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AP United States History > Unit 06: The Industrial Revolution and the Gilded Age (1865 - 1898) > Flashcards

Unit 06: The Industrial Revolution and the Gilded Age (1865 - 1898) Flashcards

You’ll examine the nation’s economic and demographic shifts in this period and their links to cultural and political changes. Topics may include: • The settlement of the West • The "New South" • The rise of industrial capitalism • Immigration and migration • Reform movements • Debates about the role of government On The Exam 10%–17% of score

1
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What did the Farmers’ Alliance respond to?

A

why: response falling (1)agricultural prices and (2)economic dependence

south

  1. sharecropping system → blacks & whites = poverty
  2. interruption cotton exports → rapid international production

< >declined pricesfarmers debt

Farmers thought reasons happen:

1. high frieght rates by railroad companies
2. interest rates from banks
3. fiscal policies government
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2
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Farmers’ Alliance? What was their Subtreaty Plan?

A

Farmers’ Alliance

  • large citizen movement 19th century
  • sought solutions

1870: started Texas

1890: 43 states

proposals: gov establish warehouses - store crops until sold

use crops collateral → issue loand = end dependence banks

enacted as Subtreaty Plan

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3
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Poeple’s Party? What was their message?

A

1890s: Alliance = People’s Party / Populists

  • era’s greatest political insurgency
  • farmers, minors, workers

what: pamphets, newspapers, speakers through rural

view: America as a commonwealth of small producers

  • freedom rested ownership productive property & respect of dignity of labor
    • *

Message:

  1. embraced mordern technologies
  2. wanted federal government regulate techonologies
  3. argicultural eduction & farmers adopt modern scientific method
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4
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Populist Platform of 1892?

A
  • adopted party’s Omaha convention
    what: list proposals restore democracy & economic opportunity

adopted:

  1. direct election US senators
  2. government control currency
  3. graduate income tax
  4. system low-cost public financing
  5. recognition rights workers to form unions

most sweeping plan of the century

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5
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the racial landscape of the Farmers’ Alliance and Populist Coalition?

A
  • black and white farmers
  • unite common goal*
  • refrom-minded women (farmers and laborers)
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6
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe the populist vote in the Election of 1892?

A

Election of 1892

Populist candidate: James Weaver

  • millions votes
    • *

Reasons expanding base:

  1. Depression of 1893
  2. Conflict between capital and labor
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7
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Pullman Strike of 1894?

A

1894: workers of Pullman

Strike → reduction wages

American Railway Union: announced members refuse use Pullman cars

Effect:

  1. boycott: cripped rail service
  2. Cleveland obtained federal court injunction get the workers to go back working again & sent in marshalls
  3. End: Leader (Eugene V. Debts) jailed
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8
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the In re Debts in 1985?

A

> Unanimously confirmed sentences & approved use injuctionss against striking unions

November 1985: Debts released → 100,000 people greeted

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9
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was William Jennings Bryan’s platform in the Election of 1896?

A

William Jennings Bryan

  • support both dems and populists
  • why: ignited farmers national pride

Platform:

  1. “free coinage” of silver
    • unrestricted minting silver money
    • view: increasing currency = raise farmers prices
  2. Social Gospel Movement
    • progressive income tax
    • banking regulations
    • rights of unions
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10
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Why was William Jennings Bryan’s platform the “First modern presidential campaign?”

A
  1. amount money spent republicans
  2. efficiency of national organization
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11
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did the Election of 1896 reflect sectionalism?

A

divided: regional lines

  1. Bryan carried South and West (6.5 million)
  2. McKinley carried Northeast and Midwest (7.1 million)

Winner: McKinley

  • carried one most enduring political majorities US history
  • shattered political stalemate
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12
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did the failure of the Populism movement result in a fully imposed racial order?

What two factors contributed to this?

