Unit 04: Begining of Modern Day American Democracy (1800 - 1848) Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

♣

Chapter 09: The Market Revolution

(1800 - 1840)

♣

Question 2

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What (3) impacts on the economy did railroads, steamboats, and canals have during the first half of the 19th century?

Answer

A

[1] Lowered transportation costs

[2] Easier to sell products

[3] Linked farmers to wider markets

linked with world markets
made farmers major consumers of manufactured goods

Question 3

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Explain the steamboat development from the 1790s-1807?

What was the effects?

Answer

A

Who: Robert Fulton (Pennsylvania)

1790s: experiment steamboat designs while in France
1807: Clermont

navigated Hudson river
Technologically and commercially feasibility

Effect:

upstream commerce possible
Used Great Lakes (Later Atlantic Ocean)

Introduced in 1811 → 1821: 200 in waters

Question 4

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was the Erie Canal?

Answer

A

Complete: 1825

What:

363-miles long
Connected Great Lakes & New York City
Financed State Government (Governor: DeWitt Clinton)

Effects:

attracted influx farmers migrating from New England

Cities: Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse

made NYC → primacy over competing ports→ access to Old Northwest

Question 5

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was the effects of railroad development during the early 19th century?

Answer

A

opened new areas of American interior

stimulated:

mining coal (fuel)
iron (railts and trains)

Question 6

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

When was the telegraph invented?

Answer

A

Possible: instantaneous communication

The 1830s: Samuel F.B. Morse

creator
artist & amateur scientist NYC

Results:

spread flow info
uniformity to prices in country

Question 7

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Describe the migration pattern west from 1790 to 1814:

Answer

A

1790 - 1814: 4.5 million people (accross Appalachian Mtn.)

Mostly after War of 1812

flood hungry land settlers
1821: 6 new states (Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, Maine)

Manner of Travel:

Cooperated with each other
build houses and barns
communities

Question 8

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What led to the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819? What was it?

Answer

A

Events Leading Up:

1810: Americans (West Florida) rebelled & seized Baton Rouge > US annexed area

Drive acquisition of East Florida → started Georgia & Alabama planters
wanted: eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves & hostile Indians

1818: Andrew Jackson led troops into the area

International crisis

battle of horse executed 2 British traders & Indian chiefs

[1] Andrew withdrew

[2] Spanish realize not defend territory

[3] Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819

sold territory to US

What:

International crisis

battle of horse executed 2 British traders & Indian chiefs

[1] Andrew withdrew

[2] Spanish realize not defend territory

[3] Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819

sold territory to US

Question 9

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How was the Ohio River a boundary between slave territories during the early 19th century?

Answer

A

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: prohibited slavery in Old Northwest

Boundary: Between Free and Slave Society

Slave State: *Kentucky
Non-slave: (southern counties) *Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
key battleground (politically) regarding slavery

Region northern:

similar Kentucky (food, speech, settlement)

Question 10

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did developments in the North and South compare in the early 19th century? How did cotton connect the two?

Answer

A

North and South:

Market revolution & westwards expansion → simultaneous

Cotton Kingdom:

most dynamic feature of American economy
began in England*

North: centered on Factories producing cotton textiles

required Cotton → produced in Lower South

Question 11

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Who invented the Cotton Gin? What was its effect?

Answer

A

1793: Cotton Gin

Who: Eli Whitney

Yale graduate worked in Georgia as a private tutor

What: Gin quickly separated the seed from cotton

Effects:

Coupled with rising demand of cotton
revolutionized American slavery

Many Americans thought slavery will die out after tobacco exhausted the soil

Question 12

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How was land in the South monopolized after the War of 1812?

Answer

A

Monopolization of Fertile Land

After the War of 1812: The federal government moved to consolidate American control Deep South

Defeated Indians cede land
encourage white settlement
acquire Florida

Wealthy planters: monopolize fertile land

Poorer: confined less productive land

Question 13

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did cotton alter the slave trade after Congress prohibited the slave trade through the Middle Passage of 1808?

Answer

A

Result: massive trade in slaves within

supply labor force required by the new Cotton Kingdom

Organization:

From: Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina

To: Mobile, Natchez, and New Orleans

slave coffles common
destruction family ties for African-Americans

Question 14

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did an integrated economy develop in the North during the early industrial revolution?

What was the result (2)?

Answer

A

(North) Market Revolution + Westward expansion = integrated economy

commercial farming
manufacturing cities

Question 15

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How were farmers in the Old Northwest drawn into the Market Economy during the early 19th century and what was the result?

Answer

A

farmers drew into the market economy

why:

web of transportation
credit to eastern centers of commerce and banking

Result:

increased focus on growing crops and raising stock = SALE
no longer for personal usage

Question 16

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did eastern and western farmers compare during the early industrial revolution?

Answer

A

Eastern Farmers: produced fruit, vegetables, and dairy products

Western Farmers: Wheat and corn

Eastern farmers not grow wheat and corn as cheaply as westerners

Question 17

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did the nature of work change due to the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

Wanted to [1] reduce labor costs** & [2] **increase production

gathered artisans into large workshops
(past: create an entire product) now: labor process broken into steps
- pressure from supervisors
- pressure for greater output at lower wages

Question 18

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did “Factory Systems” surpass traditional craft production?

Answer

A

Large group of workers
replaced hands with power-driven machinery

Question 19

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What type of working shedule did the first factory use?

Answer

A

“Outwork” system:

prudcted yarn in factories
send to traditional hand-loom weavers to be woven

System: typified early industry

Later: entire manufacturing process in one factory

Question 20

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How created the factory in Waltham, Massachusetts during 1814. What factory was it?

Answer

A

Who: Boston Associates

1812: created entire factory town (included city of Lowell in 1836)

textile factories
all phases of production

Question 21

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was the “fall line” and why were the fist factories established here?

Answer

A

Location of the first Factories: [including Pawtucket, Waltham, Lowell]

Along “FALL LINE”

waterfalls & river rapids harnessed to provide power for spinning and machinery

Question 22

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Describe the nature of work for women at Lowell during the early 19th century?

Answer

A

Lowell: young women (unmarried) from Yankee farms

convinced parents: owners set up boarding houses
strict rules & lecture halls & free time

frist time history large numbers of women left home to participate in public world

Question 23

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Why was women working at Lowell significant historically?

Answer

A

frist time history large numbers of women left home to participate in public world

“Mill Girls”:

complained: [1] long hours & [2] low wages
valued opportunity
young women (unmarried) from Yankee farms

not permanent class of factory workers > few years > married, return home, move west

Question 24

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What 4 things contributed to the influx of migrants in the US during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

(Europe) modernization of agriculture and industrial revolution > disrupted patterns of life
Introduction oceangoing seamships & railroad
America’s political & religious freedom attractive
Running from disaster

Question 25

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was the Great Famine of 1845-1851?

How did it affect immigration to the US?

Answer

A

Great Famine of 1845-1851:

Ireland: blight destroyed potato crop

1 million people starved
1 million emigrated
lacked industrial skills & capital: low-wage unskilled jobs

Men: build railroads, canals, common laborers, servants, longshoremen, factory operatives

Women: servants to Americas

The 1850s: Lowell > replaced Yankee women with Irish families

Question 26

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Describe German migration to the US during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

second largest group

more skilled than the Irish

some in tight-nit eastern cities
In west: craftsmen, shopkeepers, farmers

“German Triangle:”

Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee
large German pop

Question 27

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did Archbishop John Hughes try to make Catholicism more assertive in the US? [4]

What were Protestant’s response?

