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AP United States History > Unit 07: 1890 - 1945 > Flashcards

Unit 07: 1890 - 1945 Flashcards

You’ll examine America’s changing society and culture and the causes and effects of the global wars and economic meltdown of this period. Topics may include: • Debates over imperialism • The Progressive movement • World War I • Innovations in communications and technology in the 1920s • The Great Depression and the New Deal • World War II • Postwar diplomacy On The Exam 10%–17% of score

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1
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What caused economic growth in the Progressive Age? What did this result in?

A

Economic growth

Explosive economic growth

why?

  • increased production
  • rapid rise population
  • continued expansion consumer marketplace

Result: Farms & cities grew together

The city

(1) focus politics & (2) new mass-consumer society
* * *

Urban inequality

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2
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Muchraking?

A

Cities and American values

= corporate greed undermined traditional american values

  • social inequality

Muckraking

  • called by Theodore Roosevelt
  • Use of journalistic skills expose underside American life
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3
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was The Jungle (1906) and its effects?

A

description of unsanitary slaughterhouses and sale of rotten meat stirred public outrage

  • caused Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906
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4
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the “New Immigration” of the Progressive Age? What caused this?

A

from southern and eastern Europe

  • peak in Progressive Era
    • *

Why:

  1. WW1 (Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungary)
  2. Industrial expansion
  3. Decline traditional argiculture
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5
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Why was immigration cut off between 1840-1914?

A
  1. WW1
  2. legislation
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6
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did immigrants view America as the “land of freedom?”

A

Image: US land freedom (equality, free worship, economic opportunity)

Motivation:

  • want freedom
  • some wanted free prosecution
  • some make money then go back home
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7
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Describe immigrant communities in the Progressive Age:

A

close-knit “ethnic” neighborhoods

low wages, long hours, dangerous

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8
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did America become a mass-consumption society?

A

New meaning to American freedom

Progressive Era:

  1. large downtown department stores, neighborhood chain stores, mail-order houses
  2. amusement parks
  3. 1910: lot of purchase options
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9
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What shift in production took place during the Progressive Age?

A

Shift from capital goods to consumer products

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10
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did Fordism develop and how did it exemplify new consumer society?

A

exemplified new consumer society

developed techniques of production and marketing brought within reach ordinary Americans

Ford Motor Company

1913: adopted production of MOVING ASSEMBLY LINE

  • car frames brought on moving conveyor belts

1914: rased wages at factory to $5/day

  • attacked skilled laborers

> Workers should be able to afford the goods

Fordism: economic system based on high wages and mass consumption

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11
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Why did the women’s suffrage movement peak in the Progressive Age?

A

New visibility: shoppers, entertainers

  • Immigrants: low wage factory employment
  • Natives: expanded opportunities

no longer confined to young, unmarried women

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12
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the “working woman?”

A

Symbol of female empowerment

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13
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did the Progressive women’s movement generate tention between generations?

A

battles between mothers and daughters

  • young women spent meager wages on make-up and clothing
  • saw curfews as restrictive
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14
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What did “feminism” mean in the Progressive movement?

A

word entered politics in progressive era

what:

  1. female emancipation
  2. attack traditional rules of sexual behavior
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15
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Emma Goldman’s contribution to the women’s movement?

A

toured country lecturing on subject from anarchism to homosexuality

right to birth-control

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16
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Margaret Sanger’s role in the women’s movement?

A

placed the birth-control movement at center of feminism

  1. reproductive freedom = central female empowerment
  2. discributed contraceptive devices to poor
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17
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the catalyst that motivated women reformers in the Progressive Era?

A

Catalyst: growing awareness of the plight poor immigrants and conditions of women and children

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18
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Jane Addams’s role as a women reformer?

A
  • most prominent female reformer

1889: founded Hull House

settlement house → improve lives immigratns

  • built kindergardens and playgrounds
  • educate people
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19
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Describe the woman’s suffrage movement? What was their main focus?

A

who: socialists, unionists, settlement-house workers

first time mass movement

how:

  • new spirit of militancy
  • effective advertisement
  • parades, billboards, badges
  • mostly unsuccessful (expensive)*
    result: focused attention securing national constitutional amendment giving right to vote
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20
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Materialist Reform movement, their beliefs, purpose, and supporters?

A

> reformers sought encourage women’s child-bearing and -rearing abilities and promote economic independence

purpose: government action improve living conditions of poor mothers and children

  1. mothers’ pension

ideology:

  • government should encourage women’s capacity child production & economic situation

supporters:

  1. feminists
    * hoped laws subvert women’s dependence men*
  2. conventional domestic roles supporters
    * strenghten traditional families*
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21
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

A

what: Louis D. Brandeis filed a brief citing scientific and sociological studies to demonstrate that because women had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women, while women’s unique ability to bear children gave the government a legitimate interest in their working conditions

result: uphend constitutionality of Oregon law setting maximum working hours for women

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22
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was scientific mangement movement in the progress era?

A

Scientific Management: improve worker efficiency using measurements like “time and motion” studies to achieve greater productivity

Role of worker: obey detailed instructions of supervisors

skilled workers → erosion traditional influence = loss of freedom

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23
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the “Industrial freedom” ideology in the progressive era?

A
  • center of “labor problem”

Progressive beliefs: increasing industrial freedom lay in empowering workers to participate in economic decision

unions = essential principle of freedom

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24
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Socialist Party and who was Eugene V. Debs?

A

Socialist Party

1901: founded

what:

  1. free college education
  2. legislation improve conditions of laborers
  3. public ownership of railroads and factories

1912: large movement

arose from social exploitation of immigrants

lot of support from American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Eugene V. Debs

most important spreading socialist gospel

preached control of economy by democratic government

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25
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the American Federation of Labor? (AFL)

A
  • sought closer ties with forward-looking corporations

Employers saw as intolerable

Who:

  • most privileged Americans (skilled workers)
  • white, male, native-born
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26
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the (IWW) Industrial Workers of the World?

A

Group of Unionists rejected AFL’s exclusionary policies

  • trade union & part advocate
  • mobilize those excluded by AFL
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27
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Society of American Indians?

A

founded: 1911

  • indian intellecuals
  • promote discussion plight of NA
  • hope public exposure result remedying injustice

Pan-Indian public space independent white control

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28
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What caused worldwide progressivism?

A

strains arise industrialization and urban growth

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29
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What “Social Legislation” was instituted in Europe?

A
  • pension
  • minimum wage
  • unemployment insurance
  • workplace safety
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30
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was “Effective Freedom?”

A
  • wanted reinvigorate idea of activism

> Traditional government posed threat to freedom

> Effective freedom: “power to do specific things”

  • required government act behalf those little wealth or power
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31
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the philosophy of pragmatism and how did it lead to the failure of Social Darwinsim?

A

Philosophy: pragmatism

> Institution and social policies must be judged by their concrete effects, not longevity or religious/political doctrine

Experience > doctrine

Evaluating public policy

  • experimental approach to social problems

Saw Social Darwinism as failure

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32
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What progressive reform did states and local government initiate?

A
  1. reduced power political bosses
  2. public control of “natural monopolies” (gas and water)
  3. improved public transport
  4. raised property tax
  5. ballot initiative
  6. referendum
  7. recall election
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33
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Oregon System?

A

plan to restore grasroot democracy

  • wanted weaken power political bosses

founder: Willim U’Ren

what:

  1. Initiate: (direct legislation) enable citizens propose and vote directly on law
  2. Referendum: popular vote on public policies
  3. Recall: removal public officials by popular vote

Result:

  • won women’s vote in state
  • Initiative system = out of control
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34
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did the “civil harmony” idelogy originate and whta was it?

A

hoped reinvigorate democracy restoring political power to citizenry

alarmed violent class conflict

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35
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Seventeenth Amendment (1913)?