A

failure popularism: full imposition new racial order

who: merchants, planters, business

  • dominated politics after 1877
  • “Redeemers” → wanted undo Reconstruction

how:

  1. public school system
    • large discripency between black and white finance
  2. Convict Labor
    • new laws: authorized arrest any person
      1. without employment
      2. increased penilty petty crimes
    • Rented out convicts
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13
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe investment in the South during the Gilded Age?

A

Attracted:

  1. Low wages
  2. Taxes
  3. Availability convict labor

Effect: little on economic development region

Industries:

  • export: cotton, tobacco, rice
  • Little skilled labor

Dependent North capital and manufactured goods

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14
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did economic opportunities in the Upper and Lower South compare for blacks?

A

Upper South Opportunities

Opportunities:

  1. mines
  2. iron furances
  3. tobacco factories

Blacks:

  • worked factories
  • some owned lannd
  • Cotton Kindom fell end 19th century*

Lower South Economy

less

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15
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Kansas Exodus in 1879-1880?

A

Emigration from the South

1879-1880: migrated Kansas → Kansas Exodus

  • why: political equality, freedom violence, access eduction, opportunity
  • promoted former fugative slaves

Most blacks no choice but to stay in the South

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16
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe black officeholding in the Gilded Age?

A

1877: not end black officeholding

  • 1880s-1890s: few in Congress
  • increasingly restricted

passed to women activists

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17
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the National Association of Colored Women (1896)?

A
  • local and regional women’s clubs
  • aided poor families, lessons in home life & childrearing
  • challenged racial ideology consigned all blacks as second-class
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18
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Atlanta Compromise (1895)?

A

Washington’s speech

what:

> urged blacks abandon agitation for civil and political rights

  • getting land more important than rights

Put into practice: head of Tuskegree Institute (vocation training)

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19
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Disenfranchisement movement?

A

Voting after Reconstruction

(bespite fraud) still vote

Biracial Political Insurgency: frighten dems

result: disenfranchisement movement

How

1890-1906: southern states laws provisions meant eliminate black vote

Fifteenth Amendment prohibit racial discrimination

(1) Poll Tax

  • fee each citizen had pay order retain right to vote

(2) literacy tests

(3) “Understanding” constitution

(4) Grandfather Clause

  • exempting new requirements descendants of persons eligibility vote before Civil War
  • 1915: supreme court said violate
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20
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the effect of the Disenfranchisement?

A
  • some poor whites lost voting rights
  • rise southern demagogues (mobilized white voters extreme appeals to racism)
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21
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did the Supreme Court approve of the disenfranchisement movement?

A

North and Supreme Court: aprrove disenfranchisement law

result: southern congressmen far greater power national scene allow

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22
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Civil Rights Cases (1883)?

A

Invalidated Civil Rights Act of 1875

  • outlawed racial discrimination by institutions
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23
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

A

Approved states law requires separate facilties balcks and whites

> Faculties should be “separate but equal”

  • reality: separate and unequal*
    • *

Plessy: mandated racial segregation in every aspect of southern life

  • black facilties either nonexistent or inferior
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24
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was Lynching (1883-1905)?

A

> Persons (generally black) accused crime mudered by mob before standing trial

  • some occurred late at night or advertised in advanced
  • 1899: Sam Hose (brutally murdered after killing employer in self-defense)
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25
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did the memory of the Civil War age?

A

Memory of Civil War

whites: saw tragic family quarrel (blacks no significant part)

  • both sides gallantly fought
  • slavery small issue (not fundamental cause)

the Lost Cause

> Romanticized version of slavery

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26
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the immigration shift in the 1890s? How did it cause the resurgence of racial nationalism?

A

1890s: immigration shift

  1. 5 million immigratns
    * half not from Europe (south and eastern Europe)

“New Immigrants”

  • lower class citizens

Resurgence racial nationalism

Restricted immigration widely seen way determine “who was american”

  • rather than “our” identity
  • demeened “others”
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27
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Immigration Restriction League (1894)?

