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AP United States History > Unit 05: Civil War and Reconstruction (1844 - 1877) > Flashcards

Unit 05: Civil War and Reconstruction (1844 - 1877) Flashcards

You’ll learn how the nation expanded and you’ll explore the events that led to the secession of Southern states and the Civil War. Topics may include: • Manifest Destiny • The Mexican–American War • Attempts to resolve conflicts over the spread of slavery • The election of 1860 and Southern secession • The Civil War • Reconstruction On The Exam 10%–17% of score

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1
Q

♣

Chapter 13:

A House Divided

1840 - 1861

♣

A
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2
Q

Dred Scott v. Standfort: (1860s)

A

What:

  • slave taken to territory no slavery
  • declared self a free man and sued

Ruling:

  • Blacks not a citizen→ not sue in federal court
  • Congress not allowed regulate slavery in territories
    nullify Kansas-Nebraska and Compromise of 1850
  • significance: major victory South and turning point in “decade of crisis”
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3
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the “Manifest Destiny” in the 1840s?

A

1840s:

  1. Oregon: joined administration US and Britain
  2. Utah: Part Mexico

Still Americans settling in regions:

1840s: influx belief God intended American reach Pacific Ocean
* “***manifest destiny***” term used describe expansionist spirit

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4
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe Mexican California? How did it relate to Mexico’s independence in 1821?

A

Settlement Oregon:

not directly raise issue slavery

Conquest Mexico: raised questions!

1821: Mexico independence

population: 6.5 million

Northern states (California, New Mexico, Texas) - not very populated

1840: California

  1. commericially linked US
  2. New England ships in region

1846: Life in California

  • Alfred Robinson

> why not extend “area of freedom” by annexation of Caliornia

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5
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe Texas and why did the Spanish government encourage American migration to the region in its initial development?

A
  • First part Mexico → settled large amounts of Americans*
  • non-Indian population: 2000

Why: Spanish government wanted develop region

accepted offer from Moses Austin = colonise with Americans

1820: Austin large land grant

  • after death: Stephan Austin continque plan
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6
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What coused the Texas Revolt?

A

Mexican government alarmed weakening grip in area

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7
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened during the Texas Revolt in 1830?

A
  1. annulled land contracts
  2. barred further emigration from US
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8
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Texas Revolt?

A

Response: Americans demanded greater authonomy within Mexico

leader: Stephan Austin

Who:

  • Tejano elite joined
  • farmers → welcomed economic boom
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9
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did slavery exasturebate the issue with the Texan revolt?

A

Slavery → exacerbated issue

Mexico: abolished slavery

Local authorities: allowed Americans bring slaves with

1835: (Mexican ruler) General Antonio López de Santa Anna → send army impose authority

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10
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Explain the events of the Texas Revolt:

  1. March 6, 1836
  2. April 1836
  3. 1837
  4. 1845
A

Santa Anna’s armies in Texas: Texas Revolt 💣

Rebels:

  1. formed provinsional government
  2. called independence

March 6 1836:

Santa Armies: stormed Alamo

  • killed 187 Americans & Tejano

April 1836: Battle of San Jacinto

leader: Sam Houston (former governor Tennessee)

What: forced Anna recognize Taxan independence

1837: Texas Congress called union with US

Van Buren: shelved question

  • why: feared political issues adding another slave state

1845: American population 150,000

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11
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the John Tyler administration view Texas, how did it change in 1844?

A

Texas annexation → back burner

1844: revived

who: President John Tyler

why: rescue administration securing southerner support

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12
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What letter leaked in April 1844 and how did it relate to slavery?

A

April 1844: letter leaked

who: John C. Calhoun (secutary state)

> linked idea of absorbing Texas directly to the strengthening of slavery in US

Southern hopes:

  • Texas smaller states
  • more representation House
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13
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What decision did Henry Clay and Matrin Van Buren come up with regarding the annexation of Texas in April 1844?

A

Later April 1844:

who: Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren
where: Clay’s Kentucky plantation

what:

> agreed issue letters rejecting immediate annexation on grounds provoking war with Mexico

Result:

  1. Clay: Whig nomination
  2. Van Buren letters = disaster

< >southerners rejected Van Burenfailed receive 2/3 majority votechose: James K. Polk

called “reannexation” Texas

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14
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did James K. Polk view the annexation of Texas in 1844?

A

had to soothe angry Northern Dems:

  1. called “reannexation” Texas
    * texas part of Louisiana Purchase & belonged to US*
  2. “reoccupation” of Oregon
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15
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened in the Election of 1845 with James K. Polk?

A

First “dark horse” candidate

  • nomination unexpected
  • Defeated Clay

March 1845: (one day before inauguration) Texas part Union

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16
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were Polk’s 4 presidential goals? How did they play out?

A

Goals:

  1. reduce tariffs
  2. reestablish Independent Treasury system
  3. Settle disputes over ownership of Oregon
  4. bring California into Union

Results:

  1. soon enacted by Congress
  2. soon enacted by Congress
  3. Divide Oregon: 49th Parallel
  4. more difficult
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17
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did Polk try to aquuire California in 1846?

A

Polk: emissary try to purchase region → refusal

Spring 1846: planning military action

April 1846:

leader: Zachary Taylor
what: moved into region between Nueces River and Rio Grande
* claimed land between Taxes and Mexico

made war inevitable & Polk called declaration of war

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18
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What of Polk’s actions made war with Mexico inevitable?