Answer

A

condemned usage of Protestant King James Bible in schools
Urged Catholic parents send children to parochial school
wanted the government to pay for schools
Wanted win converts from Protestantism

Protestant Response:

Raised questions about national identity
Catholics > threatened American institutions and freedom
“A Plea for the West”

Reaction to Archbishop John Hughes’s actions.

1834: Lyman Beecher

prominent Presbyterian minister
published: “A Plea for the West”

warned Catholics seeking domination of America

Inspired a mob to burn Catholic convent in city

Question 28

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did corporations become central to the economy during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

Corporate form of businesses → central economy

firms - special privilages
charters form government
investors/directors not directly liable for debts

Question 29

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Answer

A

John Marshall’s Supreme Court:

a defined corporate charter issued by state legislatures as contracts

future lawmakers not alter or rescind

Question 30

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Gibbon v. Odgen (1824):

Answer

A

Court struck down monopoly the NY legislature had granted for steamboat navigation

unconstitutional
Congress exclusive authority for regulating interstate commerce

Question 31

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did the new chief of justice, Roger B. Taney, change the Gibbon v. Ogden (1824) case in 1837?

Answer

A

Ruled Massachusetts legislature:

not infringe charter of existing company constructed bridge over Charles River
empowered second company build a competing bridge

Taney argument: legitimate interest promoting transportation and prosperity

Question 32

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was John L. O’Sullivan’s “Manifest destiny?”

How did John L. O’Sullivan’s “manifest destiny” connect old ideas of freedom with the new?

Answer

A

NY journalist

coined [1845]: “manifest destiny”

US divinely appointed mission
Occupy North America
“last home freeborn American”

Connect New and Old ideas of freedom:

Americans believed settlement to West:

prevent the US becoming Europe (with fixed social classes, and poor)

West:

more land
less oppressive factory labor
increased opportunity economic independence

Question 33

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did the competitive world of the market revolution influence freedom?

Answer

A

self-directed individual seeking economic advancement
personal development

Question 34

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What were Transcendentalists?

Answer

A

Insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions

Who: Ralph Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Henry Thoreau views:

The primacy of individual conscience:

political
social
personal
find own way rather than following the crowd

Modern society → stifled individual judgment:

trapped jobs
no time contemplate beauties of nature

Question 35

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was Henry David Thoreau’s Walden (1854) about?

Answer

A

retreated 2 years cabin on Walden Pond (near Concord)
wrote an account of experiences
Market revolution:

degrading American values and nature

“genuine freedom” lay within

Question 36

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

what was the Second Great Awakening?

Answer

A

Religious Revivals

religious underpinning to the celebration of personal stuff

Begining: turn of the century

Religious leaders alarmed low levels of church attendance in youth

Peak: 1820s and 1830s

Reverend Charles Grandison Finney → month-long revival meetings

similar to evangelists preachers of the First Great Awakening
warned hell in vivid imagery and promises of salvation

Question 37

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did revivalist ministers use the market revolution to spread their message?

Answer

A

Independence: 2,000 ministers

1845: 40,000 ministers

Methodists and Baptists massive growth
Methodists largest group (1 million)
all levels of society
raised funds
preaching tours by canal, steamboat, railroad

Shaped personal spiritual destinies resonate with spread of market values

Question 38

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What ideas regarding the market revolution did revivalists oppose? (2)

Answer

A

Railed against greed
Indifference to poor as sins

Question 39

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Who and how created the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-Day Saints?

Answer

A

The 1820s: founded Joseph Smith

farmer upstate NY
the youth experienced religious visions

Creation of religion:

“saw” gold plated covered strange writing
translated published in The Book of Mormon

Story three families:

traveled Middle East to America (Native American tribes)
Jesus appeared in one group after the death
The second coming of Christ takes place in the New World
Smith: God’s prophet

Question 40

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How was Mormonism different and similar to other religious beliefs during the Second Great Awakening?

Answer

A

Similarities to other denominations:

focus on the family
community basis faith

Controversial doctrines (due to Smith’s visions):

polygamy
Smith 30+ marriages
Absolute control over followers

Question 41

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What broader implications did Mormonism have and reveal about American society?

Answer

A

limits religious toleration
opportunity offered by religious pluralism

Question 42

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What idea became the cornerstone of American freedom during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

Right to Compete for Economic Advancement

Celebrate opportunities open to “self-made man”

Those who achieved stuff → due to intelligence and hard work (not hereditary privilege)

Question 43

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did the Market Revolution fail blacks?

Answer

A

free blacks excluded new economic opportunities

discrimination
poorest places of NY, Phili, Cincinnati

subject assault by white mob

Institutions:

barred schools and public facilities

Own institutional life:

centered mutual-aid & educational societies
independent churches (African Methodist Episcopal Church)

Question 44

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did social mobility during the Market Revolution compare between whites and blacks?

Answer

A

White people: look forwards to the life of economic accumulations and individual advancement

Black people:

[1] Time of abolition in North: slaves craft skills

White view:

freed slaves as low-wage competitors
wanted to bar them from skilled employment

[2] Refuse hired for anything but menial positions

[3] Whites do not want to be served by blacks

2&3:

the rapid decline in economic status

[4] Not access the West

Federal law: bar access to public land
1860 4 states: prohibited entering territory altogether

Question 45

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What downwards social mobility did blacks experience during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

Black people:

[1] Time of abolition in North: slaves craft skills

White view:

freed slaves as low-wage competitors
wanted to bar them from skilled employment

[2] Refuse hired for anything but menial positions

[3] Whites do not want to be served by blacks

2&3:

the rapid decline in economic status

[4] Not access the West

Federal law: bar access to public land
1860 4 states: prohibited entering territory altogether

Question 46

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What happened to the “female role” during the Market Revolution when the idea of the household as the center of production declined? (4)

Answer

A

[1] women traditional roles undermined by the availability of mass-produced goods

[2] moved from household to factory

[3] a new view of femininity:

Glorified women’s ability to create a private environment outside tensions of the market economy

[4] Woman’s place at home

“Home:” no productive functions

sustain nonmarket values (love, friendship, mutual obligation)
provide men with a shelter from market economy

Question 47

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

How did republican motherhood evolve during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

CULT OF DOMESTICITY

Cult of True Womanhood

19th-century ideology: “virtue” and “modesty” as qualities essential to proper womanhood

modest
submission
complete obedience to the husband
domesticity
avoidance of personal/intellectual pursuits

Social Factors contributed:

[1] Females more power of personal affairs

more men let home

[2] Declining birthrate

conscious decision million women limit number children

Question 48

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What were the disadvantages for females during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

[1] Not freely complete for employment

only low-paying jobs available

[2] Married women still no sign independent contracts or sue

[3] Husbands controlled wages

Poor people: entire family need to work

domestic servants
factory workers
seamstresses

Question 49

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

what badge of respectability did middle-class women have during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

Badge respectability stay at home

Middle-class neighborhoods develop:

merchants, factory owners, professionals*
domestic servants do housework

large employment category for women

Question 50

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What was the idea of a “family wage” during the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

rarely mentioned: housewives, domestic servants, females outworkers,

The popular idea of social justice: male head of the household → command “family wage”

support wife and children

Question 51

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What economic downturns occurred from the War of 1812 to 1840?

How was it perceived as a loss of freedom?

Answer

A

War of 1812 - the 1840s:

1819: the sharp economic downturn

1837: depression

ups and down in-between
1. employment irregular
2. businesses failed

Result: widened gap between:

merchants and industrialists
factory workers

Question 52

Q

Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840)

What were the Workingmen’s Parties in the 1830s?