A

made sharp distinction between old and new immigrants

(1) blamed problems (crime and poverty) to immigrants

(2) southern and eastern Europeans” incapable and stupid

(3) called reduction immigration by barring illiterate from entiring US

1897: vetoed Cleveland

1903: list barring certain people entering

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28
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did northern and western states attempt to eliminate undersirable voters?

A

(1) Secrect of “Australian” ballot

  • protect privacy
  • limit participation of illiterates

(2) immigrants not allowed vote

(3) residency and literacy requirements

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29
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe Chinese immigration in the Gilded Age and how did it result in discrimination?

A

Chinese immigration

1882: Chinese Exclusion Act

  • temporarily exluded all immigration from China

1902: permanent

  • required register government and carrry identification

Chinese discrimination

  1. expelled towns and mining camps
  2. mobs assuated residents and businesses
  3. (1871-1885) no public education Chinese (California

1885: Tape v. Hurley

* force Cal admit Chinese students
* segregated education
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30
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

A
  • considered legal status Chinese-Americans

what: 14 Amendment aware citizenship born in America

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31
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893)

A

courts authorized ederal government expel Chinese alines wihtout due process

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32
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

A

1881: founded

Leader: Samuel Gomper

  • (mostly) white, natives

view:

  1. movement devote negotiating employers higher wages & better work conditions
  2. “business unionism”

1890s:

  • rebounded from decline
  • less inclusive: only skilled workers
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33
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Why was the 1890s the Women’s Era?

A
  • more opportunities (for economic independence)
  • greater role public life (not vote)
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34
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the (1874) Woman’s Christain Temperane Union?

A

increased influence in public affairs:

  • clubs
  • temperance organizations
  • social reformist

WCTU:

  • era’s largest female organization

demands:

  1. prohibition
  2. economic and political reform
  3. right to vote
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35
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe the feminism of the Gilded Age:

A

gravitate towards previaling racial and ethnic norms

  • women’s equality (education and employment)
  • part of “superior race”
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36
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe the Age of Imperialism and how did it result in “New Imperialism?”

A

Age of Imperialism

Late 19th century: Age of Imperialism

  • European empires carved up large parts of world
  • US: second rate power

“New Imperialism“

World powers:

  1. Japan
  2. Belgium
  3. Great Britain
  4. France
  5. Germany (became country)
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37
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did American expansion compare before and after the 1890s?

A

Until 1890s:

Expansion: NA continent

Since Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  • see Western Hemisphere an American sphere of influence
  • wanted expand trade & not territorial possession

1890s:

  • Turning point American expansionism:*

(1) agricultural and industrial production → not contain at home

  • companies market abroad

(2) Economic downturns: wanted international access

(3) Women desirous overseas commodities

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38
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did Missionaries, thinkers, and news contribute to American Expansionism?

A

a. Missionaries

Prepare world second comming of Christ

Dwight Moody:

  • started expidition
  • Methodist evangelist → sent 8,000 missionaries

b. Thinkers promoting American Expansionism

  • America should take part Scramble for Afria

c. News

promoted nationalistic sentiments:

  • wanted agressive foreign policy
  • appeals patriotic sentiments

called “Yellow Press”

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39
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe Hawaii before it was annexed?

A
  • tied to US through treaties
  • Independent nation

Economy:

dominated US sugar plantations

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40
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

Describe the process of Hawaii’s annexation?

A

1893: group American planters overthrew Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani

  • Eve leaving office: Harrison submitted treaty of annexation
  • Cleveland withdrew it

July 1898: (during Spanish-American War) annexed Hawaii

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41
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did the Spanish-American War originate?

What was the final catalysis?

A

USA emergence world power in Spanish-American War (1898)

Origin: Cuban want independence Spain

  • 1868: revolt
  • reports suffering won support USA

Feb 15, 1898: battleship U.S.S. Maine (Havana Harbor) exploded (later found accident)

McKinley → declared War

  1. declare wanted to help
  2. Teller Amendment (US no intention annexing or doninating island)

called “Splended Little War”

  • only 4 months
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42
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was Theodore Roosevelt’s part in the Spanish-American War?