A

Polk: emissary try to purchase California region → refusal

Spring 1846: planning military action

April 1846:

leader: Zachary Taylor
what: moved into region between Nueces River and Rio Grande
* claimed land between Taxes and Mexico

made war inevitable & Polk called declaration of war

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19
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

When was the Mexican War?

A

1846 - 1848

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20
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How was the Mexican War an American “first?”

A
  1. American conflict on foreign soil
  2. American troops occupied foreign capital
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21
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Who wrote On Civil Disobedience and why?

A

1846: Henry David Thoreau jailed

  • refused pay taxes
  • protest war

wrote: On Civil Disobedience

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22
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did Lincoln view the Mexican War?

A

Critic

  • 1846: elected to Congress from Illinois
  • whig

Questioned:

> did the Mexicans inflict casualties on American soil?

Lincoln’s stance: unpopular

1848: Dems took seet in Congress → critisim war

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23
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How do historic views on the American-Mexico war differ between the USA and Mexico?

A

American view: only footnote in history

Mexican view:

  • central event
  • source resentment
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24
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe the Mexican Cession in 1848?

A

Mexican Cession

when border split: families shattered

New Mexico, California, Navada, Utah

  • 75,000-100,000 Spanish & 150,000 Indians inhabited annexed land

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:

  1. males = “rights of Americans”
    * tried protect Mexicans landowners*
  2. Indians: referred “savages” whom US must prevent from starting incursions into Mexico
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25
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

When did Texas gain independence?

A

1836

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26
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened with Texas’s independence in 1836?

A

Anglos & Tejanos faught together = soon tension

[1] Americans expelled Mexicans:

former allies (believed to be “loyalists to Mexico”)

Juan Seguín:

  • Mayor San Antonio
  • active role in revolt

1842: (still mayor) driven from town

[2] Tejanos = confined agriculture or urban labor

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27
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What Dispute territory between Nueces River and Rio Grande

A
  • claimed Texas and Mexico
  • controlled Comanche Indians
  • power broken 1860s-70s*
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28
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the territorial expansion in 1840 reinforce the connection between race and americanism?

A

1840s: territorial expansion proof innate superiority of “Anglo-Saxon race”

  • literature: link between American freedom and qualities of Anglo-Saxon Protestants
  • (some) expansionists said:

> annex all Mexico failed due fear nation could not assimilate its large non-white Catholic population

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29
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

how were Spanish Mexicans classified in former Mexican territory?

A

Racial definition of former Mexican territory:

“Spanish” Mexicans = white

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30
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was Sutter’s Mill? What happened there in 1848?

A

California non-Indian pop: 15,000

1840s: 5x many emigration to Oregon than California

January 1848: GOLD RUSH

why: gold discovered
where: Sierre Nevada Mountains; sawmill;
* Swiss immigrant: Johann A. Sutter

Result: poured into California

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31
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe the nature of the Gold-Rush population and women:

A

diverse:

  • Mexico and South America
  • Americans
  • Irish, Germans, Italians, Australians
  • Chinese

Women:

  • running resaurants & boardinghouses
  • laundresses, cooks, prostitutes
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32
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What type of mining was used during the Gold-Rush in 1848 and how did it fuel racial tention?

A

early: surface mines exhausted

Required large capital investment

result: worsened competition among races

  • white miners: organizers expell “foreign miners”
  • state legistatures: taxes on foreign miners
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33
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the three disasterous consequences of the Gold-Rush?

A
  1. Overran Indian communities

killed thousands Indians

  1. launch strikes on state’s Indians
    • state officials paied millions bounties private militias

wanted reduce population

  1. Slavery
    • orphan Indians = sold slaves
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34
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the best harbors in the USA during the 1840s?

How did trade with foreign nations increase over this time?

A

Result: American possess magnificent harbors

  1. San Diego
  2. San Franciso

1848-1860: Chinese trade trippled

1850s: started trade Japan

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35
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was Commondore Matthew Perry’s contribution in sea trade?

A

1853-1854: American warship under command sailed Tokyo Harbor

  • japanese agreed to trade
  • 1854: opened 2 ports to American shippping
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36
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Wilmot Proviso of 1846?

A

who: Congressman David Wilmot (Penn)

> Resoltion prohibiting slavery for all territory aquired from Mexico

Result: Party lines crumbled:

  1. Northerners: Wilmot Proviso
  2. Southerners: opposed it
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37
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Why did tention over slavery escalate after 1846?

A

Aquisition of new land

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38
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Free Soil Party (1848) and what was their part in the election of 1848?

A

Opponents of slavery: Free Soil Party

  • Nominated: Martin Van Buren
  • Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams
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39
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened during the Election of 1848?

A

Opponents of slavery: Free Soil Party

  • Nominated: Martin Van Buren
  • Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams

Dems: nominated Lewis Cass

> Decision left to settlers in new terriroty → “popular sovereignty”

Election of 1848:

Van Buren:

  • motivated by events in 1844
  • 300,000 votes from abolitionists

Winner: Zachary Taylor

  • Whig candidate
  • national hero Mexican War
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40
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Why were the Free Soil Party appealing to the Northerners in the 1840s?

A

popular appeal: North

  • exceeded:
    1. abolitionists’ demand for immediate emancipation
    2. equal rights black
  • many resented southern domination of federal government

not want more slave states

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41
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Free Soil Platform of 1848 and how did they difffer from the abolitionists?