Answer

A

Why:

alarmed erosion traditional skills
threat dependence wage earners

Objectives:

mobilize lower-class support candidates press:

free public education
end imprisonment for debts
legislation limiting work to 10 hours

Question 53

Q

What is one of the critiques of the Market Revolution?

Answer

A

Rooted; idea small producer and identification of freedom with economic independence

[1] market economy challenge self-improvement

Question 54

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

♣

Chapter 10:

Democracy in America

(1815 - 1840)

♣

Question 55

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

What are the three central elements of American freedom?

Answer

A

[1] Market Revoltion

[2] Territorial Expansion

[3] Political Democracy

problems with property qualifications for the voting → climax in the 19th century

not a single state entered initial Union (13 states) property qualifications
Older states in the 1860s:
1. 12 no property qualifications
2. some barred persons accepting replied (not economically independent)

Era’s individualism:

not property ownership
ownership one’s self

Question 56

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

How did the 19th century’s view of individualism change?

Answer

A

Era’s individualism:

not property ownership
ownership one’s self

Question 57

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

What was the People’s Convention (October 1841)?

Answer

A

Rhode Island voting qualification (1841)?

Exception to the trend towards democracy

Center of factory production → population propertyless wage owners unable to vote

October 1841: People’s Convention

proponents democratic conform
leader: Thomas Dorr

New state constitution

all white men vote
Blacks not vote (subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)

Question 58

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

How did President John Tyler respond to the People’s Convention in 1841 (Rhode Island)?

Answer

A

October 1841: People’s Convention

proponents democratic conform

New state consitution

all white men vote
Blacks not vote (subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)

Dorr War

Reformers ratified constitution & inaugurated Thomas Dorr (Rhode Island lawyer)

President John Tyler:

dispatched federal troops
quashed revolt & Dorr 2 year prison for treason

Significance:

Passion aroused by continuing exclusion any group of white men from voting

Question 59

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

What was Alexis de Tocqueville’s 1830 “Democracy in America” about?

Answer

A

Who: French writer

How:

came the US > study prisons
realized: to understand America, must understand democracy
was aristocrat → disliked idea*

What: account society in midst political transformation

more than voting or institution
“habit of the heart”
Culture: encouraging individual initiative, belief equality, the active public sphere
essential to American freedom

Tocqueville realize: the idea of sovereignty belonged mass ordinary citizens profound shift in political thought

Founders: wanted people to vote & protect from excessive influence

Question 60

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

What was the Information Revolution?

Answer

A

Causes:

Market Revolution
Political democracy

What:

expansion public sphere
increased printing

Question 61

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

How did mass circulated press create a new style of journalism?

Answer

A

A new style of journalism:

Introduced: New York Sun & New York Herald

Mass circulated press→”Penny Press”

application of steam power → increased output
1 cent per issue

appealed mass audience
Emphasis: sensationalism, crime stories, exposes misconduct

1840s: more circulation than Europe

Question 62

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

How did mass circulated press create a new style of journalism?

Answer

A

A new style of journalism:

Introduced: New York Sun & New York Herald

appealed mass audience
Emphasis: sensationalism, crime stories, exposes misconduct

1840s: more circulation than Europe

Question 63

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

When was Andrew Jackson’s presidency? What was Andrew Jackson’s view of democracy during his presidency?

Answer

A

1829-1837

axiom: “the people” universally accepted
* opposition: Tocqueville wrote “hid their heads”

Needed defined boundaries of the political nation:

Why: very centrality of democracy to define both [1] freedom and [2] nationality

Question 64

Q

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840)

What did “universal suffrage” mean during the Age of Jackson?

Answer

A

United States Magazine and Democatic Review (1851): “principle of universal suffrage”

“white males of age constituted the political nation” > not women or blacks

“universal”

intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:

Form: economic dependence
To: natural incapacity

white males superior

intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:

Form: economic dependence
To: natural incapacity

white males superior

Answer 63

A

Theater:

Blacks excluded “democracy”

Racist imagery:

popular theater

whites in blackface portrayed AA → stupid, dishonest,

Books:

American authors portray blacks:

happy, superstitious slaves
long-suffering and Christian

Answer 64

A

Race: boundary on voting rights

Solidified sense national identity among diverse groups of Europeans

white, male immigrants → almost vote immediately
Free blacks: not vote

Answer 65

A

War of 1812 and American nationalism

Result of war

outburst nationalistic pride
Show US not truly integrated

Answer 66

A

[1] 1811: Bank of United States charter expires

lack uniform currency
unable to raise funds for the war

primitive state transportation: hard move men and goods

[2] Local goods faced intense competition from cheap, foreign goods

Answer 67

A

American System

December 1815: James Madison State of the Union

blueprint government-promoted economic development

Three pillars:

[1] federal financing of improving roads & canals

important those worried about geographical disunity

[2] New national bank

[3] Tariff important manufactured goods (protect Industry)

Answer 68

A

[1] March 1817:

Congress internal improvement program → vetoed by president eve of retirements

Why: believed exercising powers not mention in the Constitution is dangerous

other parts of plan law

[2] New National Bank (1816)

27 year charter from Congress

[3] Tariff of 1816

protection good not produced the US
- ex: cheap cotton textiles
Tax-free for products not manufactured in the US

Support:

southern states: enable region to develop manufacturing base rival New England

Answer 69

A

private, for-profit, corporation
acted government financial agent

issued money, collected taxes, paid government debts

make sure local bank’s currency real value

Answer 70

A

After War of 1812:

Bank of United States & local banks → economic bubble

Should have done: effectively regulate currency & loans by local banks

What did: helped fever swept US

Bank Printed more money

resumption overseas trade with Europe → huge market for cotton and grain
rapid expansion westwards

Especially had the South → Cotton Kingdom expanded

Answer 71

A

Event 01: European demand American products declined normal level

Event 02: Bank US (and state banks) ask for payments for loans

not able to repay debts
unemployment rose eastern cities

Answer 72

A

suspended collection of debts

Kentucky: established state bank

flooded state paper money
creditors had to accept

Result:

ease burden farmers; injured creditors
deepened American distrust Banks
undermined reputation SBUS

Retaliation: (some) states taxes local branches

Answer 73

A

One of John Marshall’s landmark Supreme Court decision

What: Maryland wanted Tax SBUS

Result: declared Bank legitimate exercise of congressional authority

Why: Consitution’s clause allowed Congress pass “necessary and proper” laws

Contradicted “strict construction” view limited Congress to power specifically granted in Consitution

Answer 74

A

1816: James Monroe president

last Virginia president

1820: Federalists only electoral tickets 2 states

Monroe carried the entire country
2 terms

“One-Party” government

Result: political organization along competing sectional interests → sectionalism

Answer 75

A

Missouri accepted without Tallmadge’s restriction

[1] Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well

the sectional balance between free and slave states

[2] Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within Louisiana Purchase [north latitude 36°30’]

Answer 76

A

1819: Missouri draft consitution be accepted into Union

Slave population: 10,000

James Tallmadge: (NY)

wanted further slaves prohibited & children freed 25

Result:

2 year controvery
Republicans split sectional lines

Passed House

support from northern congressmen

Senate: died

Senator Jesse Thomas (Illinois)

compromise

Missouri accepted without Tallmadge’s restriction

[1] Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well

the sectional balance between free and slave states

[2] Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within Louisiana Purchase [north latitude ***36°30’***]