A

San Jaun Hill:

  • most publicized land battle took place Cuba*
    leader: Theodore Roosevelt
  • expansionist
  • believe war reunite unity
  • carge of Rough Riders
  • Result: national hero
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43
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did the Spanish-American War end?

A

US aquired: Philippines, Puerto Rico, Pacific island Guam

Cuba:

  • before independence → forced approve Platt Amendment
  • US intervene militarily whenever it sees fit*
    • *

Purpose:

  • strategic gatewages to Latin America naval and commercial power
  • shipping routs Asia

1899: Open Door Policy

Europeans powers grant America exports equal access

  • free movement of goods and money ( )
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44
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Open Door Policy (1899)?

A

Europeans powers grant America exports equal access

  • free movement of goods and money ( )
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45
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the short0tern effect of the Spanish-American War?

A

(some) Cubans, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans: welcomed American intervention way breaking Spanish hold

  • admired America’s democratic ideals
  • would lead social reform and self-government

American determination to exercise continued control: rapid change local opinion (especially Philippines)

result: Philippine War

46
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Philippine War (1899-1903)?

A
  • bloodier
  • least remembered all American Wars

After colonial control:

  • expanded railroad and harbors
  • brought schoolteachers and health workers
  • modernize agriculture

benefitted local elites & most still empoverished

result:

  1. low-wage plantation economy
  2. controlled absentee American corporations
47
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

How did American Expansionism result in a debate over citizenship?

A

Question: relationship among political democracy, race ,and citizenship

  • American system no provision premanent colonies
  • identified Anglo-Saxon superiority
48
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Foraker Act of 1900?

A

> Puerto Rico “insular territory”

  • not citizens US
  • denied path to statehood
49
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Insular Cases (1901-1904)?

A

collection Supreme Court cases

> Constitution not fully apply to territories recently acquired by US

Two central principles to American freedom:

  1. No taxation without representation
  2. Government based on consent of governend
50
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the paths of the colonies America aquired during the 1900s?

A

(1) Hawaii:

  • already had American population
  • granted citizenship (excluding Asians)
  • 1959: admitted as state

(2) Philippines:
* 1946: independence
(3) Guam:
* unincorporated territory
(4) Puerto Rico:

  • “world oldest colony”
  • lacks full self-governent
  • electors own governemnt & lacks voice Congress
51
Q

Chapter 17: Freedom’s Boundaries and Expansionism

What was the Anti-Imperialist League?

A

opponents expansionism

  • energies directed at home

Who:

  • businessmen fearful cost maintaining overseas post
  • racists (not wish bring non-whites into America)
  • writers and social reformers
53
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What caused the Second Industrial Revolution (5)?

A

Early 20th century: US one of most rapid economic expansions ever

Why?

  1. lots natural resources
  2. growing supply of labor
  3. expanding market manufactured goods
  4. capital for investment
  5. federal government sponsorship
    • high tariffs (protect home industry)
    • granted land rail road companies
    • arm remove Indians from western lands
54
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did factories, railroads, and mass production contribute to industrialization?

A

Factories

Heart SIR: region around Great Lakes

facotries: steel, iron, machinery, chemicals, foods

  1. Pittsburgh: world center of iron and steel
  2. Chicago: second largest city

Railroads

Made revolution possible

Spurred:

  1. private investment
  2. land grants + money government

Result:

  • opened areas to commerical farming
  • national market

Mass production

The market for mass production, distribution, and marketing → essential modern industrial economy

New national brands:

  • Ivory Soap
  • Quakers Oats
55
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the Gilded age challenge the idea of economic independence?

A

Idea of economic independence → obsolete

1890: 2/3 Americas work wages (not own farm or business)

result:

  1. new working class
  2. immigrants
56
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Who was Thomas A. Edison?

A

era’s greatest inventor

  • phonograph
  • lightbulb
  • motion picture
  • generating electric power
57
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What caused the prolonged downturns in the 1870s and 1890s?