A

Northerners: ability move west → economic opportunity

views: merge easily with opposition to expansion of slavery

Free Soil Platform of 1848:

  1. Barring slavery
  2. federal government provide free homestreads to settlers

Difference from abolitionism:

  • apeal to racism widespread in north
  • Wilmot: Controversial proviso → cause for rights for white men & preventing complete with black labor
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42
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did northerners view westwards expansion?

A

northerners: westwards expansion essential economic development

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43
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the “Springtime of nation” of 1848?

A

1848: remembered “Springtime of nation”

  • time democratic uprisings (Europe)
  • demands by ethic minorities

American ideals popular old world

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44
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What developments in Europe took place during the early 1800s?

A

Developments in Europe:

  1. Chartist movement (Great Britain)
  2. French: monarychy → republic
  3. Hungarians independence from Austrian rule
  4. Italy and Germay: divide multiple states

Receded…

  1. Chartist faded away
  2. Napoleon restored monarchy
  3. Hungarian revoltes crushed
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45
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

When did California try to be accepted into the Union?

A

1850: California admitted Union - FREE STATE

opposed many southerners

  • feared upset sectional balance
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46
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Compromise of 1850?

A

1850: California admitted Union - FREE STATE

opposed many southerners

  • feared upset sectional balance

Henry Clay → Compromise of 1850

  1. California enter free state
  2. Slave trade (not institution) abolished nation’s capital
  3. Stringent new law = southerners reclaim runaway slaves
  4. Rest territory aquired Mexico: slavery up white citizens in region (***Wilmot Proviso***)
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47
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the following men view the Compromise of 1850?

  1. Daniel Webster
  2. John C. Calhoun
  3. William H. Seward
  4. Zachary Taylor
  5. Millard Filmore
A
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49
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Fugative Slave Act (1850)?

A

> Federal government authority cases involving runaway slaves

Controversial:

  • able determine fate runaway slaves
  • no jury trail or no testimony form witness
  • called upon citizens capture figitives if called upon

South: supported measures brought federal agents into North

  • slaves more important than state-rights
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50
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Fugative Slave Act (1850)?

A

1850s: 300 cases

Result:

  1. further sectionalism
  2. reinvigorated Underground Railroad

1851: large crowd rescued slave Jerry jail

1851: slaveowner killed tried reacpture slave

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51
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Underground Railroad and what was Sydney Howards Gay’s rol?

A

Due railroad in North: slaves go Canada

1856: Sydney Howard Gay: 200 fugitives to Canada

  • thousands Canada

< >slavesfree blacks worried swept up in Fugitive Act

Challenged notion America asylun for freedom

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52
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Election of 1852?

A

Who: (Dem) Franklin Pierce

Platform: Compromise final settlement of slavery

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53
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the party system give way to sectionalism in 1854?

A

1854: Party System gave into Sectionalism

Senator Stephan A. Douglas → bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska

  • believed western development
  • wanted construct railroad through

Southerners in Congress:

  • not want more free states

Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

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54
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe Stephan A. Douglas’s bill regarding Popular Sovereignity:

A

Popular Sovereignty:Status of slavery determined voters of local settlers

Senator Stephan A. Douglas → bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska

  • believed western development
  • wanted construct railroad through

Southerners in Congress:

  • not want more free states

Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

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55
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Appeal of Independent Democrats regarding Kansas and Nebraska?

A

Kansas and Nebraska: heartland

  1. direct path westwards expansion
  2. slavery (techniqually) prohibited under Missouri compromise (Douglas’s bill repeal)

Response: (group antislavery congressmen) Appeal of the Independent Democrat

* Douglas violation
* **plot convert free territory into slaves**
* convince millions northerners southern leaders aim: extend slavery northwards
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56
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)?

A

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that mandated “popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state’s borders.

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57
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)?

A

Result:

  • shattered dem’s unity
  • reorganization of American politcs

1856: Whig party collapse

1. South: solidly Democrat
2. North: **Republic Party** (*wanted prevent further slavery expansion)*
58
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the 4 components of the Republican Party’s cause in the 1850s?

A
  1. directly caused impact of slavery on traditional party system
  2. reflected underlying economic and social changes
  3. Completion of market revolution
  4. beginning of mass immigration from Europe
59
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the catalyst for economic growth during 1843-1857?

A

1843-1857: explosive economic growth

Catalyst: RAILROAD

  • most construction: Ohio, Illinois, and Northwest
  • Reorientated trade [Northwest’s trade from the South to East]

1850: most western farmers shipped products down Mississippi River

1860: railroads used & cheaper

60
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the Republican party create the groundwork gor political unification in the 1840s?

A

Republican Party: integration of Northwest and Northeast created the groundwork for political unification

61
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the areas of industrial production in the 1850s-1860s?

A
  1. Atlantic Coast:
    • Boston to Philadelphia and Baltimore
  2. Great Lakes:
    • complex manufacturing center

South not share economic changes

62
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Define nativism:

A
  • Nativism*: hostility immigrants (especially Catholics)
  • national politcal movement 1850s
63
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the American (or Know-Nothing) Party in 1854?

A
  1. dedication reserving political office for native-born Americans
  2. resisting “aggression” Catholic Church
  3. Efforts undermine public school system

Massachusetts: swept election

Other states:

“anti-Nebraska” coalitions voters opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act

  1. combined anti-Catholicism & antislavery
  2. (often) opposition liquor
64
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did race and immigration suffrage relate?

A

Despire anti-Irish sentiment → little resistance to suffrage

  • all Europeans immigrants benefitted being white
  • automatically received right to vote
65
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Who formed part of the Republican Party in the 1850s?

