Unit 04: Begining of Modern Day American Democracy (1800 - 1848) Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 09: Market Revolution (1800-1840) What was the Great Famine of 1845-1851? How did it affect immigration to the US?

Answer 1

**_Great Famine of 1845-1851:_** Ireland: **blight destroyed potato crop** 1. 1 million people starved 2. 1 million emigrated 3. lacked industrial skills & capital: low-wage unskilled jobs _Men_: build railroads, canals, common laborers, servants, longshoremen, factory operatives _Women_: servants to Americas The 1850s: Lowell \> r*eplaced Yankee women with Irish families*

Answer 2

second largest group **more skilled than the Irish** * some in tight-nit eastern cities * In west: craftsmen, shopkeepers, farmers *"German Triangle:"* 1. Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee 2. large German pop

Answer 3

1. **condemned usage of Protestant King James Bible in schools** 2. Urged Catholic parents send children to parochial school 3. wanted the government to pay for schools 4. Wanted **win converts** from Protestantism Protestant Response: * Raised questions about national identity * Catholics \> threatened American institutions and freedom * ***"A Plea for the West"*** Reaction to Archbishop John Hughes's actions. **1834**: Lyman Beecher * prominent Presbyterian minister * published: "*A Plea for the West*" warned Catholics seeking domination of America Inspired a mob to burn Catholic convent in city

Answer 4

Corporate form of businesses → central economy 1. firms - special privilages 2. charters form government 3. investors/directors not directly liable for debts

Answer 5

[John Marshall's Supreme Court:](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a) **a defined corporate charter issued by state legislatures as contracts** * future lawmakers not alter or rescind

Answer 6

Court struck down monopoly the NY legislature had granted for steamboat navigation * unconstitutional * Congress exclusive authority for regulating interstate commerce

Answer 7

Ruled Massachusetts legislature: 1. not infringe charter of existing company constructed bridge over Charles River 2. empowered second company build a competing bridge _Taney argument:_ legitimate interest promoting transportation and prosperity

Answer 8

*NY journalist* coined [**1845**]: "**manifest destiny**" * US divinely appointed mission * Occupy North America * "last home freeborn American" _Connect New and Old ideas of freedom:_ Americans believed settlement to West: * **prevent the US becoming Europe** (with fixed social classes, and poor) West: 1. more land 2. less oppressive factory labor 3. increased opportunity economic independence

Answer 9

1. self-directed individual seeking economic advancement 2. personal development

Answer 10

**Insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions** Who: Ralph Emerson, Henry David Thoreau _Henry Thoreau views:_ **The primacy of individual conscience:** * political * social * personal * find own way rather than following the crowd Modern society → stifled individual judgment: * trapped jobs * no time contemplate beauties of nature

Answer 11

* retreated 2 years cabin on Walden Pond (near Concord) * wrote an account of experiences * Market revolution: degrading American values and nature "genuine freedom" lay within

Answer 12

**Religious Revivals** religious underpinning to the celebration of personal stuff _Begining_: turn of the century * Religious leaders alarmed low levels of church attendance in youth _Peak_: **1820s and 1830s** **Reverend Charles Grandison Finney** → month-long revival meetings * *similar to evangelists preachers of the [**First Great Awakening**](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Four-c275817ebeb04defba035743e78bcb6e)* * warned hell in vivid imagery and promises of salvation

Answer 13

Independence: 2,000 ministers 1845: 40,000 ministers * Methodists and Baptists massive growth * Methodists largest group (1 million) * all levels of society * raised funds * preaching tours by canal, steamboat, railroad Shaped personal spiritual destinies resonate with spread of market values

Answer 14

1. Railed against greed 2. Indifference to poor as sins

Answer 15

**The 1820s**: founded **Joseph Smith** * farmer upstate NY * the youth experienced religious visions Creation of religion: 1. "saw" gold plated covered strange writing 2. translated published in ***The Book of Mormon*** Story three families: * traveled Middle East to America (Native American tribes) * Jesus appeared in one group after the death * The second coming of Christ takes place in the New World * Smith: God's prophet

Answer 16

_Similarities to other denominations:_ 1. focus on the family 2. community basis faith _Controversial doctrines (due to Smith's visions):_ 1. polygamy 2. Smith 30+ marriages 3. Absolute control over followers

Answer 17

1. limits religious toleration 2. opportunity offered by religious pluralism

Answer 18

**Right to Compete for Economic Advancement** Celebrate opportunities open to "self-made man" * Those who achieved stuff → due to intelligence and hard work (*not hereditary privilege)*

Answer 19

free blacks excluded new economic opportunities * discrimination * poorest places of NY, Phili, Cincinnati subject assault by white mob _Institutions_: * barred schools and public facilities Own institutional life: * centered mutual-aid & educational societies * independent churches (African Methodist Episcopal Church)

Answer 20

_White people:_ look forwards to the life of economic accumulations and individual advancement _Black people:_ **[1]** Time of abolition in North: **slaves craft skills** White view: 1. freed slaves as low-wage competitors 2. wanted to bar them from skilled employment **[2]** **Refuse hired for anything but menial positions** **[3]** **Whites do not want to be served by blacks** 2&3: * the rapid decline in economic status **[4] Not access the West** 1. Federal law: bar access to public land 2. **1860** 4 states: prohibited entering territory altogether

Answer 21

_Black people:_ **[1]** Time of abolition in North: **slaves craft skills** White view: 1. freed slaves as low-wage competitors 2. wanted to bar them from skilled employment **[2]** **Refuse hired for anything but menial positions** **[3]** **Whites do not want to be served by blacks** 2&3: * the rapid decline in economic status **[4] Not access the West** 1. Federal law: bar access to public land 2. **1860** 4 states: prohibited entering territory altogether

Answer 22

**[1] women traditional roles undermined by the availability of mass-produced goods** **[2] moved from household to factory** **[3] a new view of femininity:** Glorified women's ability to create a private environment outside tensions of the market economy **[4]** **Woman's place at home** "Home:" no productive functions * sustain nonmarket values (*love, friendship, mutual obligation)* * provide men with a shelter from market economy

Answer 23

_CULT OF DOMESTICITY_ *Cult of True Womanhood* 19th-century ideology: "virtue" and "modesty" as qualities essential to proper womanhood * modest * submission * complete obedience to the husband * domesticity * avoidance of personal/intellectual pursuits Social Factors contributed: **[1]** Females more power of personal affairs * more men let home **[2]** Declining birthrate * conscious decision million women limit number children

Answer 24

**[1] Not freely complete for employment** * only low-paying jobs available **[2] Married women still no sign independent contracts or sue** **[3] Husbands controlled wages** * * * Poor people: entire family need to work * domestic servants * factory workers * seamstresses

Answer 25

**Badge respectability stay at home** Middle-class neighborhoods develop: * merchants, factory owners, professionals* * domestic servants do housework large employment category for women