A

Fall in prices:

Why?

  1. market flooded goods
  2. federal monetary policies
58
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What are pools and trusts?

A

Ruthless competition:

Pools:

  • by railroads and other companies
  • oligopolistic structures (divided market and had fixed prices)

Trusts:

legal devices where affairs serveral rival companies managed single director

  • coordinates economic activities “independent” companies
  • short lived
59
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What did corporations try to do in the Gilded Age?

A

Tried achieve monopolies:

1897-1904: 4,000 firms merged

result: dominataed industries:

Standard Oil

U.S. Steel

International Harvester

60
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did Andrew Carnegie establish a monopoly?

A

Depression in 1873 → C established steel company

  • incorporated vertical integration (controlled all phases of business (raw, transportation, manufacturing, distribution))
  • dominated industry
  • dictorial operation

Philanthropy:

denounced “worship of money”

61
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did John D. Rockefeller establish a monopoly?

A

Began careeer: clerk

Later: dominate oil industry (Standard Oil)

How: cutthroat competition, secret deals, fixing prices

Horizontal Expansion (buying out other oil refineries)

62
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Discribe the wealth distribution in the Gilded Age and how that effected the different classes?

A

Wealth distribution:

Very unequal

Economic independence: rested on technical skills rather than ownership

  • skilled workers → demand higher wages

Most workers:

Economic insecurity → common

  • depression of 1870s-1890s: millions lost jobs
  • high dead rates
  • most working class → very poor and needed income all family members
  • terrible working and living conditions

Top 1 percent:

Money: same total income as bottom half pop + more property than remaining 99%

persued aristocratic lifestyle

  1. build palatial homes
  2. attended exclusive clubs, schools, colleges
63
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the center of the public discussion and unrest in the Gilded Age?

A

Public discussion

Who:

  • all people (educated, farmers, reformers)

Result:

  • 1000s books, pamphlets
  • widespread debate social and ethical implications of economic change

Social unrest

Felt something wrong nation’s social development:

  1. “better classes,” “dangerous classes” in public discussion
  2. labor stikes common
64
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the relation between Freedom and Equality in the Gilided Age?

A

No longer view: wage labor temporary resting place road to economic independence

Some view: concentration wealth natural, inevitable, justified

  • wages determined law of supply and demand
  • The close link between freedom and equality, forged in the Revolution and reinforced during the Civil War, appeared increasingly out of date.*
65
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Charles Darwin’s contribution?

A

1859: On the Origin of Species

theory of evolution

66
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was Social Darwinism?

A

Oversimplified form Darwin’s Theory Evolution (“natural selection” and “struggle of existance”) entered public

Social Darwinism:

evolution natural process in human society and government not interfere

  • gaint corportations: better adapted environment
  • restrictions → reduce society primitive level
67
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Decribe William Graham Sumner’s contribution to Social Darwinsim?

A
  • most influential Social Darwinist
  • prof at Yale

> Freedom required acceptance of inequality

Society two alternatives:

  1. liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest
  2. not-liberty, equality

Role of government:

protect property of men and the honor of women and nothing else

68
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the Gilded Age appraoch free labor and “the contract?”

A

SD: “negative” idea of freedom as limited government and an unrestrained free market

  • central: idea of contract

labor relations freely governed by contracts freely sign → not interfere union or government

Free labor:

was: celebration independent, small producers in social of equality and social harmony

now: defense of unrestained operations of capitalist market

69
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How were courts influenced by Social Darwinism?

A

struck down laws regulating enterprise

generally sided with businesses

1885: Courts of Appeals invalided state law prohibiting manufacture cigars

70
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1895: United States v. E.C. Kights Co.

A

Ruled: Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 not use break up sugar refining monopoly

Act: barred combinations in the restaint of trade

  • intended prevent business mergers stifled competition

why: Constitution empowered Congress regulate commerce not manufacturing

71
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1905: Lochner v. New York

A

almost as notorious as Dred Scott

what: voided state law established 10h work for bakers

why: violation of “personal liberty”

72
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Great Railroad Stike of 1877?