A

who:

  1. antislavery Dems
  2. nothern Whigs
  3. Free Soilers
  4. Know-Nothing opposed further expansion of slavery

1856: alternative to Dems

Worldview:

antithesis between “free society” and “slave society”

  • North: progress, opportunity and freedom
66
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did Republicans define northern society and view slavery?

A

Republicans:

> definition northern society: opportunity offered each laborer social mobility → economic independence = freedom

> Slavery: social disorder → slaves, poor whites, no hope of advancement

If spread north: free laborers barred → no opportunity social advancement

Republics:

  • not abolitionists
  • focus prevent spreading
67
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe the Kansas election in 1854-1855 and its result:

A

Hundreds proslavery Missouians → crossed border cast fraudulent ballots

  • President Pierce: recognized legitimacy

Result: Civil War

  1. 200 persons lost lives
  2. May 1856: proslavery mob attacked Lawrence
  3. Called: “Bleeding Kansas”
    • discredit Douglas policy leaving policy up to settlers
    • Aided Republicans
68
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Who were the candidates in the Election of 1856? What was the result?

A

Republican Candidate: John C. Frémont

  • platform: opposed expansion slavery

Democrat Candidate: James Buchanan

  • stung Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • minister to Greaet Britain in 1854 → no direct connection
  • endorced: popular sovereignty

Know-Nothing candidate: Millard Fillmore (ex-president)

Result:

  • Fremont: won North
  • (won) Buchanan: South and Illinois, Indiana, and Pennsylvania
  • Filmore: Maryland
69
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

♣

Chapter 14:

1861 - 1865

A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War

♣

A
70
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What advantages did the Union have?

A

Almost any comparison - favor Union

Population: (1860)

North: 9 million (3.5 million slaves included)

South: 22 million people

Industrial: better North

  1. manufactoring
  2. railroads
  3. More financial resources

Greatest challenge for North:

restore shattered Union

  1. invade and conquer large area
  2. Confederate soldiers: highly motivated
71
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did technology transform the war?

A

Railroads:

first major conflict railroad transported troops & supplies

Ships:

1862: Battle between Monitor (Union vessel) and Merrimac (Confederate)

  • famous sea battle
  • first demonstration superiority of ironclads over wooden ships
  • revolutionized naval warfare

Telegraph:

  • military communication

Others:

  • observation balloons
  • primitive hand grenades
  • submarines

Rifle replace musket

due to revolution in arms manufacturing

  • only work short range

Rifle: 600 yards

Result: changed nature of combat

  • importance of heavy fortifications
  • trenches

Implications:

  1. Gave defendants advantage
  2. appalling casualties
72
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did both sides employ propaganda?

A

Used both sides

Union:

sheet music, pamphlets, lithographs

Who: War Department and partriotic organizations

What:

  1. reaffirmed northern values
  2. tarred Des
  3. accused South of crimes

Similar in Confederacy

News:

  1. War correspondents
  2. Newspapers reported results battles next day
    • results battles next day
    • published long lists casualties
  3. War’s brutallity brought American homes
73
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How were both sides unprepared with the starts of the war in 1861?

A

{1} No national railroad guauge

{2} No national banking system

{3} No tax system capable raising economic funds needed

{4} No accurate maps of southern states

{5} Problem puchasing and distributing food, weapons, other supplies

Union: eventually best fed and supplies military force in history

Confederacy: acute shortages

74
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What role did slavery play in the war?

A

Effect of the War on Slavery:

Civil War → far-reaching changes in American life

Most dramatic: DESTRUCTION OF SLAVERY

  • central American South
    • *

Lincoln views on slavery:

Lincoln insisted: slavery irrelevant conflict

First few years: paramount concern keep border slave states in the Union

  • action against slavery drive away
    • *

Congress and slavery (initial years):

Congress: unanimous resolution affirmed Union not intention interfering slavery.

proposed: Senator John J. Crittenden

Other movements:

Northern military commanders returned fugitive slaves

Unravaled plan ignore slavery:

Confederacy: slaves work laborers → escape Unions

1861: Military plan

who: General Benjamin F. Butler

what:

  • escaped blacks as contraband of war
  • “the contrabands”
  • taken to “contraband camps” and educated in “contraband schools”

Actions propel American to Emanipation:

1861-1862: federal army occupied Confederate territory

1000s slaves headed to Union lines

  • included women and children → passes along valuable information
75
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What were the Radical Republican’s confiscation acts in the 1860s?

A

Appeals increasing support Congress

March 1862:

> Congress prohibited army returning fugitive slaves

Then:

> Abolition in the District of Columbia

July 1862: Second Confiscation Act

> liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory & escapees
little effect, Lincoln refuse to enforce it

76
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did Lincoln views change on emancipation in the summer of 1862?

A

> Emancipation political and military necessity

Factors contribute to decision:

  1. lack military success
  2. Hope emancipated slaves join ranks
  3. Changing northern public opinion
  4. making slavery a target of war effort slavery = counteract sentiment in Britain for Confederacy
77
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamatin in 1862? What was the reaction?

A

September 22, 1862: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

  • after McClellan forced Lee retreat at Antietam

> Warned unless South laid down army end 1862, he decree abolition

Reaction:

Initial northern reaction:

1862 Election: Dems opposition to emancipation center campaign

78
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

A

January 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation

  • not liberty all slaves →
  • Exempted areas under firm Union control
    why: president’s authority as military commander to combat South’s rebels
    1. not apply border states
    2. not apply areas of Conderacy under Union soldier control
  • Vast majority South’s slaves - 3 million - freed
79
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Emancipation Proclamation’s legacy?

