeans were evil.

Answer 66

1. Colonization was met with Native American resistance.

Question 67

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century (5 points)

1. had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived
2. used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production
3. were called mound builders for the burial mounds they created
4. created a vast empire that included control of the Incas

Answer 67

used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production

Question 68

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, what did the natives of North America have in common? (5 points)

1. They had elaborate trade networks.
2. They all lived in small family units.
3. Their lifestyles were entirely agricultural.
4. They lived only in coastal areas.

Answer 68

1. They had elaborate trade networks.

Question 70

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

*“If you do so, you will do well, and that which you are obliged to do to their Highnesses, and we in their name shall receive you in all love and charity … And, besides this, their Highnesses award you many privileges and exemptions and will grant you many benefits.

But, if you do not do this, and maliciously make delay in it, I certify to you that, with the help of God, we shall powerfully enter into your country.”*

Who is the audience for this document?

1. Encomenderos
2. Enslaved Africans
3. Native Americans
4. Spanish monarchs

Answer 70

Native Americans

Yes, the “Requerimiento” was an ultimatum given to conquered Native Americans. In short, it said to accept Spanish authority and religion or be killed or enslaved.

Question 71

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

*“Probably never before, or since, has a mighty emperor…ordered his conquests to cease until it was decided if they were just.” –Lewis Hanke, Colonial Latin America historian

“By any standards, the debate is one of the most extraordinary events in Western political history: A country engaged in conquest is accused of doing so unjustly.” –Robert McAfee Brown, religion and ethics scholar*

Which of the following is a true statement about these two quotes?

• They are secondary source quotes related to the Valladolid debate.
• They are secondary source quotes related to the Repartimiento debate.
• They are primary source quotes related to the Repartimiento debate.
• They are primary source quotes related to the Valladolid debate.

Answer 71

• They are secondary source quotes related to the Valladolid debate.

Question 72

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Columbus noted in his journal that the native peoples he met were dark-skinned like people from the Canary Islands. Imagine you are a historian trying to find the origin of applying the word “redskins” to American Indians. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion you would draw about the image?

1. You would find no value in this image to your investigation, as it only appears to support what Columbus said much earlier.
2. You would find value in this image because it proves that the Eastern coast of North America could not have been the source of the word.
3. You would find no value in this image since it only shows one member of the entire tribe, which is also one of many in the region.
4. You would find value in this image as it presents the possibility that the color of the ritual skin decoration is the basis for the word.

Answer 72

You would find value in this image as it presents the possibility that the color of the ritual skin decoration is the basis for the word.

Determining whether a piece of evidence is valuable to a line of historical inquiry is an important historical thinking skill. The fact that White shows red painting of the skin makes the possibility seem reasonable to investigate further. While the man does not have skin that we would describe as red, to dismiss the image entirely as having no value ignores the manner of the skin painting. Nor does the image prove that any geographic area is or is not the source of the term. In addition, while the image shows one individual, the number of people that existed in the region is irrelevant to the historical question.

On a side note, historians have in fact considered this very question. Some do believe that the common use of red paint for the skin is the origin. Ives Goddard, respected historical linguist, suggests that the term may derive in fact from American Indian language. What is known is that today the term is considered offensive slang and, therefore, only appropriate in serious historical discussion or when referring to a certain U.S. football team.

Question 73

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

How would an image such as this one support an aim of colonization?

1. The man’s pose reveals that American Indians wanted to learn about and adopt European ways.
2. The man’s bow and quiver show that there is plenty of game to hunt for and possibly trade.
3. The man’s three head feathers suggest he and his fellows would be open to Christianity.
4. The man’s minimal dress and painting promote the image of natives as uncivilized.

Answer 73

The man’s minimal dress and painting promote the image of natives as uncivilized.

The image supports what the English would have seen as a lack of civility in the man’s lack of adequate clothing and his body painting. Further, they may have even considered the primary focus on hunting as evidence that American Indians did not “properly” use the land by farming it, and thus they could not stand in the way of English claims. As for the other responses, while they note aspects that do exist in the image, the conclusions drawn are inadequately supported.

If the artist wanted to show that the native peoples wanted to be like Europeans, he could have made them look more European than just in stance. The bow and quiver show that hunting was important, but this doesn’t necessarily mean that there were plenty of animals. In fact, the need for a special ceremony before a hunt may even suggest the opposite. Finally, while the three feathers could be interpreted as representing the Holy Trinity in Christianity, the connection is a stretch. Besides, the primary aims of most English colonists were individually economic or social in nature. Evangelism was not an important step to colonization for them as it was with the Spanish.

Question 74

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“By any standards, the debate is one of the most extraordinary events in Western political history: A country engaged in conquest is accused of doing so unjustly.” –Robert McAfee Brown, religion and ethics scholar

Why did Brown call the Valladolid debate “extraordinary”?

1. No other culture had ever considered what issues or events would justify warfare.
2. That Las Casas was allowed to speak rather than be assassinated was peculiar for the time.
3. It was not common for absolute monarchs to question their own policies.
4. Open discussion about controversial topics had never occurred before in Europe.