Answer 77

A

1810-1822: Spain’s Latin American colonies rebelled → independent nations

MEXICO
VENEZUELA
ECUADOR
PERO

1825: Spanish empire: [1] Cuba & [2] Puerto Rico

1822: Monroe administration first government extend diplomatic recognition to LA republics

Answer 78

A

[1] Launched by sovereign wanting them to contribute more financially to empire

[2] Local elites demanded status same residents imperial power

[3] Borrowed Declarations of Independence from the US

1811: (first) “United Provinces” of Venezuela → similar language Jefferson

Answer 79

A

MORE democratic than US

tried to create diverse “people” (different types of people in the Spanish Empire)
Suffrage: Indians and free black
Gradual abolition of slavery

Answer 80

A

1823: Monroe Doctrine

drafted section president’s annual message to Congress

“mutual noninterference”

Three Principles:

~ 1 ~ US oppose any further efforts at colonization by Europe power in Americas

~ 2 ~ US abstain involvement war from Europe

~ 3 ~ Warned Europe not involve LA

Monroe Doctrine → called “Diplomatic Declaration of Independence”

decades cornerstone US foreign policy
US role of dominant power in Western Hemisphere

Answer 81

A

not policy → loved for military victories: Battle of New Orleans

Who: mostly New England (North in general, wanted presidency from south)

Answer 82

A

Jackson: 153,544 votes

none majority electoral vote

Clay (last): eliminated
Choice: House of Representatives

Clay and the creation of paries

Henry Clay Support: John Quincy Adams

Why:

Adams: most qualified and promote American System
electing Jackson (westerner) impede own chances

Result: John Quincy Adams elected

“Corrupt Bargain;”

Clay became Secretary of State
bartering critical votes for the office

clung rest career → never President

Answer 83

A

Democratic Party: Jackson and Crawford
Whig Party: Clay and Adams

Answer 84

A

Home: supported American System

Abroad:

encourage American commerce
Monroe Doctrine: increase power in Western Hemisphere
Believed America absorb Canada, Cuba, Mexico

Answer 85

A

[1] Spend more on internal improvements than 5 predecessors combines

[2] 1828: Steep increase tariffs

Rest ambitions little support Congress

Answer 86

A

Representation: democracy changing

Adams:

typified old politics
(Like Madison & Jefferson) sterling intellectual accomplishment
after president

Van Buren:

New political era
Talented party manager (not of great vision or intellect)
father of tavern keeper

Answer 87

A

Support:

view campaign promisses
relied candidate’s popularity

Praised Jackson: frontier manliness

Rediculed Adams: intellectual attainments

Opponents:

muderer: killed army deserters and men in duels
questioned morality of wife (Rachel) → married before previous devorce final

Answer 88

A

Jackson resounding victory

carried entire South and West
entered the Age of Jackson

Demonstrated:

advent universal white, male voting
national political parties

Answer 89

A

Age of Jackson politics:

spectacle
mass entertainment
daily lives

People:

millions took parts in parades
nicknames
1. Jackson: Old Hickory
2. Clay Harry of the West
3. Van Buren the Little Magician (or Sly Fox)
partook debates

Answer 90

A

Jackson’s Presidency:

reduce expenditure
lowered tariffs
killed national bank
refused please federal aid
1835: payed off national debts

Result:

states replace gov as main economic actors
states planned canals, roads, and charters

Answer 91

A

~ Jacksonian politics ~

Issues:

market revolution
tension between national and sectional loyalists

Beliefs:

alarmed widening socioeconomic gap
said: “nonproducers” (bankers, merchants) use government enhance wealth to disadvantage “producing class” (farmers, laborers)
Government:
- hand-off approach
- not award special favors enhance economic interest → fair-opportunity

Who:

aspiring entrepreneurs
farmers

poorer farmer regions tended to vote dem

city-workers
slave-owners

Answer 92

A

~ United behind American System ~

Beliefs:

protective tariffs
national bank
aid international improvement
guide economic development

Georgraphical Support:

Northwest (modernizing area)
Great Lakes
Upstate NY → stronghold

Who:

businessmen
bankers
large southern planters

Answer 93

A

Private Life

> Individual morality private matter

opposed attempts at unified moral vision
ex: Temperance legislation
- attempts outlaw liquor
- prohibit entertainment Sundays

Liberty:

set private rights
beast secured local government
Seperation of Powers important

Answer 94

A

Private Life:

> Government must interfere private matters

Government install certain moral + character traits in individual
needed for societal function

Liberty:

Liberty and Power reinforced earth other
government create secure and balanced economy

Supporters of Views:

Evangelical Protestants

Government induce “principals of morality”

public education
building schools and asylums
temperance legislation

Answer 95

A

Laws, ordinances, and regulations:

banning prostitution
banned consumption alcohol
regulated other personal behavior

Answer 96

A

What: Tariff of 1828

Why:

raised taxes imported manufacturing goods (wool & iron)

Opposition South:

impossible compete with North industrywise
South Carolina: called “Tariffs of Abominations”

State leaders:

Argument:

taxes benefited North and not South

Response:

Would nullify it in their own states

Answer 97

A

South Carolina:*
largest slave population

Controlled tightly knit group planters

grip state power

State constitutions: greater representation than planter population warranted
High property qualifications for voting

Why opposition to Tariffs:

Economic complaints
Federal government must be weakened → not take actions against slavery

Answer 98

A

Why: secretly drafted Exposition and Protest

South Carolina legislature justified nullification
Response Tariff of 1819
*1833**: Nullification Doctrine
national government:

agreement among sovereign states

each right prevent enforcement within borders

Answer 99

A

Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830)

Daniel Webster (Response to Roberty Y. Hayne, Calhoun supporter)

> people, not the state, created Constitution; federal government sovereign over states

nullification illegal

Result: divided Jackson & Calhoun

White House diner (few days later) → disagreement

1831: Calhoun publicly emered leading theorist of states’ rights.

Answer 100

A

[1] not purely sectional issue

[2] South Carolina - alone in nullification crisis

several southern states passes resolutions condemed actions
compact theory of Constitution: well developed political philosophy

Answer 101

A

1832:Tariff of 1832

South Carolina declare null and void

Jackson:

presuaded Congress pass Force Act

use army and navy to get custom duties

Henry Clay: (Calhoun assistance)

1833: reduced duties

wanted avert confrontation

Answer 102

A

Excluded Indians from era’s assertive democratic nationalism

Final act in centuries-long conflict between white Americans and Indians

east of Mississippi River
expanding cotton plantations → pressure Indians
Indian Removal Act of 1803:
- What: funds uprooted Five Civilized Tribed

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole

Answer 103

A

Jackson view: “civilized” Indians assimilate into society

Tribes make an effort:

Cherokee:

establish schools, written laws, consitution modeled on US
farmers (owned slaves)

Jackson actions:

refered “savages”
supported Georgia’s effort seize Cherokee lands

Answer 104

A

1832: sent memorial to Congress

dwelled meaning freedom
oppression by Alabama’s lawmakers → land taken

Wanted:

place in nation’s life
own identity came before American identity

Freedom meant maintaining cultural independence, required keeping possession of ancestral lands

Answer 105

A

Went to court:

protect rights garunteed government

Result: force Supreme Court clarify unique status of American Indians

Answer 106

A

Court: Indians not owners of their land only *“right of occupancy”*

Chief Justice John Marshall

> From early colonial era, hunters & nomads not farmers

Serious blow agianst Indian efforts retain lands

Answer 107

A

Marshall:

> Indians “wards” federal government

deserved paternal regard and protection
lacked standing citizens

Answer 108

A

Marshall belief: supremacy of federal government over states

In case: change mind

What:

> Indians distinct people right maintain seprate political identity

Indians deal direct federal government
Georgia’s actions violated Cherokees’ treaties with Washington

Answer 109

A

1838-1839: Trail of Tears

Federal soldiers removed Ross’s Indians

During Martin Van Buren’s presidency

18,000 Cherokees → forced move west (Georgia to Okhaloma)

1/4 died

Answer 110

A

(Florida)

1500 Americans & 1500 Indians dead
3,000 Indians & 500 blacks forced move west
small population remained*

Answer 111

A

Reinforced racial definition of American nationhood & freedom

1840: eyes whites east of Mississippi River

Indian relic of past
Trans-Mississippi West*: Indians dominant
still presistant westwards movement

Answer 112

A

Central political struggle Age of Jackson: president’s war on SBUS

symbolized hopes & fears market revolution

Finance economic development
distrusted as “nonproducers”

bank over-issued money → deterioration in value reduced wages

Answer 113

A

1832:

> Ability to “destroy” any local bank

Democrats: not think anyone should possess such power

Banks charter:

supposed end 1836

Biddle convince Congress extend another 20 years

Force Jackson to sign the bill
vetoed

Answer 114

A

Veto on extended bank charter

> Congress not create source central power and economic privilege unaccountable to the people

charter would widen wealth gap

Answer 115

A

Local banks of choice: pet banks

chosen for personal connections

Result:

two secretaties refuse transfer funds:

law creating the Bank specified government funds not removed except for good cause

Jacksone Response:

Appointed Attorney General Roger B. Taney

carried out order
1835: (John Marshall died) Taney chief justice

Answer 116

A

[1] Without funds: SBUS lost ability to regulate activities of state bank

[2] Note circulation rose

“read wages” declined
- multiple labor unions emerged
tried to cash in rising land prices
- bought lots of land
- resold to farmers or eastern purchasers

Answer 117

A

Speculative Boom collapsed

1836: 20 million acres of federal land (10 times more than 1830)

July 1836: Specie Circular

> Only accept gold or silver as payment for public land

Same time: Bank of England

demanded American merchants pay creditors in London gold or silver

Answer 118

A

Cause:

Economic downturn in Britain → dampened demand for American cotton (major export)
Speculative Boom

Results:

Result:

Panic of 1837
Depression that lasted to 1843

Implications:

businesses failed
many farmers lost land
10,000s urban workers jobs disappear
Labor movements collapsed
surplus unemployment labor*

Answer 119

A

1837:

wanted removed federal funds from pet banks
hold in Treasury Department in Washington

under government controlseparated federal government from nations’s banking system

1841: repealed

Whigs returned to power

1846: reinstated

President James K. Polk

Answer 120

A

1840s: Mass democratic politics of Age of Jackson → absorbed logic of marketplace

Had to “sell” the candidates

highly organized parties competed nationally

80% voter turnout

Result: Harrison WON

Answer 121

A

Immediately in office: Harrison contracted pneumonia

died month later
John Tyler successor

Answer 122

A

Whig majority Congress: tried to pass American System

Tyler vetoes nearly every measure

Ex:

national bank
higher tariffs

Result:

most cabinet resigned
party repudiated him

Time in office:

barley any acomplishments

Answer 123

A

19th century: cotton replace sugar world’s major crops

produced by slave labor

Brazil, Spain, French Colonies: survived instutition

British Empire: (1883) abolished

US: center New World Slavery

Answer 124

A

Industrial revoltion: centered factories → cotton raw material

important international market
3/4th from sourthern US

Cotton sales = money abroad = pay manufactured goods

Civil War: cotton 1/2 exprots

slaves valued exceeded values rest nations wealth

Answer 125

A

1820 - 1860: Second Middle Passage

Replaced the Middle Passage*
2 million slaves

Main commercial districts (south): offices slave trade

auctions
advertisements in newspapers
southern banks financed slave
railroad commerse
taxes slave sales

Answer 126

A

shared profits:

Money in cotton trade:

finance industrial development
internal improvement in North

Northern:

Ships: cotton to NY and Europe
Bankers: finance cotton plantations
Companies: insured slave property

New York:

Rise commercial prominence:

depend establishment shipping lines

gathered South’s cotton
transports Europe on

Erie Canal

Answer 127

A

Lower South:

7 states

South Carolina - Texas

1860-1861:

during secession crisis

first leave Union

Upper South:

8 slave states

Slave & planter population less than total of Lower States

Major centers of industry:

Baltimore
Richmond
St. Louis

Economy:

More diverse Lower

Answer 128

A

Slavery: South very different economic path than North

limited growth of industry
discourage immigration
inhibited technological process
Not same urban growth (as rest country)

Only significant city: New Orleans

* world's leading exporter of slave-grown crops

Answer 129

A

1860: South produced less 10% manufactured goods

Northern View: slavery obstacle progress

New Orleans:

slavery and economic growth hand-in-hand

Southern economies:

stagnant
very profitable most owners

Profits in South: obstacle for abolition

Answer 130

A

Poorer whites: resented power & privileges great planters

politicians:

self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against “slavocracy”

Bonds between planters and South’s “plain folk”

racism
kinship
common participation in democratic political culture
sectionalism
belief economic and personal freedom rested slavery

Answer 131

A

Slave ownership: route to wealth, status, and influence

majority slaves
most fertile land
highest income
dominated state and local offices
leadership both parties

Slavery → profit-making scheme

watch prices for products
invested enterprises

Answer 132

A

planter’s wives

Idealized southern lore:

femininity,
beauty,
dependence on men

Works:

care sick slaves
directed domestic slaves
supervised entire plantations

Husbands sexualy exploited slaves: caused wives resent slaves

Answer 133

A

(from latin word “father”)

Planter’s values glorified:

not competitive capitalist marketplace

Did:

harierchical
agrarian society
personal responsibility for physical and moral well-being for dependents (women, slaves, children)

Answer 134

A

Paternalism:*
present 18th century
1808: most ingrained after closed African slave trade

narrowed cultural gap between master and slave

West Indies & Great Britain: absentee planters

South: year-round contact

Masked & justified slavery

slaveowners perspective:

> kind, responsible masters

Answer 135

A

[1] Racism

[2] biblical passages

slaves should obey masters

[3] essential to human progress

unable cultivate art, sciences

[4] “modern” in tune with the times

Other types of unfree labor in world

[5] Essential economy

cotton
interest international affairs
used power in government to promote foreign policy interest in slavery

[6] Granted equality for whites

prevented growth of a class doomed to unskilled labor

[7] Claimed committed to ideal of freedom

slavery among blacks = “perfect equality” among whites
liberted whites from menial jobs (as in the North)

Answer 136

A

Observed: results of emancipation swept hemisphere in first 4 decades

slavery abolished most Spanish and British empire
effected debate over slavery in US

Pro-slavery: British emancipation failure

Abolitionists:

rising standards of living of freed slaves
spread eduction among them

Mid-19th century slavery remained:

Cuba
Puerto Rico
Brazil
US

Answer 137

A

White Southerners declared themselves:

> True heirs of the American Revoltion

“same spirit freedom and independence
- *

1830s: Proslave writers questioned ideals of liberty, equality, democracy

South Carolina:

Majority whites owned slaves

home aggressively defense slavery
repudiated idea freedom universal element

Answer 138

A

Legal rights: (not well enforced)

illegal kill slave
- except self-defense
Serious crimes → court
- white judges and juries

Answer 139

A

testify in court against white
own firearms
hold meetings (unless white person present)
leave farms or plantation without premission
(1830s) illegal learn read or write
* Not rigorously enforced:*
- taught slave children read
- gatherings without supervisions

Answer 140

A

> No aspects of slaves’ lives outside sphere of owners interference

System: enforce master’s control over persons labor of slaves

Answer 141

A

Who: Celia

What: killed master while resisting sexual assault

State Law: “any woman” in situation acting self-defense

Result: Celia not a “woman” eyes of the law

master complete power
she sentenced to death

Celia pregant:

delayed execution until child born

not deney owner’s heir property rights

Answer 142

A

better diets
lower rates infant mortality
longer life expectancies

Factors contributed improving material conditions:

Location
- outside geographical area tropical diseases

malaria, yellow fever, typhoid fever flourish

* health better than Caribbean

Costs
- cost increase after Middle Passage closed 1808
- economicly advantages keep them alive

Answer 143

A

[1] Who: descendants of slaves freed

freed aftermath of Revolution
gradual emancipation laws in North

OR

[2] Who: slaves freed

voluntary liberation
purchase freedom
ran away

Answer 144

A

no voice selecting office
not allowed testify in court against white
not allowed be juries
carry certificate of freedom

1850: most southern sates prohibited free blacks entered

few states tried ban all together

Answer 145

A

Prosperous free black communities

Who:

mixed-race descendants

What:

had education
skilled craftsmen
churches

Upper South:

large majority free blacks

wages on farms

Answer 146

A

Slavery = system of labor

interruptions for meals
work occupies most time

Large plantations: (125 slaves)

Diversified communities*
various tasks (butler, waitresses, nurse, dairymaid, gardener)
Majority: Worked in Fields

Small Plantations:

owners worked with slaves

Answer 147

A

Rice plantations

Task System (colonial era prevailed)

daily tasks
set own pace of work
complete: liesure

Answer 148

A

1860: 200,000 slaves in industry (Upper South)

ironwork
tobacco factories
domestic laborers

Result:

[1] slaves make own work arrangement → wages go to owners

[2] (some) Lived alone

Answer 149

A

Increased independence > change the relation between master and slave

Result:

1850s:

City slaves sold to countryside
replaced among skilled white labor

Answer 150

A

[1] exploited division among slaves

field hands and house servants

[2] System of incentives

good work: time off & money

[3] (Most powerful) Threat of Sale

separate slaves from families & communities

Answer 151

A

West Indies:

males exceeded females
lived barracks-type buildings

Families → nearly impossible

United States:

population grew naturally
even male-female ratio

Families → possible

Marriage:

not recognized
constant danger broken up by sale

Answer 152

A

Marriages (if not disrupted) → lasted lifetime

named children after cousins, uncles, sales

Higher number of female-headed households:

constant sales

Virginia: 1/3 marriages broken sale

children borken children

non-kin assumed responsability raise children

Answer 153

A

Different larger society

> Equality of powerlessness

Cult of domesticity:

not appeal slave woman
men not act as providers / protect wives

Answer 154

A

Task System → conventional gender roles

Men:

hunted, chopped wood, fished,

Women:

sewed,
primary responsability of children
charge “garden plots”

Answer 155

A

Distinctive version Christianity

offered solace to slaves
hope liberation

late 18th and early 19th century: Took part Second Great Awakening

in South’s Baptist and Methodist churches

1801: Cane Ridge (Kentucky)

no distinction based race, color, sex

Answer 156

A

“self-called” slaves
no formal education
understood Bible
most respected in slave community

Answer 157

A

Blacks allowed worship with whites

sit back peys or balcony

Answer 158

A

attended by slaves

own churches

Answer 159

A

Christianity means social control:

required slaves attend services (white ministers)
preached:
- theft immortal
- Bible required servants obey masters

Answer 160

A

Turned to own purposes:

[1] Exodus: central black Christianity

“chosen” people

[2] Jesus Christ:

personal redeemer
cared for oppressed

Christianity:

message of brotherhood
equality of all souls before Creator

Answer 161

A

Injustices of bondage
Desire for freedom

glorified weak outwitted stronger foes

Bear and fox

religoius songs

lives of sorrows & ultimate liberation

Answer 162

A

Ownership: prevented learning about world as a whole

neighborhood networks:

transmitted information between plantations

Ex: (1844) James Henry Hammond

> Astonished find slaves understood the nature of Henry Clay and James K. Pok presidential election

Answer 163

A

poor work
breaking tools
abusing animals
disrupting routine
stole food
southern physician diagnose hereditary disease unique to blacks*
- *

Answer 164

A

Fugitive slaves → obstacles

[1] Patrols constant lookout

[2] lack knowledge geography

thought north star led freedom

Most successful people:

lived Upper South (close free states)
majority fugitives: young men [ex: Frederick Douglass]
women not want to leave children*

Answer 165

A

New Orleans
Charleston
* hoped loose within free black communities*
Remote areas
- Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia
- Florida Everglades [Seminole Indians offer refuge]
  * * *

Answer 166

A

Loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in homes and sent next “station”

Answer 167

A

53 slaves took control Amistad ship
In Cuba → tried to force ship go to Africa*

American vessel seized it

Van Buren: wanted to return them to Cuba

Abolitionists: case Supreme Court

John Quincy Adams:

> Recently brought Africa, violation of international treaties banning slave trade; captives should be freed

Result: most returned Africa

Answer 168

A

1800: Gabriel’s Rebellion
1811: Uprising on sugar plantation (New Orleans)
1822: Denmark Vesey’s Conspiracy
1831: Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 169

A

What: 500 slaves marched city

destroyed property
white population panicked

Result:

2 days: militia dispersed rebels and killed 66

Answer 170

A

Leader: Denmark Vesey (Charleston)

purchased freedom after local lottery
reflected combination in American and African influences
often quoted Declaration of Independence

plot discovered before fruition

Answer 171

A

Leader: Nat Turner

slave preacher in Southampton Country, Virginia
Thought chosen by God to lead black uprising
travelled to conduct services

4 July 1831: Initial date for rebellion

fell ill

22 August 1831: Rebellion

What: followers marched farms assulting whites

80 blacks & 60 whites killed

Response:

Turner & 17 rebells → death

Answer 172

A

whites panic

100s whipped and executed

debates on whether “peculiar institutions” should remain

1832: Virginia legislature → tightend bondage

< >prohibiting preachersstrengthened militia and patrol systembanned free blacks for owning firearmsprohibited teaching read

other southern states did same

1831 turning point Old South

Answer 173

A

Utopia; 16th century Thomas More novel → outline perfect society

decade before Civil War: 100 reform communities

most arose religious conviction
(or) secular desire couteract social & economic changes

Objective:

Social harmony
narrow wealth gap

Answer 174

A

Tried to find substitutes for conventional gender roles & marriage

Some:

prohibited sex
(or) allowed polygamy

Answer 175

A

Most successful religious communities

Peak: 1840s

5000+ members

Answer 176

A

[1] God → “dual” personality

male & female

sexes spiritual equality

[2] “Virgin Purity”

sexes lived seperate dormitories

Increased members:

not natural reproduction

converst
adoption

[3] Rejected private accumulation of wealth

successful economy

among first to market fruit and vegetables, seeds, herbal medicines
beautiful furniture