A

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

> provided US senators chosen popular vote rather than state legislatures

Furthermore:

  1. popular election of judges primary elections among party members
  2. enfranchising women
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36
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did disenfranchisement of blacks in the south happen in the progressive era?

A

Most striking: disenfranchisement of blacks in south

  1. literacy tests (disenfrachise poor)

Progressive view: “fitness” of voters (not numbers) defined functioning democracy

  • government intelligent control over soceity through impartical experts
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37
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did Theodore Roosevelt become president?

A

1901: William McKinley assassinated

Teddy = youngest president alive

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38
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Teddy’s Square Deal?

A

“Square Deal”

> Confront problems caused economic consolidation by distinguishing between “good” and “bad” corporations

  • US Steel & Standard Oil - good
  • Bad: greedy financiers

Plan: prosecute Northern Securities Company under Sherman Antitrust Act

why: monopolized transport

1904: SC dissolved

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39
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Teddy’s regulations after his reelection in 1904?

A

1904: reelected → pushed more direct federal regulations

  • strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

1906: Hepburn Act

* ICC power examine railroad business
* set reasonable rates

1906: Pure Food and Drug Act

regulate manufacturing food and medicine

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40
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Conservation Movement?

A

1890s: Congress authorized withdraw “forest reserves” from economic development

  • restriction economic for greater social good*
    • *

Concerted federal policy during Teddy

  1. milllion acres set aside wildlife preservation
  2. national parks
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41
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Sixteenth Amendment (1913)?

A

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

enact graduated income tax

Result:

  • modernization federal government
  • reliable and flexible source of revenue for national state
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42
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What caused a rift in the progressive movement?

A

Richard A. Ballinger: (Roosevelt exceed authority with forests reserves) place in public domain

  • accused colluding business interests
  • 1910: Taft fired him
  • 1912: Roosevelt challenged Taft republican nomination

failed → Progressive Party

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43
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson’s ideologies compare?

A

Teddy ideology

  • saw Wilson as a bygone*

“New Nationalism”

  1. control and direct power of government
  2. “restore liberty of oppressed”

what: heavy taxes

Wilson ideology

  • democracy reinvigorated restoring market competition and freeing government domination of businesses
  • feared big government and big corporations

“New Freedom”

  1. strengthen antitrust laws
  2. protect worker rights
  3. encourage small businesses
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44
Q

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Roosevelt’s Americanism?

A

{1} immigrants = Americanize (not retain own cultures)

{2} Fitness of Citizenship:

  • inborn and relates past experiences
  • slaves and descendants - not assimulate
  • (mainly whites) capacity for self control
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45
Q

What were 5 of Woodrow Wilson’s policies?

A
  1. Underwood Tariff
    • reduced duties on imports
    • graduated income tax
  2. Clayton Act of 1914
    • exempted labor unions from antitrust laws
    • barred counts injunctions curtailing right to strike
  3. (1916) Keating-Owen Act
    • outlawing child labor
  4. Adamson Act
    • 8-h work week
  5. Warehouse Act
    • credit to farmers stored crops deferally licensed warehouses
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46
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

CHAPTER 19

A
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47
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the American International policy before the first WW?

A
  • special rights oversee since Monroe Doctrine (1823)
  • control surrounding islands
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48
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was Roosevelt Corollary?

A

> (1904) corollary Monroe Doctrine: US intervene militarily to prevent interference from European Powers

  • “international police power”

Known as Dollar Dipomacy

  • spread of American influence through loans and economic investment
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49
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was Woodrow Wilson’s International policy? (Moral Imperialism)

A

Woodrow Wilson international policy

  • brought missionary zeal to presidency

Foreign Policy: respect Latin American independence and free from foreign economic downturn

Moral Imperialism

  1. more military interventions LA (before or since)
  2. Underscored paradox modern American history: presidents spoke most about freedom intervened most
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50
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did Wilson intervene in Mexican policts between 1900 and 1915?

A

1911: overthrew dictator

1913: Victoriano Huerta took power

result:

  • civil war
  • American troops land Vera Cruz prevent arrival weapons for Huerta

1914: Huerta fled

more civil war and turmoil

Warning: difficult use American might reorder international affiars

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51
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

Who were the major players in WW1?

A

Allies:

  1. Britain
  2. France
  3. Russia
  4. Japan

Central Powers:

  1. Germany
  2. Autria-Hungary
  3. Ottoman Empire
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52
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How was American alianced divided in WW1?

A

Sided with Britain:

  1. British-Americans
  2. Americans → saw GB as democracy

Sided with Germany

  1. German-Americans
  2. Irish-Americans
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53
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did the American stance in relation to WW1 change from neutrality to predaredness?

A

1914: Wilson proclaim American neutrality

  • British naval blockade of Germany → stop American merchant vessels

Germany lachned submarine warfare against ships in British ports

May 1915: sank British ship = had American on

result:

  1. outraged American public
  2. Wilson pro-Britian

1915: National Defense Act

Policy of Preparedness (in case of intervantion)

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54
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Zimmerman Telegram and how did it influence American involveness in WW1?

A

March 1917: message Germany sent Mexico join in coming war agianst states → take back land lost in Mexican-American War

  • intercepted by British

April 02: declaration of war

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55
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Fourteen Points (1918)?

A

Fourteen Points: (1918)

> plan for peace after WW1

  • assure country war was moral
  • freedom of seas
  • free trade
  • open democracy

established peace conference after War

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56
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

Did the progressives support the War and how did they think about civil liberties?

A

support

mostly supported war

saw as an opportunity of social reform

Thoughts on civil liberties:

not major concern of Progressives

National state:

  1. an embodiment of democratic purpose
  2. freedom flowed participation in life of society (not uprise)
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57
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did the national state increase their power in American’s lives?

A

similar to during the Civil War and Adams’s presidency

National state: unprecedented power & increased power in American’s lives

May 1917: Selective Service Act

> Required millions to be drafted

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58
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did the government regulate industry in WW1?

A

regulate transport, labor and agriculture

War Industries Board:

planned production and allocated war material

  1. standardized specifications

Railroad Administration:

control transportation

War Labor Board:

represent government, industry, American Federation of Labor

  1. rose labor
  2. bettered working conditions
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59
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did the US government try to mobilize public opition in WW1?

A

Civil War: left up to private angencies

WW1: too important leave up to private sector

  • some opposed participation

IWW, Socialist Pary

Created Committee on Public Information (CPI)

  • war propaganda
  • expand democracy
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60
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was Jeannette Rankin’s role?

A
  • first women in Congress
  • voted against declaration of war
  • also against war on Japan and Vietnam*
  • pacifist
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61
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Nineteenth Amendment (1920)?

A

> Barred states from using sex qualification for suffrage

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62
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was prohibition and why did it come into effect?

A

Why?

War resulted impose to engage energies of women in Progressive era

What?

National Success during war

Why:

  1. create more diciplined labor force
  2. more orderly city environment
  3. protect wives and children
  4. way imposing “American” values

1917: Eighteenth Amendment

> Prohibiting manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor

  • ratified 1919
  • effect in 1920
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63
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Eighteenth Amendment (1917)?

A

1917: Eighteenth Amendment

> Prohibiting manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor

  • ratified 1919
  • effect in 1920
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64
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did the national government regulate and restirct free speech in WW1?

A

comparable with Civil War (John Adams) and McCarthy era

First time since Alien Act and Sedition Act (1798)

Espionage Act: (1917)

> Prohibiting spying and interfering with draft and “false statements” that might impede military success

Sedition Act: (1918)

> Crime make spoken or printed statements intended condenm government

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65
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What constituted at “partriotism” in WW1?

A

Equal support for government, war, American economy system

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66
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was Eugenics?