Answer 74

It was not common for absolute monarchs to question their own policies.

King Charles V, an absolute ruler, called for a debate on colonization that was open to the public. It was “extraordinary” because it was not behavior you would expect from a king who could lose revenue or authority.

Question 75

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture, part Spanish, part Indian, and in some areas part African, but with a single official faith, language, and governmental system.” –Eric Foner, historian

Which of the following is NOT an example of the “hybrid culture” described by Foner?

1. Indian interpreters
2. Encomienda law
3. Syncretic religion
4. Mestizo families

Answer 75

Encomienda law

Question 80

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Early French explorations of the New World (5 points)

1. brought great riches to France
2. focused on the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers
3. were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands
4. created no permanent settlements until the 18th century
   5.

Answer 80

focused on the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers

Question 81

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

What does the seal of New Netherland, adopted by the Dutch West India Company in 1630, suggest is central to the colony’s economic prospects? (5 points)

1. Tobacco
2. Fish
3. Fur
4. Timber

Answer 81

Tobacco

Question 82

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America? (5 points)

1. The main crops were vastly different than they had been before Spain’s arrival.
2. Spain did not do any farming in its empire.
3. Catholic priests were forbidden to be involved in farming.
4. American Indian slaves did the work on large-scale farms.

Answer 82

American Indian slaves did the work on large-scale farms.

Question 83

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which European country dominated international commerce in the early 17th century? (5 points)

1. France
2. The Netherlands
3. Spain
4. Britain

Answer 83

The Netherlands

Question 84

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

On what did Europeans—particularly the English, French, and Dutch—base their claim to North American Indian land? (5 points)

1. The Treaty of Tordesillas
2. Financial transactions between Indian peoples and themselves
3. Their view that Indians did not use the land properly
4. Biblical stories such as Noah’s division of the world among his sons

Answer 84

Their view that Indians did not use the land properly

Question 85

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Which of the following is a correct characteristic of New France? (5 points)

1. Constant severe conflicts between French settlers and the American Indians
2. A well-defined line between American Indian society and French society
3. Maintained more peaceful European-American Indian relations than existed in New Spain
4. Main focus was on the Protestant conversion of the American Indians

Answer 85

Maintained more peaceful European-American Indian relations than existed in New Spain

Question 86

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

The Spanish Empire in America (5 points)

1. included most of the populated part of the New World but few of its natural resources, making the empire rich in people but poor economically
2. was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization society that would improve the settlers’ chances of success, economic and otherwise
3. was centered around ports along the coast of Brazil
4. allowed religious freedom and therefore, attracted colonists from throughout Europe

Answer 86

was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization society that would improve the

Question 88

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Just as the Reconquista of Spain from the Moors established patterns that would be repeated in Spanish New World colonization, the methods used in which one of the following countries anticipated policies England would undertake in America? (5 points)

1. India
2. Scotland
3. Ireland
4. Wales

Answer 88

Ireland

Question 89

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the 16th and 17th centuries (5 points)

1. there was an increase in the number of jobless peasants, whom the British government aided with an early form of welfare.
2. efforts were made to encourage those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis.
3. mass numbers of peasants converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, because the Catholic Church took better care of the poor.
4. there was a sharp reduction in the number of sheep and other livestock.

Answer 89

efforts were made to encourage those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis.

Question 90

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

What do the demographics of the 104 English settlers who remained in Virginia in 1607 prove about English colonial aims? (5 points)

1. The settlers were all men, reflecting the Virginia Company’s interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society.
2. The settlers included women and children because the Virginia Company realized that a stable society would improve the settlers’ chances of success, economic and otherwise.
3. The settlers included representatives from several other countries, part of England’s effort to build a strong network of support in case of Spanish attack.
4. The settlers were all in their early twenties because the Virginia Company believed younger people would be better able to handle the physical work of building and maintaining the colony.

Answer 90

The settlers were all men, reflecting the Virginia Company’s interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society.

Question 91

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

What was Virginia’s “gold” that ensured its survival and prosperity? (5 points)

1. Cotton
2. Fur
3. Tobacco
4. Sugar

Answer 91

Tobacco

Question 92

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

How did tobacco and other cash crops factor in to the development of slavery in the Americas? (5 points)

1. The first African laborers came by indenture and taught the European colonists how to tend these types of crops.
2. Such crops required more labor than could be adequately met through immigration or indenture.
3. Europeans had grown these crops in African colonies for centuries using enslaved labor, so it was tradition.
4. Focus on single crops created shortages of food, leading to widespread malnutrition and death of laborers.

Answer 92

Such crops required more labor than could be adequately met through immigration or indenture.

Question 93

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

How did the Virginia Company reshape the colony’s development? (5 points)

1. It instituted the headright system, giving 50 acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or another’s passage.
2. It required all settlers to grow tobacco, a highly profitable crop.
3. It gave control back to the king, who straightened out the colony’s problems.
4. It created an executive committee that really ran the colony and a committee of colonists who thought they were running it.

Answer 93

It instituted the headright system, giving 50 acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or another’s passage.