A

Slavery controversy:

> The Overwhelming Labor Question

seen 1877:

end Reconstruction & frist national labor walkout (Great Railroad Strike)

  • protest labor cuts & burned railroad
  • paralized rail road traffic much country
  • Rutherford ordered army into North

Illustrated:

  1. strong sense solidarity among workers **
  2. close ties between Republic Party and class of industrialists

Result:

  • government contructed armeries major cities

Shift role national power: not protect beleaguered former slaves but guarantee rights of property

73
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What did the Great Railraod Stike represent about the shifting role of the government?

A

Shift role national power: not protect beleaguered former slaves but guarantee rights of property

74
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Who were the Knights of Labor?

What were their plans of reform?

A

1880s: wave new labor organizations

Knights of Labor

Leader: Terence V. Powderly

What:

  • first organize unskilled workers & skilled ones (biracial and bisexual)
  • peek 1886: 800,000
  • stikes, boycotts, political actions

Labor reform Gilded Age

New programs:

  1. 8-hour day
  2. public employment
  3. reform
  4. anachism
  5. vaguely defining cooperate commonwealth
75
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What labor surges took place in 1886?

A

Establish Statue of Liberty

Also: upsurge labor activity

May 01, 1886: 350,000 workers demostrated 8-hour day

Origin: May Day (01 May)

  • became annual day for parades
76
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Haymarket Affair in 1886?

A

1886

Establish Statue of Liberty

Also: upsurge labor activity

May 01, 1886: 350,000 workers demostrated 8-hour day

Origin: May Day (01 May)

  • became annual day for parades

Haymarket Protests

Chicago → most dramatic

  • natives and immigrants
  • May 03: 4 killed police
  • May 04: rally Haymarket Square → bomb in crowd → killed policeman
    panic: (1) shots and (2) railds of leaders
    • *

Employers: used event show labor movemebts dangerous

77
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did “reformers” try to answer the fears of class warfare and increased concentration capital?

A

Numerous plans for change:

  1. 150 utopian or cataclysic novels
    * social conflict end harmoney or catastrophe*
  2. books remedies unequal wealth distribution

century’s bestsellers:

  • Progress and Poverty* (1879) Henry GeorgeThe Cooperative Commonwealth (1884) Laurence GronlundLooking Backward (1888) Edward Belllamy
    3. result: clubs
78
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was Progress and Poverty (1879) by Henry George?

A
  • Progress and Poverty* (1879) Henry George
    • *

Problem: growth of squalor and misery

Solution: Single Tax

79
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

The Cooperative Commonwealth (1884) by Laurence Gronlund?

A
  • The Cooperative Commonwealth* (1884) Laurence Gronlund
    • *
  • First books popularize socialist ideas in A*
  • socialism mostly confined immigrants → conflict A view freedom and private property

Solution: Americanization

  • process peaceful evolution
80
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was Looking Backward (1888) by Edward Belllamy?

A
  • Looking Backward* (1888) Edward Belllamy
    • *

Character falls asleep wakes up 2000 → cooperation replace class strife

  • freedom = social dondition resting on interdependence
81
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the “Christian Lobby?”

A

protestants major role seeking eradicate sin

“Christain lobby”

what: popiltical solution to “moral” probelms raised by:

  1. labor conflict
  2. growth of cities
  3. threats to religious faith by Darwinism
82
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did Christian lobbing change pre- and post-Civil War?

What were the results?

A

Pre: Moral suasion

  • South against legislation regarding individual

Post: wanted government “Christianize government” → outlaw sinful behavior

  • outlaw: alcohol, gambing, prostitution, polygamy, birth control
  • South joined in campaign

South called “Bible Belt”

Result:

failed:

  • businesses close Sunday

achievement:

  • Mann Act of 1910 (banned transportation women across state lines for immoral purposes)
  • Prohibition
83
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Social Gospel Movement?