A

Eugenics: studied alleged mental characteristics of different groups of people

gave rise air scientific expertise in anti-immigration sentiment

  • obsessed with racial “purity”

movement:

  1. discouraged “wrong” racial pedigree having children
  2. sponsored eugenics fair
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67
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

1927: Buck v. Bell

A

what: Indiana passed law authorized sterilize insane and dumb inmates in mental institutes > not pass on defective genes

SC: upheat constitutionality of laws

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68
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the “demand for Americanization” and why did the sentiment arise?

A

Nationalization = heightened awareness ethnical and racial difference

demanded Americanization

> Creation more homogeneous national culture

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69
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

Describe anti-german setiment in WW1?

A

Thriving ethical institutions = target pro-war organizations

  1. restricting teaching foreign language
  2. Demands immigration restrictions
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70
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What mexican segregation took place in WW1?

A

Increased in Southwest: due to demand for labor on mines

Segregation:

  1. literacy tests
  2. own schools and classrooms
  3. lynching (not as common)
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71
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What restrictions were on Asian-Americans? What was the Gentleman’s Agreement 1907?

A

1906: San Francisco: confines Asian single public school

  • Japanese government protest

1907: Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907

  • Teddy

> Japan agreed end migration US

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72
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did the progressive movement include blacks?

A

Excluded all Progressive definition of freedom

  • barred joining unions
  • little access “industrial freedom”
  • not participate consumer economy
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73
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was Roosevelt and Wilson’s views on blacks?

A

Roosevelt:

  1. blacks in federal office
  2. dined with blacks

1906: small group of blacks shots in Texas

result: dishonorable discharge 3 black comanies
* * *

Wilson:

  1. racial segreation in federal departments
  2. dismissed black employees
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74
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?

A

effort reconcile contradictions between American freedom for whites and subjugation of blacks

“talented teeth” blacks (educated) must use education and trailing to challenge inequality

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75
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was Booker T. Washington’s role in the black protest movement?

A
  • typical progressive

1905: meeting at Niagara Falls

organized Niagara Movement

  • reinvigorate abolitionist traditions
    • *

also organized National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

  • NAACP long struggle enforcement of 14th and 15th Amendment

1911: Bailey v. Alabama

> SC overturned southern “peonage” laws make it crime for sharecroppers break labor contracts

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76
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the “Great Migration” in the progressive era?

A

why

  1. wartime production
  2. drastic falloff immigration from Europe

Result: millions jobs for blacks

what

large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after WWI to the North

Motivations:

  • higher wages
  • opportunities for education
  • escape lynching
  • prospect of right to vote

Result:

  • severe restrictions on employment opportunities
  • outbreaks of violence
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77
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Tulsa Roit?

A

Tulsa Roit (1921) → worst race roit in American History

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78
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What were the 4 problems in America in 1919?

A
  1. Flu Epidemic
  2. racial violence
  3. Bombs exploded homes of prominent Americans
  4. 4 million workers striked
    * met with mobilization of employers, government, and private patriotic organizations*

1919 Steel Strike

* inspired wartime rhethoric of economic democracy and freedom
* won 8-hour day
* response:

appealed anti-immigrant sentiment = return to work

propoganda campaign = strikers seen as communists

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79
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920?

A

Inspiration: postwar strike wave & social tension and fear of Russian Revolution

  • Fear of communism, socialism, and anarchy stretched across the home front during WWI

what: raided offices of radical organizations (Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer)

  • 5000 arrested
  • deportations

result:

seen as abuse of civil liberties

planted seeds new appreciation of importance of civil liberties

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80
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

What was the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

A

Wilson’s Fourteen Points = Versailles Treaty

Achieve Wilson’s Points:

  1. League of nations
  2. Applied principle of self-determination to eastern Europe

return Home;

  • Americans not want to join League of Nations
  • Senate rejected Versailles Treaty
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81
Q

Chapter 19: WW1

How did Wilson’s rhetoric of “self-determination” reverberate globally?

A

rhetoric of self-determination reverberated globally

  • believed colonial people no able of independence
    • *

Others thoughts:

  1. Egypt wanted independence Britain
  2. Beijing
  3. Japan posed include in charter of League of Nations - clause recognizing equality of all people, regardless of race

British and French = “Self-Determination”

not interested in applying to empires

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82
Q

What were the failures of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  1. protests in colonies
  2. anti-Western nationalism in Middle East and Asia
    • Vietnam War (Ho Chi Minh)
  3. German resentment over treaty help bring about Nazism
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83
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

CHAPTER 20

A
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84
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did Calvin Coolidge become president?

A

Warren G. Harding died heart attack

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85
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did industrial growth take place after WW1?

A
  1. never more close ties between business and government
  2. productivity and economic output
  3. adopted Henry Ford’s assembly line
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86
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did multinational corporations rise during the 1920s?

A

Europe still recover Great War → American investment overseas exceeded of other countries

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87
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did consumer goods proliferate during the 1920s?

A
  • marketed by salesmen
  • ability to purchase credit
    *
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88
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What leisure activities did Americans partake in?

A
  1. Sports
  2. Movies
  3. vacations
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89
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the fruits of increased production in the 1920s result in unequal distribution of wealth?

A
  1. Wages increased; corporate profits increased by double
  2. Handful companies dominated economic sector
    • small auto companies outproduced by General Motors and Ford
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90
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did increased productivity result in chronic unemployment in the 1930s?

A

Increaed productivity meant less workers were needed

result: chronic unemployment caused by deindustrailization

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91
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

When was the “golden age” of American Farming and why?

A

Peak during WW1

need to feed war-torn Europe

  • Government maintained high prices and raised incomes of farmers
  • promoted land purchase on credit

Additional (even when government subsidies ended)

  1. mechanization
  2. increaed use fertilizer and insecticides
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92
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What happened when the price of farm products fell and income declined in the 1920s?

A

banks foreclosed 1000s farms

needed migrate out of rural areas (California)

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93
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the result of mechanization of farming?

A

Increased scale of argiculture

resulted: “factory farmers” (large farms could afford mechanization)

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94
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the rise of the stock market?

A

1920s steadily rising prices of stocks front page

assumed value will increase forever

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95
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the “welfare capitalism” of the 1920s?

A
  • new style management
  • provided private pensions, medical insurance, job security

Welfare capitalism: more socially conscious buiness & more attention “human factor” in employment

96
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did employers in the 1920s embrace the American plan and try to defeat strikers? How did labor unions combat this?

A

American Plan: “workspace free government regulations and unions”

  • employed detectives prevent and defeat strikers

labor organizations:

  • doomed to defeat
  • few in decade
  • combatted local politicians, courts, businesses
97
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What debate over teh Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) arose in competing conceptions of woman’s freedom? What was the result?

A

Equal Rights Amendment: elimination all legal distrinction on account of sex

Proponents:

logical step after the right to vote

  • women not require special legal protection
  • needed: equal accesss and opportuity

Opposition (supporters mother’s pension and limiting women’s work hours)

  • ament previous achievements*
  • represented gaint step backwards

Result:

  • not rattified
98
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was Robert and Helen Lynd’s Middletown (1929) about?

A
  • study life in typical community in heartland
  • lew leisure activities
  • new emphasis consumerism replaced politics focus of public concern
99
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What contributed to the falling voter participation after WW1?

A
  1. consolidtion one-party politics in South
  2. Shift from public to private concerns
100
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How was the pro-business ethos reflected in Republican politics in the 1920s?

how did the Cooling and Harding ministration respond?

A

Business lobbied conventions

  • wanted lower income taxes and profits
  • wanted high tariffs
  • wanted support against unions

Coolidge and Harding: supported

resullt: laissez-faire jurisprudence eclipsed Progressive idea of socially active national state

  1. courts struck down federal laws barred goods produced by children
  2. overturn minimum wage for women
101
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the 1920s eclipse the ideology of progressivism?