Answer 26

* rarely mentioned: housewives, domestic servants, females outworkers, The popular idea of social justice: male head of the household → command **"family wage"** * support wife and children

Answer 27

[War of 1812](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a) - the 1840s: **1819**: the sharp economic downturn **1837**: depression * ups and down in-between 1. employment irregular 2. businesses failed * * * Result: _widened gap between:_ 1. merchants and industrialists 2. factory workers

Answer 28

Why: 1. alarmed erosion traditional skills 2. threat dependence wage earners Objectives: mobilize lower-class support candidates press: * free public education * end imprisonment for debts * legislation limiting work to 10 hours

Answer 29

_Rooted_; idea small producer and identification of freedom with economic independence [1] market economy challenge self-improvement

Answer 30

[1] **Market Revoltion** [2] **Territorial Expansion** [3] **Political Democracy** problems with property qualifications for the voting → climax in the 19th century * not a single state entered initial Union (13 states) property qualifications * Older states in the 1860s: 1. 12 no property qualifications 2. some barred persons accepting replied (not economically independent) Era's individualism: 1. not property ownership 2. ownership **one's self**

Answer 31

Era's individualism: 1. not property ownership 2. ownership one's self

Answer 32

Rhode Island voting qualification (1841)? Exception to the trend towards democracy Center of factory production → population propertyless wage owners unable to vote **October 1841**: **_People's Convention_** * proponents democratic conform * leader: _Thomas Dorr_ New state constitution * all white men vote * Blacks not vote (*subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)*

Answer 33

**October 1841**: **People's Convention** * proponents democratic conform New state consitution * all white men vote * Blacks not vote (*subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)* **_Dorr War_** Reformers ratified constitution & inaugurated **Thomas Dorr** (Rhode Island lawyer) **President John Tyler:** * dispatched federal troops * **quashed revolt** & Dorr 2 year prison for treason _Significance_: *Passion aroused by continuing exclusion any group of white men from voting*

Answer 34

_Who_: French writer _How_: * came the US \> study prisons * realized: to understand America, must understand democracy * was aristocrat → disliked idea* _What_: **account society in midst political transformation** * more than voting or institution * *"habit of the heart"* * Culture: encouraging individual initiative, belief equality, the active public sphere * essential to American freedom **Tocqueville realize**: the idea of sovereignty belonged mass ordinary citizens profound shift in political thought **Founders**: wanted people to vote & protect from excessive influence

Answer 35

**Causes**: 1. Market Revolution 2. Political democracy **What**: 1. expansion public sphere 2. increased printing

Answer 36

_A new style of journalism:_ Introduced: *New York Sun* & *New York Herald* **_Mass circulated press_*****→"Penny Press"*** 1. application of steam power → increased output 2. 1 cent per issue * appealed **mass audience** * Emphasis: sensationalism, crime stories, exposes misconduct **1840s**: more circulation than Europe

Answer 37

_A new style of journalism:_ Introduced: *New York Sun* & *New York Herald* * appealed **mass audience** * Emphasis: sensationalism, crime stories, exposes misconduct **1840s**: more circulation than Europe

Answer 38

1829-1837 axiom: "***the people***" universally accepted * opposition: Tocqueville wrote "hid their heads" _Needed defined boundaries of the political nation:_ _Why_: very centrality of democracy to define both [1] freedom and [2] nationality

Answer 39

*United States Magazine and Democatic Review* (**1851**): "principle of universal suffrage" "white males of age constituted the political nation" \> not women or blacks "***universal***" intellectual grounds for exclusion shift: * Form: _economic dependence_ * To: _natural incapacity_ white males superior *intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:* * _Form_: economic dependence * _To_: natural incapacity white males superior

Answer 40

**Theater**: Blacks excluded "democracy" Racist imagery: * popular theater _whites in blackface portrayed AA_ → stupid, dishonest, **Books:** American authors portray blacks: 1. happy, superstitious slaves 2. long-suffering and Christian

Answer 41

Race: boundary on voting rights **Solidified sense national identity among diverse groups of Europeans** * white, male immigrants → almost vote immediately * Free blacks: not vote

Answer 42

**[War of 1812](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** and American nationalism _Result of war_ 1. outburst nationalistic pride 2. Show US not truly integrated

Answer 43

**[1] 1811**: **[Bank of United States](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** charter expires * lack uniform currency * unable to raise funds for the war primitive state transportation: hard move men and goods **[2]** Local **goods faced intense competition** from cheap, foreign goods

Answer 44

**[American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)** **December 1815**: **James Madison** State of the Union blueprint government-promoted economic development Three pillars: **[1]** federal financing of **improving roads & canals** *important those worried about geographical disunity* **[2]** **New national bank** **[3] Tariff important manufactured goods** (protect Industry)

Answer 45

**[1] March 1817:** Congress internal improvement program → vetoed by president eve of retirements Why: believed exercising powers not mention in the Constitution is dangerous *other parts of plan law* **[2] New National Bank** (**1816**) 27 year charter from Congress **[3] Tariff of 1816** 1. _protection good not produced the US_ * ex: cheap cotton textiles 2. _Tax-free for products not manufactured in the US_ _Support_: * southern states: enable region to develop manufacturing base rival New England

Answer 46

* **private**, for-profit, corporation * acted government financial agent issued money, collected taxes, paid government debts * make sure local bank's currency real value

Answer 47

After **[War of 1812](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)**: Bank of United States & local banks → **economic bubble** _Should have done:_ effectively regulate currency & loans by local banks _What did_: helped fever swept US Bank **Printed more money** 1. resumption *overseas trade with Europe* → huge market for cotton and grain 2. rapid *expansion westwards* *Especially had the South → **[Cotton Kingdom](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422)** expanded*

Answer 48

_Event 01_: European demand American products declined normal level _Event 02_: Bank US (and state banks) **ask for payments for loans** * not able to repay debts * unemployment rose eastern cities

Answer 49

suspended collection of debts *Kentucky*: established state bank * flooded state paper money * creditors had to accept _Result:_ 1. ease burden farmers; injured creditors 2. deepened American distrust Banks 3. undermined reputation SBUS Retaliation: (some) states taxes local branches

Answer 50

*One of **[John Marshall's](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** landmark Supreme Court decision* _What_: Maryland wanted Tax SBUS _Result_: declared **Bank legitimate exercise of congressional authority** _Why_: Consitution's clause allowed Congress pass "necessary and proper" laws ***Contradicted "strict construction" view limited Congress to power specifically granted in Consitution***

Answer 51

**1816**: **James Monroe** president * last Virginia president **1820**: Federalists only electoral tickets 2 states * Monroe carried the entire country * 2 terms _"One-Party" government_ _Result_: political organization along competing sectional interests → ***sectionalism***