A

Marked:

  1. altered nature Civil War
  2. changed course American history
  3. turning point changed Lincoln’s views:
    • allow black enlist army
    • not recind after peacetime
80
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What were blacks’ involvement in the Civil War armies?

A

Before war: sailing one only occupations open free blacks

  • allowed served Union ships

Outset:

  • feared enlisting blacks → whites not want to fight
  • alienate border slave states

End war:

  1. 180,000 Union army
  2. 24,000 in navy
81
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

Describe black’s treatment in the union army?

A

NOT equal treatment

  1. Segregated units
  2. abusive white officers
  3. lower pay
  4. disproportionatly assigned labor rather than combat
  5. not rise rank of commissioned officer (until end war)
  6. Some killed after surrendering in battle
82
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Gettysburg Address?

A

November 1863: (Lincoln)

where: remarks at dedication of military cemetery at site war’s greatest battle

what:

  • finest speech

> All men are created equal → new birth freedom

  • defined essence of democratic government’
83
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the religious justification for the Civil War?

A

Saw every aspect American life:

  1. increased patriotism
  2. increased national power

northern Protestant clery: religious justification war

Religious press:

  • more military and political developments than spiritual
  • christianity and patriotism = joined civil religion
  • war → God’s mechanism for ridding world slavery

Southern clergy: slavery represent God’s will

84
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What arbitrary arrests and suspension took place during the war?

A

Intense nationalism → [1] criticize war effort & [2] criticize Lincoln administration

Republican equivalent treason

Result: Arbitrary arrests - 1000s

Who:

  • opposition newspaper editors
  • Dems
  • individuals who discouraged enlistment army
  • ordinary civilians

Constitution:

unclear who possessed power suspend writs of habeas corpus

  • Lincoln claimed right under presidential war
  • twice suspended writ through entire Union
85
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

1866: Ex parte Milligan

A

Supreme Court case: Justice David Davis

> Unconstitutional bring accused persons before military tribunals where civil courts opened

Result:

  • most arrested quickly released
  • Democratic press flourish

But the policies of the Lincoln administration offered proof—to be repeated during later wars—of the fragility of civil liberties in the face of assertive patriotism and wartime demands for national unity.

86
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What were Lincoln’s presidency’s far-reaching changes?

A

{1} Effort mobilize resources:

  1. enhanced federal government power
  2. rising class capitalist entrepreneurs

{2} North experienced wartime prosperity

why:

  1. nourished wartime inflation
  2. government contract
  3. profits of industry boomed

New England:

mills worked → supply army blankets & uniforms

Pennsylvania:

coal mines & ironworks → expanded production

{3} Mechanization

  • increased production
  • supply boot, shoes, and meatpacking

{4} Agriculture

  • farm boys by 100s joined army
  • immigrants replaced lost labor
87
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What land grants took place under Lincoln’s presidency?

A

New nation-state: committed rapid economic development

  1. Homestead Act
  2. Transcontinental Railroad
    • who: Union Pacific & Central Pacific
    • wht: build railroads from Missouri River to Pacific coast
    • 20,000 men work
    • 1860: complete
88
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

Why did the Cherokee nation side with the Confederacy?

A

Tribe owned slaves (Cherokee) → sided Confederacy

After 1865:

  1. forced cede much land
  2. accept former slaves into Cherokee nation
  3. Cherokee constitution: recently amended exclude descendants of slaves from citizenship
89
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did Lincoln finance the war?

A

Dramatic changes in financial policy

Raise Money:

  • increased tariff a lot
  • promote growth northern industry*
  • new taxes production and consumption goods
  • enacted nation’s first income tax
  • Borrowed $2 billion
    1. selling interest bearing bondss
    2. creating lots national debts
  • Printed $400 million “greenbacks”

Rationalize banking:

  • system nationally chartered banks
  • purchase government bonds
  • issued bank notes as currency
90
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

Who were the “Captains of Industry” after WW2?

A

Americans lead reshaping nation’s postwar economy: (& fortunes)

  1. Andrew Carnegie

Iron & steel entrepreneur

  1. John D. Rockefeller

oil magnate

  1. Jay Gould and J.P. Morgan

financiers

  1. Philip D. Armour

supplied bief army

Escaped military service:

  1. purchasing exemptions
  2. hiring substitutes
91
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did the war open new opportunities for women in industry?

A

Took advantage of wartime labor shortage

  1. Factory jobs
  2. Largly male professions (nursing)
  3. Clerks in government

Mostly short-term opportunities:

Some lasted longer:

  • retail slaes
  • nursing

Women in organizations:

  1. Money
  2. Medical supplies
  3. Sent books, clothing, food,
92
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

Describe the nature of the the Jefferson Davis adminisration in the south?

A

Jefferson Davis

who: President Confederacy

  • not able rally public support
  • lacked Lincoln’s political flexibility and communicate war’s meaning effectively to public

Centralizing the South

Under Davis: Confederation more centralized than Old South

Successes Government:

  1. armies from scratch
  2. control southern railroad
  3. built manufacturing plants

Failures Government:

ineffective utilizing South’s major resource: COTTON

  1. early war: suppressed cotton production & export
    * produce food*
  2. Wanted promote economic self-sufficientcy
  3. Wanted force Great B (dependent cotton) support Confederacy: “King Cotton Diplomacy”
93
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did the “King Cotton Diplomacy” work in the south?