A

laissez-faire jurisprudence eclipsed Progressive idea of socially active national state

102
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did foreign affairs reflect the close relationship between business and government?

How did it mark a retreat from Wilson’s goal of internationalism of military and diplomatic persuits?

A

Replace Wilson’s view: isolationism

represented reaction against disappointing results Wilson plan

in favor for a unilateral American action mainly to increase exports and trade.

103
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the Fordney-McCumber Tarif of 1922 and how did it further break down Wilson’s legacy?

A

Fordney-McCumber Tarif of 1922:

raised taxes in imports - highest in history

  • repudiation of Wilson’s principle of free trade
104
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the Americans intervene with Nicaragua after the Great War?

A

Returned troops try to suppress nationalist revolt

leader assassinated by Sandino and seized power (45 year rule)

105
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What illustrated to the progressives that national power could go wrong and what way their response?

A
  1. wartime and postwar repression
  2. Prohibition
  3. pro-business polcies

New appreciation civil Liberties as essential to American freedom

  • 1920s birth coherent concept civil liberties
106
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the “Lost of Generation?”

A
  • conservatism of American politcs and materialism of culture
  • immigration to Europe (especially Paris)
  • felt Europe valued art and culture
107
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)?

A

inspiration: arrest antiwar dissenters = ACLU

what:

  • most landmark cases to bring about “rights revolution”
  • give meaning “freedom of speech”
    *
108
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Describe the Supreme Court’s view on Civil liberties during and prior to WW1?

A

Nothing protect rights unpopular minorities

  • supported Espionage and Sedition Act
  • Schencj v. US: upheld conviction Eugene V. Debs for condemning war
109
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the Courts view of civil liberties begin to change in the 1920s?

A

Judicial foundation for civil liberties born

110
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did evangelical protestants respond to increaed ethinical pluralism mass entertainment, and liberated sexual rules?

A

Threatened

  1. decline traditional values
  2. increased visibilities of Catholicsim and Judaism
  3. “modernists” who sought integrate science and religion

Result: fundamentalists campaign to rid Protestant denominations of modernism and combat individual freedoms

111
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

A
112
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Who was the most flamboyant apostle of the fundamentalist movement?

A

Billy Sunday

  • revivalist preacher
  • huge crowds
  • theatrical preaching style & denouncing sins
113
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Describe the enforcement of prohibition:

A

selective enforcement

  1. Wealthy: enjoy access liquor
  2. Poor, blacks, and immigratns - large scale arrests
    • led building new federal prison system
114
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How was Prohibition a dividing issue?

A

Questions about local rights and inidividual freedom

Divided Democratic Party:

  1. “wet” and “dry” wings
  2. internal battle
115
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the Scopes Trail in 1925?

How did it reflect the division between traditional values and secularism?

A

John Scopes - Tennessee public school - arrested teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution

Reflected tension between 2 American definitions of freedom:

  1. Fundamentalist Christians: idea “moral” liberty & religious beliefs
  2. secularists

Result: jury found guilty, overturned decision on technology

116
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What caused the rise of the resurgence of the KKK?

A

Reborn in Atlanta in 1915 after the lynching of Leo Frank

who_: white, native-born Protestants_

117
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the second KKK compare to the original Klan of the Reconstruction?

A
  1. First:
  • South
  • only attacked blacks
  1. Second:
    • parts of North and West
    • attacked blacks and immigratns
118
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What fundamental change in immigration policy took place in the 1920s?

A

Before WW1: all whites come into US can become a citizen

During 1920s:

  • 1921: temporary measure restrict immigration from Europe
  • 1924: permanently limited European immigration

Illegal Alien: category established by immigration act that reffers to immigrants crossed US borders (mostly eastern Europeans, Mexicans, Canadian)

  1. border patrol
119
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What “race policy” became common in 1920s?

A
  • agreed by South and North
  • wanted to improve “quality” of democratic citizenship & employ scientific method to public policy
120
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Why did immigrant groups assert the validity of cultural diversity as the essence of American freedom? How did they approach this?

A

motivation:

  1. immigration restriction
  2. Prohibition
  3. revived Ku Klux Klan
  4. anti-Semitism and anti-Catholicism

Cultural diversity and toleration of difference as essence of American freedom

  • claimed to be “ethnic” Americans with equal share in nation’s life
  • embrace “American priniciples”
121
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

A
122
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Meyer v. Nebraska (1923)

A

expanded freedom all immigrant groups

  • equal liberty
  • right marry, establish house, bring up childern (interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment)

The decisions gave pluralism a constitutional foundation.

123
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did harlem become the center for “Slumming?”

A

Mecca for blacks during Great Migration

Whites to to halls and clubs in search exotic, primative adventures

124
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What did the term “New Negro” mean?

A

associated in politics with pan-Africansim and militancy of Garvey movement

125
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A

Cultural movement in the 1920s where writers and artistic expressions became common in the black community (art, jazz, peotry, performance)

126
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Who was Herbert Hoover?

A
  • Iowa
  • furtune as mining engineer
  • Internationan fame after coordinating overseas food relief
  • called self Progressive
    *
127
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What day did the stock market crash causing the Great Depression? What happened?

A

October 29, 1929; “Black Tuesday”

  • $10 billion shares vanished in 5 hours
  • result: GREAT DEPRESSION
128
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What caused the Great Depression?

A
  1. Stock Market Crash
  2. real-estate speculation and bursts
  3. banks failing
  4. land remaining undeveloped
  5. morgage forclosed
  6. Unequal distribution of income
  7. Prolonged depression onf farm regions
  8. Stagnation from consumer and European buyers (industry recovered after wartime)
129
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the global financial system handel the stock crash?

A

ill equipted

  1. Germany defauled reparations
  2. (due to lack of Germany payments) France and Britian not repay American debts
  3. banks failed (millions families lost savings)
130
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the Depression reverse geographical movement?

A

Reversed movement from farms to cities

  • left cities grow food for families
  • deurbanization
131
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the Great Depression cause the collapse of the image of big businesses?

A
  1. Sold worthless bonds
  2. undoaded portfolios while advertising investors maintain holdings
  3. convicted stealing from customers
132
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did the American public react to the Great Depression?

A
  1. blamed selves
  2. (or) unions and socialist organizations: spontaneous and uncoordinated
  3. Communist Party best response
133
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

How did president Herbert Hoover view the Great Depression?

A

saw as inadequate and uncaring

people influenced management:

  1. told economic downturn normal
  2. businesses opposed federal aid

misakes: unaware how important consumer spending became to economy

134
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

What was Hoover’s response?

A
  1. Opposed direct federal invervention
  2. committed “associational action”
  • attempted restore public confidence → made his seen out of touch
  • Smoot-Hawley Tariff: (raised tariffs) worsened depression
  • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (loaned money failing banks and other compannies)
  • approve public-work projects
135
Q

Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

A
136
Q

What new American Freedom emerged as result of the depression?

A
  1. Progressive belief in socially conscious state
  2. Respect civil liberites and cultural pluralism
137
Q

How did the progressive movement see the voting process? Pros and cons:

A

Expand democracy in voting process at all levels of government

However… weakened voting power immigrants

138
Q

How did progressives expand the voter base and how did the south unermine it?