A

Social Gospel (late 19th and early 20th century)

Social Gospel: ideals preached liberals → application Christain principles to social problems

Began with writings

  1. Walter Rauschenburg
  2. Washington Gladden

Ideas:

  • freedom & spirituality = equalization of wealth and power

Movement:

Origin: effort reform Protestant chruches

  1. appeal to poor
  2. making more attentive social ills

What:

  • wellfare programs
84
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What are the Henry George’ Labor campaign?

A

Bust independent labor party acitivty

most celebrated campaign

1886:

who: Henry George

United Labor Party

Goals:

  • stopping court barring strikes and jailing unionists
  • single tax on land

Result: finished second (after Roosevelt)

85
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the government attempt to “incorporate” the Indians in the West?

A

Zulus in SA, Aboriginal in Austaria, American Indians → pushed asside

Incorporation west:

  • required federal intervention aquire Indian lands
  • gov: regulated politics, distribution land & money, railroads, mining

How:

  • land sales and treaties
  • war
86
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the economy in the West change in the 20th century?

A

no individual settlers of corporations yet

20th century:

  1. financed irrigation and dams → commercial farming
  2. West seen place independence and individualism
87
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What argicultural development took place in the West? How did the farmers integrate with the international econmy?

A

Agricultural development

Lots of settlers:

land claims:

Result: agriculture empire

Agriculture and International economy

Few Bonanza Farms

  • thousands miles
  • employed large amount workers

Mostly small farms:

orientated to (inter)national market

Transactions of goods through railroads

Struggles:

  • struggled last 1/4 19th century
  • migrated cities
88
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

who were the farmers in Trans-Mississippi West?

A

Diverse: native-born easterners, blacks, immigrants from Canada, Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain

Farming:

not easy

  • burden fell women

invested labor-saving machines for cash → not machines ease women’s burden

89
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the economy of Trans-Mississippi illustrate global integration?

A

Economy: reflected international economy more intergrated

Prices Decreased:

why?

  1. economic depression
  2. expanding production in Argentina, Australia, American West
90
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the furture of farming in the west look and how was California a preview of this during the Gilded Age?

A

Future farming

What: gaint agricultural enterprises

  • reliant chemicals, irrigation, machinery
  • small farmers not afford

California

Preview agricultural future

  • landowership concentraded large units

late 19th century:

  • gaint fruit and veg farms
91
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the “Golden Age” of the corporate West? Who were the cowboys?

A

Golden Age

2 decades after CW → golden age cattle Kingdom

what:

  • Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita, Texas
  • cattle farming

who:

  • whites, blacks, Mexicans
  • “Cowboys” → symbol life open range

Cowboys

  • low paid
  • ended in mid-1880 → enclosures more open range with barded-wire
    1880s: 2 terrible winters many cattle died > reorganized land
92
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Describe Chinese immigration to America in the Gilded Age:

A

Began: California Gold Rush (1840s)

  • unattached men

1870s:

  • Chinese families
  • 3./4 California

What:

  1. mines
  2. domestic workers
  3. factories
93
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Describe the Mormon society in the “Desert?” What conflict took place there?

A

Desert

1840s: moved Great Salt Lake Value

  • wanted religous freedom
  • called empire “Desert”

Conflict

Unpopular: polygamy & connection between church and state

conflict settlers

  • Tension with land issues
  • federal toops in Salt Lake City

1857: Mountain Meadows Massacre

mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons

  • 100 people dead
    • *

1880s: Utah banned polygamy (wanted accepted into Union)

94
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)?

A

1857: Mountain Meadows Massacre

mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons

  • 100 people dead
95
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the attitute towards the Indians change post Civil War?

A

West and Plain Indians

Incorporation West in nation → doom Indians

before CW: less hostility → trade

after CW: conflict

96
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the “Peace Policy” of 1869?