Question 94

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

Why did slave labor in the Chesapeake region increasingly supplant indentured servitude during the last two decades of the 17th century? (5 points)

1. Bacon’s Rebellion reminded leaders of the dangers of allowing racial intermarriage.
2. A monopoly on the slave trade made it easier to import Africans.
3. Indentured servants began forming associations that went on strike for better conditions.
4. Declining death rates made it more economical to purchase a slave for life.

Answer 94

Declining death rates made it more economical to purchase a slave for life.

Question 95

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“Put yourself in the place of the planter searching for labor. You can buy either servants or slaves … In the long run, the more expensive slave would have been the better buy.”—James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle

Why were slaves a smarter choice for Virginian planters, according to Davidson and Lytle? (5 points)

1. Slaves had a lower risk overall of dying in the first few years of service on plantations.
2. Planters purchased slaves for life and so received more value and labor for their money.
3. Indentured servants were far more likely to rebel and violate their terms of contract.
4. There were extra taxes that planters who managed indentures had to pay the colony.

Answer 95

Planters purchased slaves for life and so received more value and labor for their money.

Question 96

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“What we find is that very few Africans come to Virginia in the colony’s first half century. People of African descent made up no more than 5% of the population at any time during those years.”—James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle

How does the second half century of the Virginia colony compare to the first? (5 points)

1. The exponential increase of free African people led white settlers to ally with native peoples in an attack.
2. The import of enslaved Africans increased, leading to laws that resolved challenges to English views on slavery.
3. The percentage of Africans decreased until late in the century when tax laws encouraging slavery were introduced.
4. The growth of indentured servitude led to flat growth in African slavery, so the percentage of African people fell.

Answer 96

The import of enslaved Africans increased, leading to laws that resolved challenges to English views on slavery.

Question 97

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“That He the said William Buckland shall and will, as a faithful Covenant Servant, well and truly serve the said Thomas Mason his Executors and assigns in the Plantation of Virginia beyond the Seas, for the Space of Four Years, next ensuing his Arrival in the said Plantation in the Employment of a Carpenter and Joiner.”

Which of the following document types best describes this excerpt? (5 points)

1. Personal letter
2. Colonial law code
3. Indenture contract
4. Slave purchase agreement

Answer 97

Indenture contract

Question 98

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“Legislators decided that baptism would no longer free “slaves by birth.” … [This cut] off an important avenue by which African slaves had demanded release from bondage.”—Kenneth Morgan, from Slavery in America

Which of the following is the “avenue” enslaved African people tried using to justify freedom? (5 points)

1. Fulfilling typical terms of indenture
2. Raising children of mixed ancestry
3. Marriage to an English person
4. Conversion to Christianity

Answer 98

Conversion to Christianity

Question 99

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

How was Maryland similar to Virginia? (5 points)

1. Both started out as proprietary colonies.
2. Tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society.
3. Both offered settlers total religious freedom.
4. Strong leaders had taken over the colony and organized its settlers to work.

Answer 99

Tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society.

Question 100

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shalbe held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother.”

Which of the following is a true statement about this text? (5 points)

1. It is part of a law created in order to classify as slaves the children of enslaved women.
2. It is part of a law created for the purpose of defining slavery as a life-long condition.
3. It declares that an enslaved woman’s health determined the slave status of her children.
4. It declares that if an enslaved woman was freed, her children would be freed with her.

Answer 100

It is part of a law created in order to classify as slaves the children of enslaved women.

Question 101

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoying them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath proved even intolerable … the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy.”

According to Randolph, how did some of the English settlers explain the cause of King Philip’s War?

1. The English caused the conflict by failing to enforce their laws.
2. The English themselves provoked the attacks of the natives.
3. The Indians saw the settlers and their laws as evil and corrupt.
4. The Indians attacked because they were drunken heathens.

Answer 101

The English themselves provoked the attacks of the natives.

Question 102

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem (Indian chief) to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate the English nation out of the continent of America.”

Which of the following best rephrases this section of the Randolph excerpt?

1. Traveling priests have irritated the American Indians so much that they have organized in order to drive all Europeans out of the continent.
2. Visiting priests would promise supplies from France and other goods to the American Indians to help prepare them for a supposed invasion of the English.
3. Non-English priests have been meeting with American Indian leaders, encouraging them to ally and fight the English out of the continent in exchange for supplies.
4. European priests spent years living with different American Indian groups to teach them European ways and encourage them to trade with settlers.

Answer 102

Non-English priests have been meeting with American Indian leaders, encouraging them to ally and fight the English out of the continent in exchange for supplies.

Question 103

Module 01: Quest for the Americas

“With many such reasons…the English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they first taught the Indians the use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government.”

What does Randolph mean when he says, “the English have contributed much to their misfortunes”?

1. The English can blame themselves forsince they taught the Indians to use firearms.
2. American Indian dependence on firearms is the fault of the English, who taught them to use firearms.
3. American Indians used European weapons against themselves, causing more destruction than the English.
4. The English are to blame for the problems that have plagued the American Indians, such as disease.

Answer 103

The English can blame themselves forsince they taught the Indians to use firearms.