A

Exanpanded right to vote for women

  • South disenfranchised blacks and poor whites
139
Q

06.01 The Progressives

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Women work longer and harder than most men. … A truer spirit is the increasing desire of young girls to be independent … and the growing objection of countless wives to the pitiful asking for money, to the beggary of their position. More and more do fathers give their daughters, and husbands their wives, a definite allowance,—a separate bank account,—something … all their own.”—Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1898

Which of the following Progressive Era developments does this excerpt most directly support? (5 points)

  1. Calls for temperance reform
  2. Expansion of settlement houses
  3. Decreasing reliance on child labor
  4. Increasing women in the workforce
A

4. Increasing women in the workforce

140
Q

06.01 The Progressives

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“What this country needs above everything else is a body of laws which will look after the men who are on the make rather than the men who are already made.”—Woodrow Wilson, from his “New Freedom” speech, 1913

For which of the following is Wilson advocating protection laws, according to the above excerpt? (5 points)

  1. Workers
  2. Consumers
  3. Lower tariffs
  4. Good monopolies
A

1. Workers

141
Q

06.01 The Progressives

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“There is no tainted money that smells so rank as the money made by the sale of tainted meat. … Insurance frauds, Standard Oil secret rates, and railroad graft and discriminations, are simply forms of theft. The sale of diseased meat is nothing less than wholesale murder.”—from an editorial in The Wall Street Journal, 1906

Which of the following Progressive Era developments does this excerpt support? (5 points)

  1. Northern Securities Co. v. United States
  2. Muller v. Oregon
  3. Pure Food and Drug Act
  4. Clayton Antitrust Act
A

3. Pure Food and Drug Act

142
Q

06.01 The Progressives

Why would a historian consider the “maternalist reforms” an ironic or peculiar aspect of the Progressive Era? (5 points)

  1. They made settlement houses, which primarily served women and children in poverty, seem discriminatory to modern eyes.
  2. They were necessary because new developments in the labor industry, including the forming of new unions, excluded women.
  3. They sought legislation that would improve the lives of women and children, though these improvements came at the expense of limiting the rights of men.
  4. They introduced gender bias into state laws, limiting women’s economic independence at a time when women sought the right to vote.
A

4. They introduced gender bias into state laws, limiting women’s economic independence at a time when women sought the right to vote.

143
Q

06.01 The Progressives

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“The absence of effective state, and, especially, national, restraint upon unfair money getting has tended to create a small class of enormously wealthy and economically powerful men, whose chief object is to hold and increase their power.”—Theodore Roosevelt, from his “New Nationalism” speech, 1910

What did Roosevelt advocate as a solution to the problem he highlights in this excerpt? (5 points)

  1. A laissez-faire approach to the financial industry
  2. Federal legislation to regulate business practices
  3. The end of government privileges for growth
  4. Seeking assistance of the courts at all levels
A

2. Federal legislation to regulate business practices

144
Q

06.01 The Progressives

How was the Clayton Act related to the Sherman Act? (5 points)

  1. It undermined the Sherman Act by prohibiting federal regulation of businesses.
  2. It supported the Sherman Act by expanding powers of oversight and enforcement.
  3. It threatened the Sherman Act by granting permission for some corporate mergers.
  4. It reinforced the Sherman Act by outlining protections for employees of corporations.
A

2. It supported the Sherman Act by expanding powers of oversight and enforcement.

145
Q

06.01 The Progressives

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“The conditions shown by even this short inspection to exist in the Chicago stock yards are revolting. It is imperatively necessary in the interest of health and of decency that they should be radically changed. Under the existing law it is wholly impossible to secure satisfactory results. When my attention was first directed to this matter an investigation was made under the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture.”—President Roosevelt, from a cover letter to the Neill-Reynolds Report, June 4, 1906

What was the main impetus for investigations like the one for which this report was generated? (5 points)

  1. A negative account of food-processing facilities written by a muckraker
  2. Medical reports of foodborne illnesses contracted by meatpackers
  3. A complaint of unsanitary conditions made by a food industry union
  4. Public outcry related to the poor health of military personnel
A

1. A negative account of food-processing facilities written by a muckraker

146
Q

06.01 The Progressives

How did Wilson’s and Roosevelt’s platforms differ in the 1912 election? (5 points)

  1. Roosevelt did not address social issues, while Wilson planned to expand laws for workers and women.
  2. Roosevelt wanted to increase business regulation, while Wilson focused on strengthening the banking system.
  3. Roosevelt argued for breaking up all monopolies, while Wilson distinguished that there were good monopolies.
  4. Roosevelt planned to lower taxes on imports, while Wilson wanted to increase them and include more products.
A

2. Roosevelt wanted to increase business regulation, while Wilson focused on strengthening the banking system.

147
Q

Which of the following best characterizes the Progressive Era? (5 points)

  1. Increasing spending to help the poor
  2. Decreasing spending to help the poor
  3. Expanding the role of government
  4. Restricting the role of government
A

3. Expanding the role of government

148
Q

06.03 The Great War

Which of the following ideas about President Woodrow Wilson does this 1916 cartoon support? (5 points)

  1. He was looking for an excuse to enter the Great War.
  2. He wanted to keep the nation out of the Great War.
  3. He was hoping to influence without fighting the war.
  4. He wanted to declare war to improve the military
A

2. He wanted to keep the nation out of the Great War

149
Q

06.03 The Great War

How did this event eventually lead to U.S. involvement in World War I? (5 points)

  1. The United States was allied with Austria and had to act to defend it.
  2. The secret U.S. alliance with various European countries required action.
  3. The Austrian royal victim was a beloved figure in the American media.
  4. The alliances of Austria included Germany, which attacked U.S. interests
A

4. The alliances of Austria included Germany, which attacked U.S. interests

150
Q

06.03 The Great War

What idea does this 1918 poster use most to achieve its goal? (5 points)

  1. That Americans needed to support the war effort, or Germans would end up invading the United States
  2. That Britain and France were able to confine German dominance to mainland Europe
  3. That Britain and France were unable to stop the advance of the Triple Entente without American help
  4. That Americans at home who secretly supported Germany were the real enemy
A

1. That Americans needed to support the war effort, or Germans would end up invading the United States

151
Q

06.03 The Great War

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, to speak a solemn word of warning to you against that deepest, most subtle, most essential breach of neutrality which may spring out of partisanship, out of passionately taking sides. The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men’s souls. We must be impartial in thought, as well as action, must put a curb upon our sentiments, as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another.”—President Woodrow Wilson, from a message to Congress, 1914

Which of the following events had the greatest influence on changing Wilson’s position from 1914? (5 points)

  1. Sussex Pledge
  2. Fourteen Points
  3. Zimmerman Note
  4. Russian Revolution
A

3. Zimmerman Note

152
Q

06.03 The Great War

“America from a military point-of-view means nothing, and again nothing, and for a third time nothing.”—From a high-ranking German official, 1917

What development may have changed this perspective by the end of 1918? (5 points)

  1. The majority of the military served under French or British forces by order of the U.S. Congress.
  2. The Espionage Act led the U.S. Army to find key information that changed the outcome of the war.
  3. The U.S. Congress declared war though the military did not have a significant participation in combat.
  4. The Selective Service Act increased the size and strength of the U.S. military.
A

4. The Selective Service Act increased the size and strength of the U.S. military

153
Q

06.03 The Great War

Why did events like the sinking of the Lusitania and discovery of the Zimmerman Note start to change American public opinion on World War I? (5 points)

  1. Americans had been largely neutral, but attacks and threats against civilians, trade, and territory gave credence to the preparedness movement.
  2. Most Americans supported the preparedness movement and the expansion of the armed forces until the death tolls began a steady rise.
  3. These events killed or threatened Americans and led most to call for an even deeper isolationism that would stop international trade.
  4. Despite neutrality, Americans had great sympathy for both sides of the war until these events ended virtually any support for Germany.
A

1. Americans had been largely neutral, but attacks and threats against civilians, trade, and territory gave credence to the preparedness movement