Answer 52

Missouri accepted without Tallmadge's restriction **[1]** Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well * the sectional balance between free and slave states **[2]** Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within **[Louisiana Purchase](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** [north latitude 36°30']

Answer 53

**1819**: Missouri draft consitution be accepted into Union Slave population: 10,000 * * * **James Tallmadge:** (NY) wanted further slaves prohibited & children freed 25 Result: * 2 year controvery * Republicans split sectional lines Passed House * support from northern congressmen Senate: **died** * * * **Senator Jesse Thomas** (Illinois) compromise Missouri accepted without Tallmadge's restriction **[1]** _Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well_ * the sectional balance between free and slave states **[2]** _Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within **[Louisiana Purchase](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** [north latitude \*\*\*36°30'\*\*\*]_

Answer 54

**1810-1822**: Spain's Latin American colonies rebelled → independent nations 1. MEXICO 2. VENEZUELA 3. ECUADOR 4. PERO **1825**: Spanish empire: [1] _Cuba_ & [2] _Puerto Rico_ **1822**: Monroe administration first government _extend diplomatic recognition to LA republics_

Answer 55

**[1]** Launched by sovereign wanting them to contribute more financially to empire **[2]** Local elites demanded status same residents imperial power [**3]** Borrowed **[Declarations of Independence](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Five-c9512ec3ff094eb7ad15a58803c01b6c)** from the US **1811**: (first) "United Provinces" of Venezuela → similar language Jefferson

Answer 56

**MORE democratic than US** * tried to create diverse "people" (different types of people in the Spanish Empire) * Suffrage: _Indians and free black_ * Gradual abolition of slavery

Answer 57

**1823**: **Monroe Doctrine** drafted section president's annual message to Congress *"mutual noninterference"* _Three Principles:_ **~ 1 ~** US oppose any further efforts at colonization by Europe power in Americas **~ 2 ~** US abstain involvement war from Europe **~ 3 ~** Warned Europe not involve LA Monroe Doctrine → called "***Diplomatic Declaration of Independence***" * decades cornerstone US foreign policy * US role of dominant power in Western Hemisphere

Answer 58

not policy → **loved for military victories**: **[Battle of New Orleans](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** * Who: mostly New England (*North in general, wanted presidency from south)*

Answer 59

Jackson: 153,544 votes ***none majority electoral vote*** * Clay (last): eliminated * Choice: House of Representatives Clay and the creation of paries Henry Clay Support: *John Quincy Adams* *Why:* * Adams: most qualified and promote American System * electing Jackson (westerner) impede own chances *Result*: **John Quincy Adams** elected ***"Corrupt Bargain;"*** * Clay became Secretary of State * *bartering critical votes for the office* clung rest career → never President

Answer 60

1. ***_Democratic Party_:*** **Jackson** and **Crawford** 2. ***_Whig Party_:*** **Clay** and **Adams**

Answer 61

_Home_: supported [American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719) _Abroad_: 1. encourage American commerce 2. Monroe Doctrine: increase power in Western Hemisphere 3. Believed America absorb Canada, Cuba, Mexico

Answer 62

**[1]** Spend more on internal improvements than 5 predecessors combines **[2] 1828**: Steep increase tariffs *Rest ambitions little support Congress*

Answer 63

Representation: **democracy changing** **Adams:** * typified _old politics_ * (Like Madison & Jefferson) sterling intellectual accomplishment * *after president* **Van Buren:** * _New political era_ * Talented party manager (not of great vision or intellect) * *father of tavern keeper*

Answer 64

_Support_: * view campaign promisses * relied candidate's popularity Praised Jackson: **frontier manliness** Rediculed Adams: **intellectual attainments** _Opponents_: * **muderer**: killed army deserters and men in duels * **questioned morality of wife** (Rachel) → married before previous devorce final

Answer 65

**Jackson resounding victory** * carried entire *South and West* * entered the ***Age of Jackson*** _Demonstrated_: 1. advent universal white, male voting 2. national political parties

Answer 66

Age of Jackson politics: * spectacle * mass entertainment * daily lives People: * **millions** took parts in parades * nicknames 1. Jackson: ***Old Hickory*** 2. ***Clay Harry of the West*** 3. ***Van Buren the Little Magician*** (or ***Sly Fox***) * partook debates

Answer 67

_Jackson's Presidency:_ 1. reduce expenditure 2. lowered tariffs 3. killed national bank 4. refused please federal aid 5. **1835**: payed off national debts _Result_: * states replace gov as main economic actors * states planned canals, roads, and charters

Answer 68

**~ *Jacksonian* politics ~** _Issues_: 1. market revolution 2. tension between national and sectional loyalists _Beliefs_: 1. **alarmed widening socioeconomic gap** said: "nonproducers" (bankers, merchants) use government enhance wealth to disadvantage "producing class" (farmers, laborers) 2. **Government:** * hand-off approach * not award special favors enhance economic interest → fair-opportunity _Who_: * aspiring entrepreneurs * farmers poorer farmer regions tended to vote dem * city-workers * slave-owners

Answer 69

**~ United behind [American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719) ~** _Beliefs_: 1. protective tariffs 2. national bank 3. aid international improvement 4. guide economic development _Georgraphical Support:_ * Northwest (modernizing area) * Great Lakes * Upstate NY → stronghold _Who_: * businessmen * bankers * large southern planters

Answer 70

***_Private Life_*** > Individual morality private matter * opposed attempts at unified moral vision ex: **Temperance legislation** * attempts outlaw liquor * prohibit entertainment Sundays ***_Liberty_:*** * set private rights * beast secured local government * ***[Seperation of Powers](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Seven-1159d6d140c245358589491886df17cd)*** important

Answer 71

***_Private Life:_*** > Government must interfere private matters * Government install certain moral + character traits in individual * needed for societal function ***_Liberty:_*** * Liberty and Power reinforced earth other * government create secure and balanced economy _Supporters of Views:_ **Evangelical Protestants** Government induce "principals of morality" * public education * building schools and asylums * temperance legislation

Answer 72

_Laws, ordinances, and regulations:_ 1. **banning prostitution** 2. **banned consumption alcohol** 3. **regulated other personal behavior**

Answer 73

_What_: **[Tariff of 1828](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)** _Why_: * **raised taxes imported manufacturing goods (wool & iron)** **_Opposition South:_** * impossible compete with North industrywise * *_South Carolina_*: called "*Tariffs of Abominations"* State leaders: _Argument_: taxes benefited North and not South _Response_: Would **nullify it in their own states**

Answer 74

* South Carolina:* * largest slave population Controlled tightly knit group planters **grip state power** 1. State constitutions: greater representation than planter population warranted 2. High property qualifications for voting _Why opposition to Tariffs:_ 1. Economic complaints 2. Federal government must be weakened → not take actions against slavery