Answer 177

A

1848: founded by John Humphrey Noyes

upstate NY

Vermont-born
son congress man

Answer 178

A

Community → notorious “complex Marriages”

man propose sexual relations any women
women right accept or reject

registered public record book

Noyes feared: “exclusive affection”

destroyed social harmony

Answer 179

A

outside view: “voluntary slavery”:

Insiders:

selfless devotion
spiritual oriented communities

Answer 180

A

beset internal division

shorter periods of time

Answer 181

A

Most important secular communicant

British factory owner
Appalled degradating workers in early industrial revoltion

Ideology: Communitarianism

establishing small communities based on common ownership*
less competitive and less individualistic

Answer 182

A

strict rules
good housing
free education

1815: 1,500 employees

Result: largest center cotton manufacturing in the world

Answer 183

A

India (previously owned Protestant religious leader
objective: new world morality
1. children remove early age from care parents
schools: subordinate individual ambition to common
2. Women’s rights
- access to education
- right to divorce

wanted abandon “false notions” about sexes

Result:

squashed everything: community’s constitution & distribution of property
only lasted a few years

Answer 184

A

Most Americans: Ownership of property → key economic independence

few joined societies required giving it up

Therefore: reform movements tended focus liberating people:

Externalities:

Slavery, war

Internal “servitudes”

drinking, illiteracy, criminality

Answer 185

A

> Individuals and society capable indefinite improvement

Result:

older reform efforts became radical

[1] Temperance Movement

Temperance: moderation in consumption of alcohol

Transformed into crusade to eliminate drinking entirely

[2] Criticism war → pacifism

[3] Critics slavery → demanded immidate emancipation

Answer 186

A

1826: founded

sought redeem habitual drinker and occasional drinker

1830s: 100s Americans renounce liquor

1840s: reduction consumption of nation’s alcohol

Answer 187

A

Middle class → reformism badge respectability

individual took control lives
morally accountable

Answer 188

A

Saw attack own freedom:

Taverns: meetings for workingmen
political discussion, recreation

Drinking → central festivities

Answer 189

A

American Catholics:

numbers grew → Irish & German immigation
hostile to reform

View Freedom:

Sin inescapable burden

perfectionist idea that evil eradicated → affront to genuine religion
opposed Protestant attempts impose view morality on neighbors

Protestants: Men free moral agent
Catholics: less emphasis → importance on communities centered around church and family

Answer 190

A

Reformers view freedom: liberating and controlling same time

Opponents:

freedom meant opportunity compete economic gain and individual improvement

Proponents: goal enact “genuine” liberty

Liberty → freeing from forms of “slavery” (drink, poverty, sin)
self-fulfillment = self-discipline

needed self control

America: excess liberty

**“natural liberty** (posed John Winthrop)” opposed “Christian liberty”

Answer 191

A

Eastern religious groups worry → West: immirgrants

lacked self-control
led lives of vice (drinking, lack Protestant devotion)

1825-1835: American Tract Society & American Bible Society

flooded East
copies pamphelts
promoted religious vitrue

Answer 192

A

Previously in colonial America:

Crimes: whipping, fines, banishment
Poor → relief
Orphans lived with neighbors
Families took care mentally ill

1830s-1840s: Reform Institutions

Jails
Poorhouses
Asylums
Orphanages

Perfectionism: social ills can be eliminated

Initial idea of institutions: people be released as productive, self-disiplined

Answer 193

A

tax-supported
state school system open all

Early 19th century:

children educated in locally supported schools, private academies, charity schools, home

Many not access

Answer 194

A

Massachusetts lawyer & Whigs politician
director state’s board education
Leading educational reformer

> Universal public education restore equality in society

Answer 195

A

North:

1860s: every northern state tax-supported school system

first career opportunity for women (teachers)

South:

not want to pay poor white children
Widened gap north and South

Answer 196

A

Before 1830: Abolitionists

end bondage
“colonization” freed slaves → ship back to Africa, Caribbean, or Central America

1816: American Colonization Society

gradually abolish slavery
deport to Africa

Result: Establish Liberia

west coast Africa

Answer 197

A

Opponents: impractical

Proponents:

Henry Clay, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson
why: racism and slavery deeply embeded society
never achieve equality
America fundamentally white society

Answer 198

A

motivated free blacks claim rights as Americans

1817: 3,000 blacks → (philadelphia) first national black convention

1. Blacks = Americans
2. entitled same freedom

Answer 199

A

Religious convictions: slavery unparalleled sin

Secular conviction: contradiction Declaration of Independence

Answer 200

A

Rejected: gradual emancipation
Explosive language againt insitution
- incorporated rather than deported
- Perfect Americanism: uprooting racism and slavery

Answer 201

A

Who: free black born in North Carolina → clothing store in Boston

1829: An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

first of new spirit of abolitionists

> Passionate indictment of slavery and racial prejudice

whites divine punishment not give up sinful ways
blacks:
- take pride in achievemetns of ancient African civilization
- claim rights as Americans

1830: died mysterious circumstances

Answer 202

A

Who: publisher in Boston journal

1831: The Liberator

Garrrison’s weekly published journal

New type abolitionism permanent voice

Ideas rejected:

North abrogate Constitution
dissolve Union to end complicity

Ideas accepted:

call immediate abolition
Thoughts on African Conlonization

persuaded many blacks recognized as part of America

Answer 203

A

Movement spread swiftly through North

Antislavery leaders took advantage:

developing print technology
expansion of literacy (common schools)

Evangelical ministers same

pamphets
newspapers
petitions
novels

Answer 204

A

young minister

Trained band speakers → brought abolitionist movement rural North

fervent preaching
call renounce immoral ways
Slavery = sin

Answer 205

A

Southerners: feared slave insurrections

strengthened by Nat Turner’s Rebellion (few months after The Liberator)
most abolitionist against violence

“non-resistance” or pacifists

coercion eliminated human relationships and institutions

Strategy: MORAL SUASION

> End slavery persuade slaveowners and complicit northerners slavery evil

Answer 206

A

Not: infiltrating political parties

Did: awaken nation to moral evil of slavery

language → provocative
“natural liberty” took predecedence over other forms freedom

Answer 207

A

> native free born must be citizen

wanted:

same civil rights
same “public rights”

Answer 208

A

Campaigns:

rights vote
sued streetcar companies excluding blacks
challenge discrimination in legislative

Result:

mostly unsuccessful

Victories:

1849: repeal Ohio’s discriminatory Black Laws
1855: racial integration Boston’s public schools

Answer 209

A

Abolitionists debated Constitution’s stance slavery

William Lloyd Garrison: burned → “document of the devil”
Frederick Douglass: no national protection slavery

Result:

> Alternative, right-oriented view constitutional law; grounded universal liberty

Answer 210

A

Literature expand definition cruelty

Why: graphic descriptions

Result: popularize idea of bodily integrity basic right

Answer 211

A

seized Declaration of Independence

preamble → condemnation of slavery

Liberty Bell

status after adoption of symbol

Answer 212

A

published account life in bondage
convinced northerners evils of slavery

Answer 213

A

novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin

most effective antislavery literature

modeled autobiography Josiah Henson

* **1851**: serialized Washinton newspaper
* **1854**: 1 million copies sold & productions on stage * **powerful human appeal**

1. slaves: sympathetic
2. Christians at mercy slaveholders

Answer 214

A

escaped Maryland slavery as child

1843 (at gathering):

> slaves rise rebellion throw off shackels

odds with belief of moral suasion

Answer 215

A

4th July 1852: greatest oration American slavery (Rockester)

annual Independence Day celebration

> What, to slavery, is the 4th of July?