154
Q

06.03 The Great War

“I am proposing that all nations henceforth avoid entangling alliances which would draw them into competitions of power, catch them in a net of intrigue and selfish rivalry, and disturb their own affairs with influences intruded from without. There is no entangling alliance in a concert of power. When all unite to act in the same sense and with the same purpose, all act in the common interest and are free to live their own lives under a common protection.”—President Woodrow Wilson, from a speech to the Senate, January 1917

How did senators like Henry Cabot Lodge react to this idea of President Wilson’s? (5 points)

  1. They supported entry into the war to end the military part but without a role in peace.
  2. They only agreed with the first portion and continued to argue against entering the war.
  3. They did not agree that joining an international organization was compatible with isolation.
  4. They initially supported the idea of an international organization in order to promote peace.
A

3. They did not agree that joining an international organization was compatible with isolation.

155
Q

06.03 The Great War

How did the Espionage Act of 1917 reflect social conditions in the United States? (5 points)

  1. People believed European spies lived and worked in the United States, so training and sending spies elsewhere was an act of defense.
  2. Migration was high from Europe, and many people were concerned that those sympathetic to Germany or its cause could be spies.
  3. Americans were very intolerant at this time of any speech or action that expressed disapproval of or disloyalty toward the government.
  4. The cities were crowded and entry unregulated, so fear of criminals and other dangerous individuals was at an all-time high.
A

2. Migration was high from Europe, and many people were concerned that those sympathetic to Germany or its cause could be spies

156
Q

Which of the following is true about the United States after World War I? (5 points)

  1. It was a leader in creating a peace organization and defining rules for international diplomacy.
  2. It remained a key player in promoting peace while advocating increasing military strength.
  3. It returned to isolationism, avoiding any interaction with other nations beyond negotiating trade.
  4. It was mostly isolationist but did intervene in limited places and sought peace on its own terms
A

4. It was mostly isolationist but did intervene in limited places and sought peace on its own terms

157
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

What disillusionment occured after World War 1?

A
  1. suffer mental physical scars
  2. question should have joined war?

Result:

  • joined activist organizations
  • enjoyed economic boom
158
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

A
159
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

What was the Bisbee Deportation

A

Cause:

  • mexicans other migrants demand better working conditions
  • Strike (rumered started communists)

Result:

  • armed forces put people on train and deported them
  • denied food and water for hours

Wilsons respond:

  • commission investigate
  • left final decision to Arizon → did nothing

event set the stage for ambiguous federal and state laws involving the treatment of migrant workers and future actions against suspected radicals

160
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

Domestic labor unrest and the Russian Revolution led to what period in U.S. history? (5 points)

  1. The Roaring Twenties
  2. The Red Scare
  3. The Gilded Age
  4. The Great Depression
A

The Red Scare

161
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

The man in this image is holding a knife labelled “Bolshevism” and wearing a hat that says “Reds.” How does this political cartoon relate to life in the United States following WWI? (5 points)

  1. The image is showing how Asians would have to illegally enter the United States as a result of increased immigration restrictions.
  2. The image is reflecting the belief many Americans held about the subversive nature of Russian immigrants during the Red Scare.
  3. The image is demonstrating the fear that old immigrants had regarding social acceptance when they first arrived in the United States.
  4. The image is highlighting many Americans’ concerns about unrestricted immigration from the Western Hemisphere, especially Mexico.
A

2. The image is reflecting the belief many Americans held about the subversive nature of Russian immigrants during the Red Scare

162
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

The Bisbee Deportation was a reaction to (5 points)

  1. labor protests and anti-radical sentiment
  2. illegal immigration and bank failures
  3. poor working conditions and low wages
  4. unionization and crop failures
A

1. labor protests and anti-radical sentiment

163
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

“Numerical Limitations.
Sec. 11. (a) The annual quota of any nationality shall be 2 per centum of the number of foreign-born individuals of such nationality resident in continental United States as determined by the United States census of 1890, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100.”—From a U.S. law, 1924

What factors led to the passing of policies such as the one in the excerpt? (5 points)

  1. Rising xenophobia and a desire for a more homogenous society
  2. The need for immigrants to provide cheap factory labor
  3. Increasing unionization in cities with large immigrant populations
  4. The lack of adequate housing and sanitation in growing cities
A

1. Rising xenophobia and a desire for a more homogenous society

164
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

Though Congress passed legislation to restrict immigration in the early 1920s, one border was left relatively open. Which border was this, and why? (5 points)

  1. The Canadian border was left open because Canada and the United States had recently signed a treaty to restore peace in the North American region.
  2. The East Coast was left open because of business agreements with Eastern European countries, which brought money to the United States.
  3. The Mexican border was left open because labor coming from Mexico was particularly cheap, and many agricultural workers were needed.
  4. The West Coast was left open because Asian immigrants had recently been allowed to enter the United States following a long period of exclusion.
A

3. The Mexican border was left open because labor coming from Mexico was particularly cheap, and many agricultural workers were needed

165
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

The Immigration Act of 1924 resulted in (5 points)

  1. increased immigration from Asia and Mexico
  2. increased immigration from Eastern and Central Europe
  3. decreased immigration from Asia and Southern Europe
  4. decreased immigration from Mexico and Eastern Europe
A

3. decreased immigration from Asia and Southern Europe

166
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

Which labor organization would an immigrant factory worker most likely join in the 1900s and 1910s? (5 points)

  1. American Federation of Laborers
  2. Congress of Industrial Organizations
  3. United Industrial Labor Workers
  4. Industrial Workers of the World
A

4. Industrial Workers of the World

167
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

In the 1930s, many Americans experienced a change in their lifestyles. What was this change, and what precipitated it? (5 points)

  1. During the 1930s, many Americans migrated around the country seeking work because of the financial losses of the Great Depression and the destruction during the Dust Bowl.
  2. During the 1930s, many Americans moved to Northern cities, creating the first metropolis in the United States, as a direct result of stricter immigration laws and labor reform.
  3. During the 1930s, many Americans rebelled against the United States government to demand fewer restrictions on unions because of poor working conditions.
  4. During the 1930s, many Americans achieved a higher standard of living due to increased wages, the availability of household appliances, and the use of credit.
A

1. During the 1930s, many Americans migrated around the country seeking work because of the financial losses of the Great Depression and the destruction during the Dust Bowl

168
Q

06.05 Migration and Deportation

What was a cause of the event that led to the headlines in the image? (5 points)

  1. Farmers left their fields untended to move to cities and work in factories.
  2. Mechanized farm equipment led to soil erosion.
  3. Irrigation systems placed by agricultural corporations caused water shortages.
  4. Pesticides killed prairie grasses, causing loose topsoil
A

2. Mechanized farm equipment led to soil erosion

169
Q

Which of the following is true about the treatment of migrant workers from Mexico? (5 points)

  1. Mexican workers were welcomed in the 1920s because of the abundance of factory jobs, and many obtained citizenship in the 1930s.
  2. Mexican workers were refused entry in the 1920s due to strict immigration laws, but they were welcomed in the 1930s.
  3. Mexican workers were offered agricultural jobs in the 1920s, but many were deported in the 1930s due to increased nativist sentiment.
  4. Mexican workers were not legally allowed to enter the United States during the 1920s and 1930s due to immigration restrictions.
A

3. Mexican workers were offered agricultural jobs in the 1920s, but many were deported in the 1930s due to increased nativist sentiment

170
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

A
171
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What were the vague content of the “new deal” Roosevelt campaigned on in 1932?

A
  1. balanced federal budget
  2. critisized excess government spending
  3. Freedom of economic security
172
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What caused Roosevelt to declare “bank holiday” in 1993? What was it?

A
  • bank funds in stocks lost value and panicked depositors
  • suspended majority of states
    • people not access money

Temporarily halted all bank operations & passed the Emergency Banking Act (provided funds shore up threatened institutions)

173
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the Emergence Banking Act (1933) and Grass-Steagall Act transform the American financial system?