A

“King Cotton Diplomacy” = ineffective

Consequences Confederate policy:

Nations realized overdependence cotton → move expand production

Britian:

  • promoted cultivation in Egypt & Indian

Russia:

  • promote cultivation Central Asia

Result:

directly led worldwise crisis → overproduction of cotton → prices decline → impoverished farmers worldwide

94
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the “Twenty-negro” provision?

A

South → divided

Grievances: DRAFT

  • allowed to provide substitute
  • “Twenty-negro” provision: exempted one white male for every 20 slaves

> “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”

95
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

How did the South try to finance the war?

A

Union & Confederacy → borrow heavily finance war

Taxes:

  • planter-dominated Confederate Congress
  • not want heavy taxes on planters

Actions:

  1. printed $1.5 billion (more greenbacks)
  2. authorized military officers:
    • seize farm goods supply army
    • pay worthless paper money

Response:

  • Small farmers: resented practice
  • food riots broke out
  • 1864:
    1. Organized peace movements
    2. secret pro-Union societies
96
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What roles did women take on during the Civil War in the south?

A

Wartime roles for women:

Alone farms and plantations:

  1. manage affairs
  2. discipline slaves

Similar as the North:

  1. run commercial establishments
  2. work in arms factories
  3. “government girls” in clerckships

Women mobilizing for assistance:

War resulted: political mobilization (first time) non-slaveholding white women

  • without husbands: not feed family
  • flooded Confederate authorities with petitions
  • began distributing to the needy
97
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the sourthern debate about arming the slaves?

A

why: shortage white manpower

what:

authorized arming of slaves fight for South

response:

  • many slaveholders resisted
  • Confederate Senate rejected it

March 1865: Congress authorized law

War ended before recruitment blacks began

did employ them laborers

But the South’s decision to raise black troops illustrates how the war undermined not only slavery but also the proslavery ideology.

98
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What happened at the Battle of Gettysburg? (July 3, 1863)

A
  • Lee: another invasion of the North (tactic unclear)

Union leader: General George G. Meade

where: Gerrysburg, Penn

what:

  • largest battle NA continent
  • Lee’s greatest blunder
99
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Battle of Vicksburg (July 4, 1863)?

A

Union significant victory in West

Late 1862:

  • Grant moved into Mississippi
  • Direct attack failed → siege

July 4, 1863:

  • Vicksburg surrendered
  • Entire Mississippi Valley in Union hands
100
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Sea Islands Experiment and who was the Gideon Band?

A

“Rehearsal for Reconstruction”

  • Band most famous
    where: Sea Islands, South Carolina

November 1861: Union navy occupied island

  • entire white population fled
  • 10,000 slaves remained

Gideon’s Band: committed to uplifting the freed slaves

  • taught free blacks
    • *

Northerners believe transition from slave to free labor:

enabling blacks work for wages in more humane conditions

Land for sale:

  1. bought northern investors
  2. bent demonstrating superiority of free wage labor & profit

1865: Sea Island Experiment

  • success
  • bequeathed postwar Reconstruction the contentious issue of whether landownership should accompany black freedom
101
Q

What were the effects of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe?

A

over million copies and adapted into plays

similar to Common Sense

102
Q

What happened at the Lincoln-Douglas Debate in 1858?

A

Lincoln and Stephan Douglas

Douglas:

  • destroyed carerrs
  • attempted to defend popular sovereignty (Freeport Doctrine)
  • tried depict Lincoln abolitionist
103
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan (1863)?

A

Political status African-Americans: divide politics

1863: Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction

  • amnesty and full restoration of rights
  • property except for slaves
  • white southerners oath of loyalty
  • offered no role to blacks in shaping post-slavery order

1860: 10% voters took oath ****

elect new state government required abolish slavery

104
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

What was the Wade-Davis Bill (1864)?

A

New political group: free blacks of New Orleans

  • saw Union occupation: opportunity press for equality before law and role in government for selves
  • complained about exclusion of Lincoln’s laws
  • Radical Republicans symapthetic

Summer 1864: Wade-Davis Bill

  1. required majority (not 1/10) of white male southerners pledge support
  2. guaranteed blacks equality before the law

Result:

  • bill passed Congress
  • died Lincoln refused to vote
105
Q

Chapter 14: Civil War

Thirteenth Amendment (Jan 31, 1865)?

A

Abolished slavery through the entire Union

106
Q

What happened when Lincoln took the Confederate Capital?

A

April 2, 1865: Grant broke through Lee’s lines at Petersburg

  • Richmond defenseless

April 3, 1865: Took capital

April 4, 1865: Licoln walked streets of Richmond

April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

WAR WON

April 11, 1865: Last speech

  • called limited black suffrage in South

April 14, 1865: President Mortally wounded

  • where: Ford’s Theatre (capital)
  • who: John Wilkes Booth (actor)
  • died next morning
107
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

♣

Chapter 15:

(1865-1877)

The Recontruction Era

♣

A
108
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the issue regarding “freedom” after the Civil War?

A

What is freedom:

  1. Only abolition?
  2. What rights for blacks?
    • equal rights
    • vote
    • ownership of property

African-American view:

shaped by experience & observation of society

Freedom: escaping slavery

  • lash
  • separation in rights
  • sexual exploitation
109
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What were free slaves ideas about what freedom ment?

A

FS idea of freedom: directly related to property ownership

  • new land → communities free white control
  • thought: through unpaid labor - aquired right to land

1865: Some Parts South

blacks seized property → belonged to them

FS resembed white Americans:

  1. self-ownership
  2. family stability
  3. religious liberty
  4. political participation
  5. economic autonomy

Difference between races:

Whites: freedom brithrigh

FS: open-ended process

  • transformation every aspects of lives

During Reconstruction shape national debate

110
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

How did the Republican North view freedom?