* hypocrisy
* abolition of slavery & freeding Declaration Independence → recapture original message

Answer 216

A

Some northerners: abolition lead disrupt Union

Who: merchants (close commercial ties South)

What: mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings

Answer 217

A

1837: Elijah P. Lovejoy

antislavery first martyr
killed mob in Alton, Illinois (defended his press)

1838: burned Pennsylvania Hall

abolitionists hold meetings
carried portrait George Washington to safety

Answer 218

A

1836: abolitionists flooded Washington petitions emancipation

House Representatives: Gag Rule

prohibited consideration abolitionist petitions

1844: reppealed

due to opposition from John Quincy Adams
1831: represented Massachusetts

Answer 219

A

Result: abolitionists broadened appeal win support northerners

cared little black rights
convinced slavery endangered own freedom
Gag Rule very unpopular*

Answer 220

A

Public sphere open women (government and party politics not)

Female letters and diaries:

interst in politics

Before allowed voting:

circulated petitions
attended mass gatherings
gave public lectures

Answer 221

A

Massachusetts school teacher

leading advocate more humane treatment of insane

result: 28 states mental hospitals before Civil War

Answer 222

A

Crave place public sphere

participation abolitionist movements inspired movement for women’s rights

working rights of slaves
understood own subordinate status

Angelina and Sarah Grimké:

popular lectures:

condemnation of slavery
first apply abolitionist doctrine (universal freedom) to women

Answer 223

A

Massachusetts clergymen: denounced sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke

sacrificed “modesty and delicacy” by lectures

Response:

defended women’s rights in political debate, right share education

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1838)

Sarah Grimké

call equal rights
“equal pay for equal work”

Answer 224

A

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

organizers convention
veterans antislavery crusade

1840s: traveled London delegated World Anti-Slavery Convention

banned participation due sex
- *

1848: Senanca Falls Convention:

raised question of woman suffrage (first time)
modeled Declaration of Independence
- added “women” Jefferson’s axiom “all men are created equal”
- “injuries and usurpation on part of men to women” part list injustices by George III

denying voting rights

Answer 225

A

1848: Senanca Falls Convention:

raised question of woman suffrage (first time)
modeled Declaration of Independence
- added “women” Jefferson’s axiom “all men are created equal”
- “injuries and usurpation on part of men to women” part list injustices by George III

denying voting rights

Answer 226

A

Senanca Falls → start 77 year struggle suffrage

Declaration of Sentiments:

condemned entire structure of inequality:
1. denied women access eduction
2. gave husbands property control and wives’ wages
3. restricted them to home

Answer 227

A

> Women same rights as men develop talents

who:

daughter Jeffersonian congressman
Part transcendentalist circiles
1840-1842: edited The Dial
1844: editor New York Tribute
first women achieve important role American journalism*

1845: Women in the Nineteenth Century

apply transcendentalist ideas quest personal development

1850: traveled Europe correspondent for Tribute

married Italian patriot
died shipreck + husband and baby

Answer 228

A

black abolitionist
1799: born NY
1827: freedom (after slavery ended in state)

1851: speech

end idea women to delicate work outside the home
taled about experience as a slave

> flexed arm, spoken years of hard labor, “And aren’t I a women?”

Answer 229

A

Defenders slavery:

> Linked slavery and marriage as natural and just forms of inequality

eliminating one = threaten other

Answer 230

A

laws enact married women → property rights

why:

1. not expand women's rights
2. prevent families losing property during depression of 1837

Answer 231

A

far-reaching measures
1. allow married women sign contract
2. buy and sell property
3. keep own wages

Answer 232

A

husband right sexual access wife
inflict corporal punishment

Courts:

reluctant intervene

Answer 233

A

right to regulate own sexual activities
procreated protected state

challenged notion of private life separate federal government

Answer 234

A

Feminist thought:

> Equality of sexes and sexes’ natural differences = coexisted

Debated entered public sphere:

challenged notion of “cult of domesticity “
(or) accepted other elements of “femininity:
- female reformers bring maternal instincts public life

Answer 235

A

Caused: [1] role women in antislavery work !

other: [2] fear radicalism impede movement’s growth

Garrison’s:

support women’s rights
refusal support ida of abolitionist voting/running office

Wanted make politcal party: Liberty Party

nominee: James G. Birney
* 7000 votes (1/3)

Answer 236

A

Success: making “the woman question” permanent part transatlantic discussion

Answer 237

A

1840: accomplished most important work

1,000 local antislavery societies in North
awakening moral issue slavery
(greatest) shattering conspiracy of silence on public debate of slavery

Answer 238

A

2. Brown was convicted and executed as a criminal, yet he was seen as a hero by many abolitionists.

Answer 239

A

2. Some refused outright to honor it, and some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to evade it.

Answer 240

A

3. The North was increasingly a manufacturing economy and tied with the West, while the South remained agrarian.

Answer 241

A

3. The North was more severely affected than the South.

Answer 242

A

4. Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections.

Answer 243

A

2. They set up a society to encourage people to move there so they could vote against allowing slavery.

Answer 244

A

4. It ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no rights or protection under federal law.

Answer 245

A

2. The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

Answer 246

A

2. The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

Answer 247

A

2. States’ rights

Answer 248

A

4. Resistance to the president’s policies existed within the Union itself during the war.

Answer 249

A

4. Overall the North had the resource advantage in goods and infrastructure.

Answer 250

A

3. The document freed slaves only in areas of rebellion.

Answer 251

A

4. It would allow Union enlistment of free and newly free blacks and disrupt work in the South.

Answer 252

A

3. Military leadership

Answer 253

A

3. Richmond was the Confederate capital and Petersburg a critical source of supplies by railroad.

Answer 254

A

1. Control of the area would divide the South from critical supply lines.

Answer 255

A

2. The Union won key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg with stronger strategy and leadership.

Answer 256

A

2. Not all slaves left plantations immediately in response to the news out of fear that it was not permanent.

Answer 257

A

1. It also undermined slavery in the border states despite not being in effect there.

Answer 258

A

3. Poor farmers had to borrow against the value of future crops for supplies, creating a cycle of debt they could not escape.

Answer 259

A

1. While living and working conditions were similar, freedmen could choose where to work and no longer faced forced sale and relocation.

Answer 260

A

1. 14th Amendment

Answer 261

A

2. While efforts to gain civil rights for freedmen did not survive, they did have some enduring achievements such as public schools.

Answer 262

A

4. Disenfranchise former slaves and poor whites

Answer 263

A

2. Their use of violence and the threat of violence prevented many freedmen from exercising their rights or resisting local political efforts to undermine them.

Answer 264

A

3. Split in the women’s rights movement

Answer 265

A

2. It did not extend suffrage to women.

Answer 266

A

They left application and enforcement of civil rights in the hands of state governments, which stripped away rights for Southern blacks.

Answer 267

A

2. Their success was limited by state governments, but they were the basis for later civil rights activism.

Answer 268

A

Represented end of Native American abiliy to stop American expansion
Ended American reliance on British Trade
Made Andrew Jackson National celebrity
Victory at New Orleans led to National Euphoria
Destroyed federalists

Answer 269

A

labor shortage in New England

needed to “sweeten the deal”

guarenteed employment housing
boardinghouses
cash wages
social events at the mills

Ended after wave of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 50s

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Unit 04: Begining of Modern Day American Democracy (1800 - 1848) Flashcards

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