A
  • Emergency Banking Act: funds shore up threatened institutions
    • The Emergency Banking Act was a federal law passed in 1933. Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) on March 9, 1933, the act granted the president, the comptroller of the currency, and the secretary of the treasury broader regulatory authority over the nation’s banking system.
  • Glass-Steagall Act: barred commercial banks from becomin involved in the buying and selling of stocks

Effect:

  • (1) Law prevented many irresponsible practices that contributed stock market crash*
  • (2) rescued financial system and increased governmental power*
174
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What happened during first Hundred Days of Roosevelt’s presidency?

A
  • Rapid passage laws
  • hoped promote economic recovery (from Great Depresion)
  • New agencies
    • NRA, AAA, CCC
  • National Industrial Recovery Act
  • National Recovery Administration
175
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the government combat unemployment in the 1930s?

A
  • created Federal Emergency Relief Administration
  • (preffered) temporary jobs
    • combat unemployment
    • providing national infrastructure
  • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (set unemployed men work projects like forest preesrvation, flood control, improvement national parks)
176
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Public Works Administration? What was the long term effects?

A
  • construction of highways, tunnels, courthouses, airports
  • created class of American permanently dependent on government jobs
177
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

A

built a series of dams to prevent floods and deforestation

178
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

A

address disastous plight of American farmers

  • set production quotas for major crops
  • pay farmers plant less raise farm prices
179
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did Roosevelt address the Depression devistating effects on the American housing industry?

A
  • “security of the home” as fundamental right
  • moved protect home owners from foreclosure and stimulate new construction
  • Home Owners Loan Corporation and Federal Housing Administration
  • built thousands units low-rent housing
180
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the 21st Amendment?

A

Repealed Prohibition

181
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the effects of the “First New Deal?”

A

Some worked and others did not

  1. transformed role federal government
  2. constructed numerous public facilities
  3. provided relief to millions Americans
  4. rescued millions of Americans from Depression
182
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Describe the nature of the Supreme Court in the 1930s and how it influenced policies.

A
  • Controlled conservative judges
  • 19th century understanding freedoms
    • liberty of contracts

result: invalidate New Deal laws
* failed end Depression → ground to halt*

183
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

United States v. Butler (1936)

A

declared unconsitutional exercise of congressional power over local economic activities

184
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the most striking development of the mid-1930s?

A

Mobilization of million of workers in mass-production industries resisted unionization

“Labor’s Great Upheaval”

185
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the government respond to the “Labor’s great upheaval?”

A

On the side of the laborers

186
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Describe the nature of American factories at the outset of the New Deal.

A
  • miniature dictatorships
  • unions rare, workers beaten and fired
187
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the New Deal change workers demands?

A
  • wanted end employer’s powers
  • basic civil liberties
  • right to picket, distribute literature, meet discuss grievances
  • union recognition
188
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Describe the Labor’s great upheaval explosion in 1934.

A
  • 2000 strikes
  • violent confrontations
189
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did labor upheavals poased a challenge to the American Federation of Labor’s traditional policy?

A
  • traditional policy: oganize workers by craft rather than by industry
  • 1935: creation of unions of industrial workers
190
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Congress of Industrial Organizations (and John L. Lewis)?

A
  • led a walout produced new labor organization (CIO)
  • secure economic freedom
191
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the UAW’s sit-down strike (December 1936)?

A
  • effective tactic
  • General motors
  • halted production → agreed negotiate UAW
192
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the labor upsurge alter the balance of economic power?

A

Balance of economic power and propelled forefront politics labor’s goald of a fairer, freer, more equal America

  1. economic and social insecurity
  2. public housing
  3. universal health care
  4. unemployment and old age
193
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did relgious organization utilize mass media?

A

Used it to spread their beliefs

  • (ironically) anti-modernists took advantage modern communication to communicate anti-modernist opinions
194
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

When was the Second New Deal?

A

launced in 1935

195
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the first and second New Deal compare?

A

First: focused economic recovery

Second: economic security

196
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the government try to bring about economic security?

A
  • attack weak demand and economic inequality
  • Congress levied highly publicized tax large fortune and corporate profits
  • Rural Electrification Agency (REA)
    • bring electric power to homes lacked it
  • farmers received federal assistance in reducing soil loss
197
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the Second New Deal fail?

A

Not arrest trend towards larger farms and fewer farmers

198
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

A
  • established Roosevelt (1934 )
  • hired 3 million Americans
  • contructed thousands public stuff
    • compared previous work relief programs: hired white-collar workers as well
  • set 100s artists to work
    • decorating public buildings
    • writers to produce local histories
199
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Wagner Act (SND)?

A

Established National Labor Relations Board and faciliated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices

200
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How was the Social Security Act of 1935 the centerpiece of the SND?

A

Created Social Security System with provisions for retirement, unemployment, disability, public assistance.

  • Roosevelt conviction: national government responsible ensure material well-being
  • system unemployment insurance

Ideas originated:

  1. Progressives of 1912
  2. European coutries had it
201
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How was the American welfare-state lacking?

A
  • decentralized (lower levels spending and fewer citizens)
  • excluded many unmarried women and non-whites
202
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the Social Security represented a dramatic departure from the

traditional functions of government?

A

Transformed relationship between citizens and government

  • before: whether government should intervene economy
  • after: how should the government intervene
203
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did Roosevelt mobilize America?

A

Radio:

  • harnessed radio’s power
  • “fireside chats” 2/3 Americans listen to

Appeal Traditional Values in support new policies:

  • “liberalism” a modern meaning
  • employ large, active, socially conscious state
  • reclaimed word ‘freedom” = New Deal
204
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was Roosevelt’s Court packing plan? What was the response?

A
  • replace SC justices over 70 new ones (majority old)
  • why: change balance of power to insure Second New Deal

Rejected & inspired “about-face” by judges:

  • Court willing support policies
  • marked permanent change in judicial policy
205
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What happened to the Second New Deal with the economic downturns in 1937?

A
  • 1936: reduced federal funding and subsidies = disasterous
  • Unemployment rose by 20%
206
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money by John Maynard Keynes (1936)?

A
  • Government spending essential sustain purchasing power and stimulate economy
  • even during budget deficits

result Keynesian Economics

207
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the New Deal incorporate women into society?

A
  1. increase women’s visibility in national politics
  2. organized feminism disappeared political force
  3. Not exclude women from benefits (with the exception of CCC)
  4. most women undercovered
208
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did Roosevelt’s symbolic representation of the federal government get undermined by the South?

A
  • Roosevelt: symbolic representation of “the people” (biracial and multi-ethnic)
  • South:
    • shaped New Deal welfare state into a white entitlement
    • dems political monopoly & Congress
    • resulted in exclusion of argicultural and domestic workers (largest category of blacks)
      *
209
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the Depression effect women in the workforce?

A
  • unemployment → call for women to remove themselves from workforce
  • depression hit industry hardest: propotion of women in workforce rose
210
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the “southern veto” affect blacks in relation to welfare?

A
  • every low benefits
  • authorized states to determine eligibility standards
    • “moral” behavior
    • widespread discrimination
  • stigma of dependency of government handouts
211
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Indian New Deal?

A
  • Ended forces assimilation → cultural autonomy
  • increased spending Indian health
  • Indian Recognization Act of 1934
    • end policy dividing Indian land into smaller plots for individual families and selling rest

most radical shift in Indian policy in nation’s history

212
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How were Mexican-Americans effected by the Depression?

A
  • encouraged to leave the US
213
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was “Last Hired, First Fired?”

A
  • unemployment rate blacks double that of whites
  • competition for positions (waiter, porter) whites thought previously were beneath them
214
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did Roosevelt appraoch civil liberty and black rights?