A

Republican North View freedom:

Central: principle of free labor

Also: “GOOD SOCIETY”

  1. emancipated blacks (same opportunity northern workers) = more productive
  2. [1] Northern capital & [2] migarnts = energize economy
111
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

How did land ownership cause conflict between freed-slaves and planters after the CW?

A

Planters: wanted labor system close slavery possible

FS: economic autonomy & access to land

Result: conflict over control of labor

Freedman’s Bereau (March 1865):

  • established Congress
  • establish working labor system

Planters: try replace workforce with Chinese

  • government opposed efforts
112
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the Freemen’s Bureau (1865)?

A

Director: O.O. Howard

Establishment:

  • experiment government social policy
  • more related New Deal of 1930s or Great Society of 1960s than 19th century America

Purpose:

  • establish schools,
  • aid to poor and aged
  • settle disputed between blacks and whites
  • secure equal treatment in courts

Existance: 1865-1870

Peak: fewer 1000 agents in South

Achievements:

notably education and health care

  • 150,000 pupils
  • equal health care treatment
113
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

How did Andrew Jackson undermine the land reform movements after taking office?

A

Law of bureau: authority to divide (abandoned & confiscated) land 40 acre plots

Andrew Jackson:

Lincoln’s successor

1865: nearly all land returned former owners

  • Result: confrontations
    1. South Carolina and Georgia: army forceably remove blacks
    2. Petitions to government

Result of no distribution of land:

Most rural freed people: poor without property during Reconstruction

Result:

  1. work white-owned plantations

Men: farm work, unskilled labor, service jobs

Women: private homes, cooks, and maids

  1. Feeling debrayal

> “We were not given a thing but freedom”

114
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was sharecropping?

A

Sharecropping: new system of labor

  • dominate Cotton Belt & Tobacco Belt

Initially:

  1. compromise between blacks and whites
  2. demand laborers

What:

  • black family rent part plantation
  • crop divided between workers and owners

Garenteed labor force

Limitations:

world market

  • price farm products suffered
115
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the crop-lien system?

A

Due to wartime destruction:

  • events permanently effected yeomen farmers
  • loss of freedom

What:

  • to obtain supplies from merchants
  • pledge a part as collateral

Issue:

  1. Interest high
  2. still debt after markering crops

Result:

had to continue planting cotton obtain new loans

  • some became sharecroppers

Both black and white farmers: in sharecropping and crop-lien systems

116
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What were Johnson’s programmes during the Presidential Recontruction (1865-1867)?

A

May 1865: Plan reuniting Union

Series proclamations

  • began period of Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)*
    1. offered pardon nearly all whites with oath allegiance Union

excluded:

< >Confederate leadersvery wealthy planters

appointed provinsional governors

* call state convensions
* elected whites alone
* *laissez-faire* governing

except:

    1. abolish slavery
    2. repudiate secession
    3. refuse pay Congederate debt
117
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What were The Black Codes (1865-1866)?

A

1865-1866: Black Codes

  • most opposition to Johnson
  • passed new southern government

What:

  1. blacks certain rights:
    • legalized marriage
    • ownership property
  2. Limited access to couts
    • not testify courts
    • not serve jury
    • not vote
    • not militia
  3. those failed sign yearly labor contracts: arrested & hired to whites
118
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the reaction to the black codes?

A

General: few groups rebels treated as leniently as defeated Confederates

  • handful leaders arrested
  • mostly released
  • Henry Wirz: executed

Commander Andersonville prison

1000s Union soldiers died

What turned north against Johnson:

not: desire punish south
what: inability accept reality of emancipation

119
Q
A

Early 1866: Senator Lyman Trumbull

2 bills:

  1. extended Freedman’s Bureau
  2. Civil Rights Bill of 1866

What:

  1. defined all persons born in US as citizn
  2. spelled out rights they were to enjoy (without regard to race)
  • Equality before the law
  • Free labor values
  • States not remove laws

Johnson:

voetoed both bills

Why:

  1. centralize authority & deprive states authority
  2. blacks not deserve rights of citizenship

April 1866: Civil Rights Bill first major law in American history to passed over presidential veto

120
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the 14th Amendment (1868)?

A

Congress’s plan of Reconstruction

What:

  1. placed in Constitution principle of birthright citizenship
    • not for Native Americans (subject tribal authority)
    • empowered federal government protect rights all Americans
  2. Prohibited states abridging “privileges or immunities” of citizens or denying any person equal rights

Limitations:

  • not give black suffrage

Enforcement:

if state denied vote any group → state’s representation Congress reduced

  • not apply states barred women from voting

Voting in South:

Abolition slavery: threatened increased southern representation

  • Three-Fifths no longer apply; all note
  • Southerners chioce:
    1. keep full representation with black vote
    2. limit representation - sacrifice part power

Significance:

  • Initial Bill of Rights: prohibit Congress infringing state rights
  • Amendment: prohibit states infringing natural rights
121
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the Radical Reconstruction Period (until 1877)?

A

Northern congressional election: Republicans beat Johnson

President urding: every southern state (except Tennessee) rusfused ratify Amendment

Result:

  • pushed moderate Republicans = radicals

March 1867: Reconstruction Act

regarless veto

Radical Reconstruction period (until 1877)

  1. divede South 5 military districts
  2. creation new state government
  3. blacks right vote
122
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the Tenure of Office Act (1867)?