Answer 75

Why: secretly drafted **Exposition and Protest** * South Carolina legislature justified nullification * **Response Tariff of 1819** * *_1833_**_: **Nullification Doctrine**_ * national government: agreement among sovereign states each right prevent enforcement within borders

Answer 76

***Webster-Hayne Debate*** (**January 1830**) **Daniel Webster** (*Response to Roberty Y. Hayne, Calhoun supporter)* > people, not the state, created Constitution; federal government sovereign over states nullification illegal _Result_: divided Jackson & Calhoun White House diner (few days later) → disagreement **1831**_: Calhoun publicly emered leading theorist of states' rights._

Answer 77

**[1]** _not purely sectional issue_ **[2]** South Carolina - _alone in nullification crisis_ * several southern states passes resolutions condemed actions * compact theory of Constitution: well developed political philosophy

Answer 78

**1832**:**_Tariff of 1832_** * South Carolina declare null and void _Jackson_: presuaded Congress pass **Force Act** * use army and navy to get custom duties **Henry Clay**: (Calhoun assistance) **1833**: reduced duties * wanted avert confrontation

Answer 79

**Excluded** Indians from _era's assertive democratic nationalism_ Final act in centuries-long conflict between white Americans and Indians * *east of Mississippi River* * expanding cotton plantations → pressure Indians * Indian **Removal Act of 1803**: * What: funds uprooted Five Civilized Tribed Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole

Answer 80

**Jackson view:** _"civilized" Indians assimilate into society_ Tribes make an effort: Cherokee: * establish schools, written laws, consitution modeled on US * farmers (owned slaves) **Jackson actions**: 1. refered "savages" 2. supported Georgia's effort seize Cherokee lands

Answer 81

**1832**: sent memorial to Congress 1. dwelled meaning freedom 2. oppression by Alabama's lawmakers → land taken _Wanted_: * place in nation's life * own identity came before American identity ***Freedom meant maintaining cultural independence, required keeping possession of ancestral lands***

Answer 82

**Went to court:** protect rights garunteed government Result: _force Supreme Court clarify unique status of American Indians_

Answer 83

Court: _Indians not owners of their land only ***"right of occupancy"***_ **Chief Justice John Marshall** > From early colonial era, hunters & nomads not farmers Serious blow agianst Indian efforts retain lands

Answer 84

Marshall: > Indians "wards" federal government * deserved paternal regard and protection * lacked standing citizens

Answer 85

Marshall belief: **supremacy of federal government over states** In case: change mind **What**: > Indians distinct people right maintain seprate political identity * Indians deal direct federal government * Georgia's actions violated Cherokees' treaties with Washington

Answer 86

**1838-1839**: **Trail of Tears** Federal soldiers removed Ross's Indians *During Martin Van Buren's presidency* 18,000 _Cherokees_ → **forced move west** (Georgia to Okhaloma) * 1/4 died

Answer 87

(*Florida*) * 1500 Americans & 1500 Indians dead * 3,000 Indians & 500 blacks **forced move west** * small population remained*

Answer 88

Reinforced **racial definition of American nationhood & freedom** **1840**: *eyes whites east of Mississippi River* * Indian relic of past * Trans-Mississippi West*: Indians dominant * still presistant westwards movement

Answer 89

Central political struggle Age of Jackson: _president's war on SBUS_ symbolized hopes & fears market revolution 1. **Finance economic development** 2. **distrusted as "nonproducers"** bank over-issued money → deterioration in value reduced wages

Answer 90

**1832:** > Ability to "destroy" any local bank Democrats: _not think anyone should possess such power_ Banks charter: supposed end **1836** Biddle convince Congress **extend another 20 years** * Force Jackson to sign the bill * **vetoed**

Answer 91

Veto on extended bank charter > Congress not create source central power and economic privilege unaccountable to the people * charter would widen wealth gap

Answer 92

Local banks of choice: **pet banks** * *_chosen for personal connections_* _Result_: two secretaties refuse transfer funds: * law creating the Bank specified government funds not removed except for good cause _Jacksone Response:_ Appointed **Attorney General Roger B. Taney** * carried out order * **1835**: (John Marshall died) Taney chief justice

Answer 93

**[1] Without funds: SBUS lost ability to regulate activities of state bank** **[2] Note circulation rose** 1. "read wages" declined * multiple labor unions emerged 2. tried to cash in rising land prices * bought lots of land * resold to farmers or eastern purchasers

Answer 94

Speculative Boom _collapsed_ **1836**: 20 million acres of federal land (10 times more than 1830) **July 1836**: **Specie Circular** > Only accept gold or silver as payment for public land Same time: **Bank of England** demanded American merchants pay creditors in London gold or silver

Answer 95

**_Cause_**: 1. Economic downturn in Britain → dampened demand for American cotton (major export) 2. Speculative Boom **_Results_**: _Result_: 1. **Panic of 1837** 2. Depression that lasted to **1843** _Implications_: * businesses failed * many farmers lost land * 10,000s urban workers jobs disappear * Labor movements collapsed * surplus unemployment labor*

Answer 96

**1837:** 1. **wanted removed federal funds from pet banks** 2. **hold in Treasury Department in Washington** under government controlseparated federal government from nations's banking system **1841**: repealed *Whigs returned to power* **1846**: reinstated **President James K. Polk**

Answer 97

**1840s**: Mass democratic politics of Age of Jackson → absorbed logic of marketplace Had to "sell" the candidates highly organized parties competed nationally * 80% voter turnout Result: **Harrison WON**

Answer 98

Immediately in office: **Harrison contracted pneumonia** * died month later * John Tyler successor

Answer 99

Whig majority Congress: tried to pass **[American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)** **Tyler vetoes** nearly every measure Ex: * national bank * higher tariffs _Result:_ * most cabinet resigned * party repudiated him _Time in office:_ barley any acomplishments

Answer 100

19th century: **cotton replace sugar world's major crops** * produced by slave labor _Brazil, Spain, French Colonies_: survived instutition _British Empire_: (**1883**) abolished _US_: center New World Slavery

Answer 101

Industrial revoltion: centered factories → cotton raw material * important international market * 3/4th from sourthern US Cotton sales = money abroad = pay manufactured goods Civil War: **cotton 1/2 exprots** *slaves valued exceeded values rest nations wealth*

Answer 102

**1820 - 1860: Second Middle Passage** * Replaced the [Middle Passage](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Four-c275817ebeb04defba035743e78bcb6e)* * 2 million slaves Main commercial districts (south): **offices slave trade** * auctions * advertisements in newspapers * southern banks financed slave * railroad commerse * taxes slave sales

Answer 103

**shared profits:** **_Money_** in cotton trade: * finance industrial development * internal improvement in North _Northern_: * Ships: cotton to NY and Europe * Bankers: finance cotton plantations * Companies: insured slave property ***New York:*** Rise commercial prominence: depend establishment shipping lines * gathered South's cotton * transports Europe on *Erie Canal*