A
  • little personal interest
  • employed Mary McLeod Bethume: special advisor on minority affiars
  • other blacks in federal positions
    *
215
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the 1930s represent a shift in black voting patterns?

A
  • (North) abandoned allegiance to Lincoln’s party in favor for the dems
216
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How were federal housing policy influenced by segeration?

A
  • insisted housing built be racially segregated
  • barred furture sales to non-whites
217
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Describe the increased influence of the “left” in the mid-1930s.

A
  • increased influence caused by Depression
    *
218
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was the Popular Fron movement in the 1930s and why did the Communists have an increase appeal in the Depression?

A

Appeal:

  • involvement unemployment demonstrations
  • movement black civil rights

Popular Front:

  • communist party want to ally with New Dealers and Socialist
  • reform capitalism rather than revolutionize it
219
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Describe the Popular Front culture.

A
  • artists depict life of ordinary farms and city dwellers
220
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

How did the Popular Front movement promote racial tolerance?

A
  • condemned racism as incompatible with true Americansim
  • Helped with Scottsboro case (9 blacks convicted raping 2 white women = overturned verdict that blacks can be excluded from juries)
  • brought blacks into labor movement
  • education campaigns for blacks
221
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What was “un-American?”

A
  • 1938: House Representatives established committee
  • investigate disloyals
    • “un-American” included communists, labor radicals, and the left of the Democratic Party,
    • its hearings led to the dismissal of dozens of federal employees on charges of subversion
222
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

Why did the South cause the New Deal to decline?

A

At odds with Roosevelt’s policies

  • feared continuing federal intervention = encourage unionization and upset racial relations
    *
223
Q

Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940)

What were the failures of the New Deal?

A
  1. restricted in scope and modest in cost
  2. not address problem of racial inequality
224
Q

What were the successes of the New Deal?

A
  1. expanded role federal government
  2. Independent force in relations between industry and labor
  3. Transformed environment
    • hydroelectric dams
    • reforestation
    • rural electrificatoin
  4. Restored faith in democracy
  5. Improved economic conditions
225
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Why were banks the focus of attention early in the First New Deal? (7 points)

  1. The banks had been overlending to people and businesses, causing ripple effects throughout the economy when they could not pay out deposits or collect on loans.
  2. The banks and their employees were the only groups thriving in the midst of the economic downturn and were seen as scapegoats for the widespread suffering of average people.
  3. The banks themselves had caused the stock market crash by withdrawing their investments all at once on the advice of government officials and economic analysts.
  4. The banks were seen as to blame for the economic downturn because throughout the previous decade they had strict and limited lending policies that stifled growth.
A
  1. The banks had been overlending to people and businesses, causing ripple effects throughout the economy when they could not pay out deposits or collect on loans.
226
Q

07.06 Module Seven

The establishment of a bank holiday is an example of which goal of New Deal legislation? (6 points)

  1. Relief
  2. Recovery
  3. Reform
  4. Reduction
A
  1. Relief
227
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Which of the following movements or ideas does FDR’s New Deal program best reflect? (7 points)

  1. Conservatism
  2. Communism
  3. Populism
  4. Progressivism
A

4. Progressivism

228
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Question refers to the excerpt below.

  • “Wholly apart from that question, another principle embedded in our Constitution prohibits the enforcement of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The act invades the reserved rights of the states. It is a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production, a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government. The tax, the appropriation of the funds raised, and the direction for their disbursement are but parts of the plan. They are but means to an unconstitutional end.*
  • From the accepted doctrine that the United States is a government of delegated powers, it follows that those not expressly granted, or reasonably to be implied from such as are conferred, are reserved to the states, or to the people. … None to regulate agricultural production is given, and therefore legislation by Congress for that purpose is forbidden.”—Justice Roberts, from the majority opinion in United States v. Butler, 1936*

How did conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court react to New Deal policies? (7 points)

  1. The Supreme Court upheld the New Deal programs that Congressional conservatives introduced and supported.
  2. Congressional conservatives pushed for constitutional amendments that would prevent the Court from blocking New Deal programs.
  3. Congressional conservatives and the Supreme Court both worked to limit the scope of New Deal programs.
  4. Congressional conservatives supported an increase the number of justices to stop New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional.
A

3. Congressional conservatives and the Supreme Court both worked to limit the scope of New Deal programs.

229
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Which explains how Roosevelt modeled his New Deal programs after Progressive reforms? (7 points)

  1. He designed programs that kept government interference in the economy at a minimum and allowed consumers to grow businesses.
  2. He designed programs that strictly regulated big businesses and kept industries from monopolistic influences.
  3. He designed programs that considered the interests of wealthy citizens over the interests of impoverished citizens living in the United States.
  4. He designed programs that sought to protect against bank failure and economic insecurity and preserve freedom of choice and inventiveness in business.
A

4. He designed programs that sought to protect against bank failure and economic insecurity and preserve freedom of choice and inventiveness in business

230
Q

07.06 Module Seven

What event prompted the U.S. military to become fully involved in World War II? (6 points)

  1. Britain’s declaration of war against Germany
  2. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor
  3. Germany’s invasion of Poland
  4. The Soviet Union’s annexation of Eastern European nations
A
  1. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor
231
Q

07.06 Module Seven

How did the U.S. government react to the bombing of Pearl harbor in the photograph? (7 points)

  1. It gave up a position of neutrality and issued a declaration of war.
  2. It immediately retaliated with the use of atomic weapons.
  3. It became indirectly involved in the worldwide conflict.
  4. It requested military and financial support from its allies.
A

1. It gave up a position of neutrality and issued a declaration of war

232
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Why were posters of this kind produced during World War II? (7 points)

  1. To generate public support for the war effort
  2. To demonstrate that victory was certain
  3. To show the troops that the public valued their sacrifices
  4. To entertain people during a difficult time for the nation
A

1. To generate public support for the war effort

233
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Why was the Battle of the Coral Sea significant for the Allies? (6 points)

  1. It destroyed the Japanese navy’s carrier fleet.
  2. It re-opened American trade with Europe.
  3. It kept the Soviet Union out of the war in the Pacific.
  4. It showed the strength of aircraft carriers in battle.
A

4. It showed the strength of aircraft carriers in battle

234
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Which statement explains why Congress authorized arms sales to any nation that could pay in cash and arrange transportation? (6 points)

  1. To help the United States build up its wartime production capabilities
  2. To ensure that naval warfare would not affect the American shipping industry
  3. To allow U.S. trade to continue during wartime without drawing the nation into war
  4. To give the United States control over arms build-ups in Europe and Asia
A

3. To allow U.S. trade to continue during wartime without drawing the nation into war

235
Q

07.06 Module Seven

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and, to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative is prompt and utter destruction.”—From the Potsdam Declaration, July 1945

What does this statement indicate about the use of the atomic bomb in World War II? (7 points)

  1. Allied leaders did not expect the use of atomic weapons to end the war.
  2. The leaders of Great Britain and the Soviet Union supported dropping the bomb.
  3. Great Britain and the Soviet Union had also developed atomic weapons.
  4. The Allies did not ask the Japanese government to surrender before dropping the bomb
A

The leaders of Great Britain and the Soviet Union supported dropping the bomb. 2

236
Q

How did the prevalence of destruction in Europe affect the United States following World War II? (7 points)

  1. The United States did not have to spend time and money rebuilding, which gave it an economic advantage over war-ravaged nations.
  2. The United States gave financial support to European nations after the war, causing the American nation to go into debt and decreasing its industrial output.
  3. The United States was prevented from having a say in the restructuring of European boundaries, reducing its political influence in the world.
  4. The United States took control of damaged factories, rebuilding them and selling them to American and foreign companies at a large profit.
A
  1. The United States did not have to spend time and money rebuilding, which gave it an economic advantage over war-ravaged nations

AP United States History (9 decks)

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