A

Barred president removing office holders without Senate consent

  • Johnson see unconstitutional

February 1868: dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton

IMPEACHMENT (1 vote short of removal)

123
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

1870: Fifteenth Amendment

A

Prohibited federal and state government from denying citizen right to vote because of race

Accumulation 4 decades abolitionist work

Limitations:

  1. restrictions not explicitly based on race
    • literacy test
    • property qualifications
    • poll tax
  2. not women
124
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Describe how the reconstruction transformed relationship between federal government and states:

A

Transformed relationship between federal government and states:

Bill of Rights: linked civil liberties to autonomy of states

  • refected belief strong national government danger to freedom

Reconstruction Amendments:

  • rights required national government power
125
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Describe black officeholders during the Recontruction.

A

Republican party: bulk black support

  • AA not control Reconstruction policies
  • highest offices: white hands
  • South Carolina* (blacks 60% pop): only place blacks majority legislature

House of Representatives: 14

Senate: 2

  • First black senator: Hiram Revels
  • Second: Blanche K. Bruce

Effect:

  • real difference
  • blacks accused crime: juries
  • enforcing fairness
126
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Who were the Carpetbaggers and Scalawags?

A

New southern governments - new power group of whites: Carpetbaggers

  • Reconstruction officials northerners who made homes in South

Some corrupt

Majority: former Union soldiers decided remain South

Scalawags:

  • most white Republicans born south
  • “traitors” of their race and region*
  • many Unionists
  • cooperate with Republicans in order prevent rebels from returning to power
127
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Describe the reconstruction government in the south.

A

Greatest achievement: establishing South’s first state-supported public school

  • both blacks and whites
  • segregated in schools

Also: pioneered civil rights legislation

  • illegal discrimination on basis of race: hotels, railroads
  • equal citizenship

Also: strengthening position of rural laborers & promote economy

  • laws ensure agricultural laborers & shopkeepers → first claim on harvested crops
  • 1876 Land Commission:

14,000 blacks and few whites → own farms

128
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Who and why were there opponents to the reconstruction?

A

Sources opposition

Who: Southern traditional leaders

planters, merchants, Dems

Corruption in Reconstruction:

  • did exist
  • not confined race, religion, or party

what:

1. states scramble for influence
2. bribery, insider dealings * less than Whiskey Ring, Tweed Ring

Reason opposition

  1. Taxes for schools, railroads, public facilities
  2. Poor people’s economic situation not improve
  3. (Most basic) not accept idea of former slaves voting
    • campaign of violence
    • fundamental change Reconstruction government and SOuth
129
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What voilence occured in post-war south?

A

Blacks assaulted and murdered

  1. refusing give way to whites
  2. “insolent” language
  3. challenging end-year settlements
  4. attempting to buy land

Secret societies:

  • aim preventing blacks voting & destroying Republic Party
130
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Who were the Ku Klux Klan and what was their “Reign of Terror”?

A

Terrorist organization

  • served military army for Dems in South
  • Some most brutal criminal acts in American HIstory

Launched “Reign of Terror”

Victims:

  • blacks
  • white Republicans: Unionists and local officeholders, teachers, organizers

Most violent: AA

why: leaders, land owners, defied norms white supremacy

What:

  1. assault
  2. terrorism and insurgencies

Bloodiest act of violence: Colfax Massacre of 1873

1873 Colfax, Louisiana

  • whites assuled with small canon
  • multiple blacks died
131
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the response to the Colfax Massacre of 1873?

A

1870 - 1871: 3 Enforcement Acts

  1. outlawed terrorist societies
  2. allowing president use army against them

1871: President Grant dispatched federal marshals

  • arrested 100s klan members
  • some fled South
  • Series well publicized trails → Klan out existance

1872: first time since before war peace

132
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Describe the north’s retreat from reconstructionism after 1872.

A

[1] After 1872: Liberal attack on Reconstruction

  • blacks reason for Reconstruction failure
  • “mass black barbarism”

Solution: restore whites to political power

[2] 1873: Economic Depression

severely effected South

  1. weakened prospects of revivals

[3] Dems substantial gains in election of 1874

  • took control House of Representatives
133
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

A

what:

final piece Reconstruction legistation

Outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accomdation (hotels and theaters)

134
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

A

> Fourteenth Amendment not altered traditional federalism

Most right → under state control

135
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

A

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

> Gutted Enforcement Acts by trowing out convictions of some those responsible for Colfax Massacre of 1873

136
Q

Chapter 15: (1865-1877) The Reconstruction

Who were the Redeemers?

A

Post-war democrats

> “slaved” South from corruption, and north from black control

137
Q

What happened during the election of 1876?

A

Presidential campaign of 1876:

Events in 1876 (South Carolina) > directly effected campaign

Republican nominee: Governor Rutherford B. Hayes

Dem nominee: Samuel J. Tilden

only 3 Southern states → Rep control

  • whoever win states = win
    • *

January 1877: Congress appointed fifteen-member Electoral Commission

  • Republicans 8 - 7 majority

Result: Hayes president

Bargain of 1877:

Reps:

  1. agree recognize Dems control entire South
  2. Dems not investigate election

Dems:

  1. Not dispute Hayes’ right to office
  2. respect civil and political rights blacks
138
Q

How did Lincoln and Davis increase central power during the Civil War?

A
  • (D) imposed taxes
  • (D&J) suspended writ of habeas corpus
  • (L) national currency - green backs
139
Q
A
140
Q
A

AP United States History (9 decks)

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