Answer 104

Lower South: * * * * 7 states South Carolina - Texas **1860-1861:** *during secession crisis* first leave Union Upper South: * * * * 8 slave states Slave & planter population less than total of Lower States _Major centers of industry:_ * Baltimore * Richmond * St. Louis _Economy_: More diverse Lower

Answer 105

Slavery: **South very different economic path than North** 1. limited **growth of industry** 2. discourage **immigration** 3. inhibited **technological process** 4. Not same urban growth (as rest country) Only significant city: ***New Orleans*** * world's leading exporter of slave-grown crops

Answer 106

**1860**: South produced less 10% manufactured goods Northern View: **slavery obstacle progress** New Orleans: slavery and economic growth hand-in-hand * * * Southern economies: * stagnant * very profitable most owners Profits in South: **obstacle for abolition**

Answer 107

Poorer whites: _resented power & privileges great planters_ _politicians_: self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against "*slavocracy*" **Bonds between planters and South's "plain folk"** * racism * kinship * common participation in democratic political culture * sectionalism * belief economic and personal freedom rested slavery

Answer 108

Slave ownership: route to wealth, status, and influence * majority slaves * most fertile land * highest income * dominated state and local offices * leadership both parties * * * Slavery → profit-making scheme * watch prices for products * invested enterprises

Answer 109

planter's wives _Idealized southern lore:_ * femininity, * beauty, * dependence on men _Works_: * care sick slaves * directed domestic slaves * supervised entire plantations Husbands sexualy exploited slaves*: caused wives resent slaves*

Answer 110

(*from latin word "father")* **Planter's values glorified:** not competitive capitalist marketplace Did: 1. harierchical 2. agrarian society 3. personal responsibility for physical and moral well-being for dependents (women, slaves, children)

Answer 111

* Paternalism:* * present 18th century * **1808**: most ingrained after closed African slave trade narrowed cultural gap between master and slave West Indies & Great Britain: _absentee planters_ South: _year-round contact_ * * * **Masked & justified slavery** slaveowners perspective: > kind, responsible masters

Answer 112

**[1]** **Racism** **[2]** **biblical passages** * slaves should obey masters **[3]** **essential to human progress** * unable cultivate art, sciences **[4] "modern" in tune with the times** * Other types of unfree labor in world **[5] Essential economy** * cotton * interest international affairs * used power in government to promote foreign policy interest in slavery **[6] Granted equality for whites** prevented growth of a class doomed to unskilled labor **[****7] Claimed committed to ideal of freedom** * slavery among blacks = "perfect equality" among whites * liberted whites from menial jobs (*as in the North)*

Answer 113

Observed: results of emancipation swept hemisphere in first 4 decades * slavery abolished most Spanish and British empire * effected debate over slavery in US * * * Pro-slavery: British emancipation failure Abolitionists: * rising standards of living of freed slaves * spread eduction among them * * * Mid-19th century slavery remained: 1. Cuba 2. Puerto Rico 3. Brazil 4. US

Answer 114

White Southerners declared themselves: > True heirs of the American Revoltion * "same spirit freedom and independence * * * **1830s**: Proslave writers **questioned** ideals of liberty, equality, democracy South Carolina: _Majority whites owned slaves_ * home aggressively defense slavery * repudiated idea freedom universal element

Answer 115

Legal rights: *(not well enforced)* 1. **illegal kill slave** * except self-defense 2. **Serious crimes → court** * white judges and juries

Answer 116

1. testify in court against white 2. own firearms 3. hold meetings (unless white person present) 4. leave farms or plantation without premission 5. (**1830s**) illegal learn read or write * Not rigorously enforced:* * taught slave children read * gatherings without supervisions

Answer 117

> **No aspects of slaves' lives outside sphere of owners interference** System: enforce master's control over persons labor of slaves

Answer 118

Who: **Celia** _What_: killed master while resisting sexual assault _State Law_: "any woman" in situation acting self-defense _Result_: Celia not a "woman" eyes of the law * master complete power * she sentenced to death **Celia pregant:** delayed execution until child born *not deney owner's heir property rights*

Answer 119

* **better diets** * **lower rates infant mortality** * **longer life expectancies** _Factors contributed improving material conditions:_ 1. **Location** * outside geographical area tropical diseases malaria, yellow fever, typhoid fever flourish * health better than Caribbean 2. **Costs** * cost increase after Middle Passage closed 1808 * economicly advantages keep them alive

Answer 120

**[1]** Who: **descendants of slaves freed** 1. freed aftermath of Revolution 2. gradual emancipation laws in North ***OR*** **[2]** Who: **slaves freed** 1. voluntary liberation 2. purchase freedom 3. ran away

Answer 121

1. no voice selecting office 2. not allowed testify in court against white 3. not allowed be juries 4. carry certificate of freedom **1850**: _most southern sates prohibited free blacks entered_ * few states tried ban all together

Answer 122

Prosperous free black communities _Who_: * mixed-race descendants _What_: * had education * skilled craftsmen * churches * * * **Upper South:** large majority free blacks * wages on farms

Answer 123

Slavery = system of labor * interruptions for meals * work occupies most time * * * _Large plantations_: (125 slaves) * Diversified communities* * various tasks (butler, waitresses, nurse, dairymaid, gardener) * Majority: **Worked in Fields** _Small Plantations:_ **owners worked with slaves**

Answer 124

Rice plantations **[Task System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Four-c275817ebeb04defba035743e78bcb6e)** (*colonial era prevailed)* * daily tasks * set own pace of work * complete: liesure

Answer 125

**1860**: 200,000 slaves in industry *(Upper South)* * ironwork * tobacco factories * domestic laborers _Result:_ **[1]** slaves make own work arrangement → wages go to owners **[2]** (some) Lived alone

Answer 126

Increased independence \> _change the relation between master and slave_ Result: **1850s:** 1. City slaves sold to countryside 2. replaced among skilled white labor

Answer 127

**[1] exploited division among slaves** * field hands and house servants **[2]** **System of incentives** * good work: time off & money **[3]** (Most powerful) **_Threat of Sale_** * separate slaves from families & communities

Answer 128

**_West Indies:_** * males exceeded females * lived barracks-type buildings Families → **nearly impossible** **_United States:_** * population grew naturally * even male-female ratio Families → **possible** Marriage: * not recognized * constant danger broken up by sale

Answer 129

Marriages (if not disrupted) → lasted lifetime * named children after cousins, uncles, sales **Higher number of female-headed households:** * constant sales Virginia: **1/3 marriages broken sale** children borken children * non-kin assumed responsability raise children

Answer 130

**Different larger society** > _Equality of powerlessness_ **[Cult of domesticity:](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422)** * not appeal slave woman * men not act as providers / protect wives

Answer 131

**Task System** → conventional gender roles _Men_: * hunted, chopped wood, fished, _Women_: * sewed, * primary responsability of children * charge "garden plots"