A

Short-lived “Peace Policy”

1869: Grant announced “peace policy”

  • short lived

Set out destrou foundation Indian life

97
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Beureau of Indian Affairs?

A

1871: Congree eliminted treaty system of revolutionary eara

government negotiated with Indians as if Independent nation

Established: Bureau Indian Affairs

  • assualt Indian culture
    1. boarding schools Indian children (turn white)
98
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Dawes Act of 1887?

A

crucial step attacking “tribalism”:

  1. broke up land nearly all tribes to be distributed Indian families
  2. Indians become American become full-fledged American citizens

Result:

disaster

  1. loss indian land
  2. erosion culture
99
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the plan for Indian assimilation in the Gilded Age?

A

Many laws and treaties = offered Indians right become American citizens

  1. left tribal setting
  2. assimilate into American society

Reality: strong tribal ties → few Indians became citizens

western courts ruled rights of Reconstruction Amendments → not apply

100
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1884: Elk v. Wilkins:

A

Supreme court agreed western ruling (Reconstruction Amendments not apply Indians)

Who: John Elk (gave up tribal status and moved Omaha; worked & pay tax)

What: claim voting rights and citizenship

rejected appeal

By 1900: 53,000 Indians American citizens

1901: 100,000 Indians ctiizenship

101
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Ghost Dance?

A

Religious revitalization campaign

  • foretold day whites would disappear, bufflo return, practice customs
  • Gatherings: singing, dancing, religious stuff
102
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the whites respond to the Ghost Dance? How was this contextually relevent?

A

Response:

feared uprising → sent troops

December 29, 1890: Wounded Knee Massacre

  • open fire Ghost Dances
  • 150-200 dead

Response:

  • appaud press
  • exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor

Relevance

Marked end 4 centuries armed conflict

103
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)?

A

December 29, 1890: Wounded Knee Massacre

  • open fire Ghost Dances
  • 150-200 dead

Response:

  • appaud press
  • exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor
104
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What were “Settler Societies?”

A
  • global process
  • moved boldly into interior region
    where: Argentina, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA

“Settler Societies”

  1. immigratns oversease quickly outnumbered natives
  2. displaced original peoples
105
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did corporations influence politics in the Gilded Age?

A

Disrupted view American freedom as populat seld-goverment

1873: Wisconsin Supreme Court:

> Power threatened american democracy: “Which Shall Rule, wealth or man?”

why:

  • lobbying common

as much power as elected chamber

  • West: lawmakers stocks in large companies
106
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Crédit Mobilier Scandal?

A

most notorious example corruption

Crédit Mobilier: formed ring Union Pacific Railroad stockholders

  • oversea government-assisted construction

what:

  • allowed participants sign contracts with selve and make profit
107
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How do the Republicans and Democrats compare during the Gilded Age?

A

Republicans:

  • industrial North
  • Midwest and agrarian West
  • Strong in revivalist churches
  • Protestand immigrants
  • Blacks

1870s:

Supported High Tariff

protect industry

high fiscal policy

  1. reducted national debt
  2. withdrawing reenbacks

Favored eastern industrialists and banker’s interst

  • disadvantage west and south
  • opposed High tariff

Democrats:

  • South
  • Catholics (Irish-Americans)
108
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Civil Service Act of 1883?

A

what: created merit system federal employees
* first step establish official civil service

109
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What reform legislation took place in the Gilded Age?

A

Civil Service Act of 1883

what: created merit system federal employees
* first step establish official civil service

Regulating Economy

1887: Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

why: response public outcries railroad practices
what: transportation rates “reasonable”
* little impact
* * *

1890: Sherman Antitrust Act

what: banned combination and practices restained free trade

  • vague
  • impossible enforce
110
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1887: Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

A

why: response public outcries railroad practices

what: transportation rates “reasonable”

  • little impact
111
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1890: Sherman Antitrust Act

A

what: banned combination and practices restained free trade

  • vague
  • impossible enforce

AP United States History (9 decks)

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