Answer 132

Distinctive version Christianity * offered solace to slaves * hope liberation **late 18th and early 19th century**: Took part **[Second Great Awakening](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422)** * in South's Baptist and Methodist churches **1801**: ***Cane Ridge*** (Kentucky) no distinction based race, color, sex

Answer 133

* "self-called" slaves * no formal education * understood Bible * most respected in slave community

Answer 134

Blacks allowed worship with whites * sit back peys or balcony

Answer 135

attended by slaves own churches

Answer 136

**Christianity means social control:** 1. required slaves attend services (white ministers) 2. preached: * theft immortal * Bible required servants obey masters

Answer 137

Turned to own purposes: **[1**] **Exodus**: central black Christianity * "chosen" people **[2] Jesus Christ:** * personal redeemer * cared for oppressed Christianity: 1. message of brotherhood 2. equality of all souls before Creator

Answer 138

1. **Injustices of bondage** 2. **Desire for freedom** --- 1. glorified weak outwitted stronger foes Bear and fox 2. religoius songs lives of sorrows & ultimate liberation

Answer 139

Ownership: prevented learning about world as a whole neighborhood networks: * transmitted information between plantations Ex: (**1844**) **James Henry Hammond** > Astonished find slaves understood the nature of Henry Clay and James K. Pok presidential election

Answer 140

* poor work * breaking tools * abusing animals * disrupting routine * stole food * southern physician diagnose hereditary disease unique to blacks* * * *

Answer 141

***Fugitive slaves*** → obstacles **[1]** _Patrols constant lookout_ **[2]** _lack knowledge geography_ *thought north star led freedom* Most successful people: * lived Upper South *(close free states)* * majority fugitives: young men [ex: **Frederick Douglass**] * women not want to leave children*

Answer 142

1. **New Orleans** 2. **Charleston** * hoped loose within free black communities* 3. **Remote areas** * Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia * Florida Everglades [Seminole Indians offer refuge] * * *

Answer 143

Loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in homes and sent next "station"

Answer 144

* ***53 slaves took control Amistad ship*** * In Cuba → tried to force ship go to Africa* American vessel seized it Van Buren: wanted to return them to Cuba Abolitionists: case Supreme Court **John Quincy Adams:** > Recently brought Africa, violation of international treaties banning slave trade; captives should be freed Result: _most returned Africa_

Answer 145

1. **1800**: [Gabriel's Rebellion](/812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a#995908b2aa1e4b0286c9cb9f0692a3db) 2. **1811**: Uprising on sugar plantation (New Orleans) 3. **1822**: Denmark Vesey's Conspiracy 4. **1831**: Nat Turner's Rebellion

Answer 146

_What_: 500 slaves marched city * destroyed property * white population panicked _Result_: 2 days: militia dispersed rebels and killed 66

Answer 147

Leader: **Denmark Vesey** (Charleston) * purchased freedom after local lottery * reflected combination in American and African influences * often quoted Declaration of Independence *plot discovered before fruition*

Answer 148

Leader: **Nat Turner** * slave preacher in Southampton Country, Virginia * Thought chosen by God to lead black uprising * travelled to conduct services **4 July 1831:** Initial date for rebellion * fell ill **22 August 1831:** **Rebellion** What: followers marched farms assulting whites * 80 blacks & 60 whites killed _Response_: * Turner & 17 rebells → death

Answer 149

1. **whites panic** 100s whipped and executed 2. **debates on whether "peculiar institutions" should remain** **1832**: Virginia legislature → tightend bondage \< \>prohibiting preachersstrengthened militia and patrol systembanned free blacks for owning firearmsprohibited teaching read *other southern states did same* _1831 turning point Old South_

Answer 150

*Utopia*; 16th century **Thomas More** novel → outline perfect society decade before Civil War: 100 reform communities * most arose religious conviction * (or) secular desire couteract social & economic changes Objective: 1. **Social harmony** 2. **narrow wealth gap**

Answer 151

**Tried to find substitutes for conventional gender roles & marriage** Some: * prohibited sex * (or) allowed polygamy

Answer 152

_Most successful religious communities_ Peak: 1840s * 5000+ members

Answer 153

**[1] God → "dual" personality** male & female * sexes spiritual equality **[2] "Virgin Purity"** * sexes lived seperate dormitories Increased members: *not natural reproduction* 1. converst 2. adoption **[3] Rejected private accumulation of wealth** successful economy * among first to market fruit and vegetables, seeds, herbal medicines * beautiful furniture

Answer 154

**1848**: founded by *_John Humphrey Noyes_* upstate NY * Vermont-born * son congress man

Answer 155

Community → notorious **"complex Marriages"** * man propose sexual relations any women * women right accept or reject registered public record book Noyes feared: _"exclusive affection"_ * destroyed social harmony

Answer 156

_outside view_: "voluntary slavery": _Insiders:_ 1. selfless devotion 2. spiritual oriented communities

Answer 157

beset internal division shorter periods of time

Answer 158

**Most important secular communicant** * British factory owner * Appalled degradating workers in early industrial revoltion Ideology: ***Communitarianism*** * establishing small communities based on common ownership* * less competitive and less individualistic

Answer 159

1. strict rules 2. good housing 3. free education **1815**: 1,500 employees Result: largest center cotton manufacturing in the world

Answer 160

* India (previously owned Protestant religious leader objective: **new world morality** 1. children remove early age from care parents schools: subordinate individual ambition to common 2. Women's rights * access to education * right to divorce wanted abandon "false notions" about sexes _Result:_ * squashed everything: community's constitution & distribution of property * only lasted a few years

Answer 161

Most Americans: **Ownership of property** → key economic independence * few joined societies required giving it up Therefore: reform movements tended focus _liberating people:_ 1. **Externalities:** Slavery, war 2. **Internal "servitudes"** drinking, illiteracy, criminality

Answer 162

> _Individuals and society capable indefinite improvement_ _Result_: older reform efforts became **radical** ***[1]*** **Temperance Movement** Temperance: *moderation in consumption of alcohol* Transformed into **crusade to eliminate drinking entirely** ***[2]*** Criticism war → **pacifism** ***[3]*** Critics slavery → demanded **immidate emancipation**

Answer 163

**1826**: founded * _sought redeem habitual drinker and occasional drinker_ **1830s**: 100s Americans renounce liquor **1840s**: reduction consumption of nation's alcohol

Answer 164

Middle class → _reformism badge respectability_ 1. individual took control lives 2. morally accountable

Answer 165

**Saw attack own freedom:** * Taverns: meetings for workingmen * political discussion, recreation Drinking → central festivities

Answer 166

_American Catholics:_ * numbers grew → [Irish & German immigation](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422) * hostile to reform _View Freedom:_ ***Sin inescapable burden*** * perfectionist idea that evil eradicated → affront to genuine religion * opposed Protestant attempts impose view morality on neighbors 1. _Protestants_: Men free moral agent 2. _Catholics_: less emphasis → importance on communities centered around church and family

Answer 167

Reformers view freedom: **_liberating and controlling same time_** _Opponents:_ * freedom meant opportunity compete economic gain and individual improvement _Proponents_: goal enact "genuine" liberty * Liberty → freeing from forms of "slavery" (drink, poverty, sin) * self-fulfillment = self-discipline needed self control America: excess liberty \*\*"[natural liberty\*\* (posed **John Winthrop**)" opposed "**Christian liberty**](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Two-4139b373418e43bea444daf443954ffb)"

Answer 168

Eastern religious groups worry → West: **immirgrants** 1. lacked self-control 2. led lives of vice (drinking, lack Protestant devotion) **1825-1835**: ***American Tract Society*** & ***American Bible Society*** * flooded East * copies pamphelts * promoted religious vitrue

Answer 169

Previously in colonial America: 1. Crimes: whipping, fines, banishment 2. Poor → relief 3. Orphans lived with neighbors 4. Families took care mentally ill * * * **1830s-1840s**: ***Reform Institutions*** 1. Jails 2. Poorhouses 3. Asylums 4. Orphanages * * * Perfectionism: _social ills can be eliminated_ * Initial idea of institutions: **people be released as productive, self-disiplined**

Answer 170

* **tax-supported** * **state school system open all** _Early 19th century:_ children educated in locally supported schools, private academies, charity schools, home Many not access

Answer 171

* Massachusetts lawyer & Whigs politician * director state's board education * **Leading educational reformer** > Universal public education restore equality in society

Answer 172

_North_: **1860s**: **every northern state tax-supported school system** 1. first career opportunity for women (teachers) _South:_ * not want to pay poor white children * **Widened gap north and South**

Answer 173

Before 1830: _Abolitionists_ 1. end bondage 2. "colonization" freed slaves → ship back to Africa, Caribbean, or Central America **1816**: ***American Colonization Society*** * gradually abolish slavery * deport to Africa Result: Establish ***Liberia*** *west coast Africa*

Answer 174

_Opponents_: **impractical** _Proponents:_ * Henry Clay, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson why: **racism and slavery deeply embeded society** * never achieve equality * America fundamentally white society

Answer 175

* motivated _free blacks claim rights as Americans_ **1817**: 3,000 blacks → (philadelphia) first national black convention 1. Blacks = Americans 2. entitled same freedom

Answer 176

Religious convictions: _slavery unparalleled sin_ Secular conviction: _contradiction **[Declaration of Independence](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Five-c9512ec3ff094eb7ad15a58803c01b6c)**_

Answer 177

1. _Rejected_: _gradual emancipation_ 2. _Explosive language againt insitution_ * incorporated rather than deported * Perfect Americanism: uprooting racism and slavery

Answer 178

Who: free black born in North Carolina → clothing store in Boston **1829**: ***An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World*** * first of new spirit of abolitionists > *Passionate indictment of slavery and racial prejudice* 1. whites divine punishment not give up sinful ways 2. blacks: * take pride in achievemetns of ancient African civilization * claim rights as Americans **1830**: died mysterious circumstances

Answer 179

Who: publisher in Boston journal **1831**: ***The Liberator*** * Garrrison's weekly published journal New type abolitionism permanent voice **Ideas rejected:** 1. North abrogate Constitution 2. dissolve Union to end complicity **Ideas accepted:** 1. call immediate abolition 2. ***Thoughts on African Conlonization*** persuaded many blacks recognized as part of America

Answer 180

**Movement spread swiftly through North** **Antislavery leaders** took advantage: * developing print technology * expansion of literacy (common schools) _Evangelical ministers same_ * pamphets * newspapers * petitions * novels

Answer 181

* young minister Trained band speakers → **brought abolitionist movement rural North** 1. fervent preaching 2. call renounce immoral ways 3. Slavery = sin

Answer 182

Southerners: **feared slave insurrections** * strengthened by **[Nat Turner's Rebellion](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eleven-5f6b4f6be1b04495a18d159bcdeb269b)** (*few months after The Liberator)* * most abolitionist against violence **"non-resistance" or pacifists** _coercion eliminated human relationships and institutions_ Strategy: **MORAL SUASION** > End slavery persuade slaveowners and complicit northerners slavery evil

Answer 183

_Not_: infiltrating political parties _Did_: awaken nation to moral evil of slavery * language → provocative * "natural liberty" took predecedence over other forms freedom

Answer 184

> native free born must be citizen wanted: 1. same civil rights 2. same "public rights"

Answer 185

_Campaigns:_ 1. rights vote 2. sued streetcar companies excluding blacks 3. challenge discrimination in legislative _Result:_ mostly unsuccessful Victories: 1. **1849**: repeal Ohio's discriminatory **Black Laws** 2. **1855**: racial integration Boston's **public schools**

Answer 186

Abolitionists **debated** Constitution's stance slavery * _William Lloyd Garrison_: burned → "document of the devil" * _Frederick Douglass_: no national protection slavery Result: > Alternative, right-oriented view constitutional law; grounded universal liberty

Answer 187

Literature expand definition cruelty _Why_: graphic descriptions _Result_: popularize idea of **bodily integrity basic right**

Answer 188

* seized **Declaration of Independence** preamble → condemnation of slavery * _Liberty Bell_ status after adoption of symbol

Answer 189

* published account life in bondage * convinced northerners evils of slavery

Answer 190

* novel: ***Uncle Tom's Cabin*** most effective antislavery literature modeled autobiography Josiah Henson * **1851**: serialized Washinton newspaper * **1854**: 1 million copies sold & productions on stage * **powerful human appeal** 1. slaves: sympathetic 2. Christians at mercy slaveholders

Answer 191

* *escaped Maryland slavery as child* **1843** (at gathering): > slaves rise rebellion throw off shackels * odds with belief of moral suasion

Answer 192

**4th July 1852**: greatest oration American slavery (Rockester) * annual Independence Day celebration > What, to slavery, is the 4th of July? * hypocrisy * abolition of slavery & freeding Declaration Independence → recapture original message

Answer 193

Some northerners: abolition lead disrupt Union _Who_: merchants (close commercial ties South) _What_: mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings

Answer 194

**1837**: _Elijah P. Lovejoy_ * antislavery first martyr * killed mob in Alton, Illinois (defended his press) **1838**: burned Pennsylvania Hall * abolitionists hold meetings * *carried portrait George Washington to safety*

Answer 195

**1836**: abolitionists flooded Washington petitions emancipation House Representatives: **_Gag Rule_** * prohibited consideration abolitionist petitions **1844**: _reppealed_ * due to opposition from **John Quincy Adams** 1831: represented Massachusetts

Answer 196

Result: _abolitionists broadened appeal win support northerners_ * cared little black rights * convinced slavery endangered own freedom * Gag Rule very unpopular*

Answer 197

**Public sphere open women** (government and party politics not) Female _letters and diaries:_ * interst in politics Before allowed voting: * circulated petitions * attended mass gatherings * gave public lectures

Answer 198

*Massachusetts school teacher* leading advocate more humane treatment of insane * result: 28 states mental hospitals before Civil War

Answer 199

Crave place public sphere _participation abolitionist movements inspired movement for women's rights_ * working rights of slaves * understood own subordinate status **Angelina and Sarah Grimké:** popular lectures: * condemnation of slavery * first apply abolitionist doctrine (universal freedom) to women

Answer 200

Massachusetts clergymen: denounced sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke * sacrificed "modesty and delicacy" by lectures Response: * defended women's rights in political debate, right share education ***Letters on the Equality of the Sexes*** (**1838**) Sarah Grimké * call equal rights * "equal pay for equal work"

Answer 201

**Elizabeth Cady Stanton** & **Lucretia Mott** * organizers convention * veterans antislavery crusade **1840s**: traveled London delegated **_World Anti-Slavery Convention_** * banned participation due sex * * * **1848**: **_Senanca Falls Convention:_** 1. raised question of woman suffrage (first time) 2. modeled Declaration of Independence * added "women" Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal" * "injuries and usurpation on part of men to women" part list injustices by George III denying voting rights

Answer 202

**1848**: **_Senanca Falls Convention:_** 1. raised question of woman suffrage (first time) 2. modeled Declaration of Independence * added "women" Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal" * "injuries and usurpation on part of men to women" part list injustices by George III denying voting rights

Answer 203

Senanca Falls → **start 77 year struggle suffrage** **Declaration of Sentiments:** * condemned entire structure of inequality: 1. denied women access eduction 2. gave husbands property control and wives' wages 3. restricted them to home

Answer 204

> Women same rights as men develop talents who: * daughter Jeffersonian congressman * Part *[transcendentalist](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422)* circiles * **1840-1842**: edited *The Dial* * **1844**: editor *New York Tribute* * first women achieve important role American journalism* **1845**: ***Women in the Nineteenth Century*** * apply transcendentalist ideas quest personal development **1850**: traveled Europe correspondent for *Tribute* * married Italian patriot * died shipreck + husband and baby

Answer 205

* black abolitionist * **1799**: born NY * **1827**: freedom (*after slavery ended in state)* **1851**: **speech** 1. end idea women to delicate work outside the home 2. taled about experience as a slave > flexed arm, spoken years of hard labor, "And aren't I a women?"

Answer 206

Defenders slavery: > Linked slavery and marriage as natural and just forms of inequality * eliminating one = threaten other

Answer 207

* laws enact married women → property rights _why_: 1. not expand women's rights 2. prevent families losing property during depression of 1837

Answer 208

* far-reaching measures 1. allow married women sign contract 2. buy and sell property 3. keep own wages

Answer 209

* husband right sexual access wife * inflict corporal punishment Courts: * reluctant intervene

Answer 210

1. right to regulate own sexual activities 2. procreated protected state **challenged notion of private life separate federal government**

Answer 211

Feminist thought: > Equality of sexes and sexes' natural differences = coexisted _Debated entered public sphere:_ 1. challenged notion of "[cult of domesticity](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422) " 2. (or) accepted other elements of "femininity: * female reformers bring maternal instincts public life

Answer 212

Caused: **[1]** **role women in antislavery work !** other: **[2]** **fear radicalism impede movement's growth** Garrison's: 1. support women's rights 2. refusal support ida of abolitionist voting/running office Wanted make politcal party: **Liberty Party** nominee: **James G. Birney** * 7000 votes (1/3)

Answer 213

Success: making "_the woman question_" permanent part transatlantic discussion

Answer 214

**1840**: accomplished most important work * **1,000 local antislavery societies in North** * **awakening moral issue slavery** * **(greatest) shattering conspiracy of silence on public debate of slavery**

Answer 215

**2.** Brown was convicted and executed as a criminal, yet he was seen as a hero by many abolitionists.

Answer 216

**2.** Some refused outright to honor it, and some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to evade it.

Answer 217

**3.** The North was increasingly a manufacturing economy and tied with the West, while the South remained agrarian.

Answer 218

**3.** The North was more severely affected than the South.

Answer 219

**4.** Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections.

Answer 220

**2.** They set up a society to encourage people to move there so they could vote against allowing slavery.

Answer 221

**4.** It ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no rights or protection under federal law.

Answer 222

**2.** The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

Answer 223

**2.** The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

Answer 224

**2.** States' rights

Answer 225

**4.** Resistance to the president's policies existed within the Union itself during the war.

Answer 226

**4.** Overall the North had the resource advantage in goods and infrastructure.

Answer 227

**3.** The document freed slaves only in areas of rebellion.

Answer 228

**4.** It would allow Union enlistment of free and newly free blacks and disrupt work in the South.

Answer 229

**3.** Military leadership

Answer 230

**3.** Richmond was the Confederate capital and Petersburg a critical source of supplies by railroad.

Answer 231

**1.** Control of the area would divide the South from critical supply lines.

Answer 232

**2.** The Union won key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg with stronger strategy and leadership.

Answer 233

**2.** Not all slaves left plantations immediately in response to the news out of fear that it was not permanent.

Answer 234

**1.** It also undermined slavery in the border states despite not being in effect there.

Answer 235

**3.** Poor farmers had to borrow against the value of future crops for supplies, creating a cycle of debt they could not escape.

Answer 236

**1.** While living and working conditions were similar, freedmen could choose where to work and no longer faced forced sale and relocation.

Answer 237

**1.** 14th Amendment

Answer 238

**2.** While efforts to gain civil rights for freedmen did not survive, they did have some enduring achievements such as public schools.

Answer 239

**4.** Disenfranchise former slaves and poor whites

Answer 240

**2.** Their use of violence and the threat of violence prevented many freedmen from exercising their rights or resisting local political efforts to undermine them.

Answer 241

**3.** Split in the women's rights movement

Answer 242

**2.** It did not extend suffrage to women.

Answer 243

4. They left application and enforcement of civil rights in the hands of state governments, which stripped away rights for Southern blacks.

Answer 244

**2.** Their success was limited by state governments, but they were the basis for later civil rights activism.

Answer 245

1. Represented end of Native American abiliy to stop American expansion 2. Ended American reliance on British Trade 3. Made Andrew Jackson National celebrity 4. Victory at New Orleans led to National Euphoria 5. Destroyed federalists

Answer 246

labor shortage in New England needed to "sweeten the deal" 1. guarenteed employment housing 2. boardinghouses 3. cash wages 4. social events at the mills *Ended after wave of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 50s*