Unit 05: Civil War and Reconstruction (1844 - 1877) Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided When did Texas gain independence?

Answer 1

*Anglos* & *Tejanos* faught together = **soon tension** **[1]** Americans expelled Mexicans: former allies (believed to be "loyalists to Mexico") **Juan Seguín:** * Mayor San Antonio * active role in revolt **1842**: (still mayor) driven from town **[2]** *Tejanos* = confined agriculture or urban labor

Answer 2

* claimed Texas and Mexico * controlled **Comanche Indians** * power broken 1860s-70s*

Answer 3

**1840s**: territorial expansion proof **innate superiority of "Anglo-Saxon race"** * literature: link between American freedom and qualities of Anglo-Saxon Protestants * (some) expansionists said: > annex all Mexico failed due fear nation could not assimilate its large non-white Catholic population

Answer 4

Racial definition of former Mexican territory: ## Footnote **"Spanish" Mexicans = white**

Answer 5

California non-Indian pop: 15,000 **1840s**: 5x many emigration to Oregon than California **January 1848**: **GOLD RUSH** why: gold discovered where: Sierre Nevada Mountains; sawmill; * Swiss immigrant: **Johann A. Sutter** Result: poured into California

Answer 6

diverse: * Mexico and South America * Americans * Irish, Germans, Italians, Australians * Chinese Women: * running resaurants & boardinghouses * laundresses, cooks, prostitutes

Answer 7

early: *surface mines exhausted* Required large capital investment result: worsened competition among races * white miners: organizers expell "foreign miners" * state legistatures: taxes on foreign miners

Answer 8

1. **Overran Indian communities** killed thousands Indians 2. **launch strikes on state's Indians** * state officials paied millions bounties private militias wanted reduce population 3. **Slavery** * orphan Indians = sold slaves

Answer 9

Result: American possess magnificent harbors 1. San Diego 2. San Franciso **1848-1860**: Chinese trade trippled **1850s**: started trade Japan

Answer 10

**1853-1854**: American warship under command sailed Tokyo Harbor * japanese agreed to trade * **1854**: opened 2 ports to American shippping

Answer 11

who: Congressman David Wilmot (Penn) > Resoltion prohibiting slavery for all territory aquired from Mexico Result: **Party lines crumbled:** 1. Northerners: ***Wilmot Proviso*** 2. Southerners: opposed it

Answer 12

Aquisition of new land

Answer 13

Opponents of slavery: **Free Soil Party** * Nominated: **Martin Van Buren** * Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams

Answer 14

Opponents of slavery: **Free Soil Party** * Nominated: **Martin Van Buren** * Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams Dems: nominated **Lewis Cass** > Decision left to settlers in new terriroty → "popular sovereignty" * * * **Election of 1848:** **Van Buren:** * motivated by events in **[1844](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588)** * 300,000 votes from abolitionists Winner: **Zachary Taylor** * Whig candidate * national hero Mexican War

Answer 15

popular appeal: **North** * exceeded: 1. abolitionists' demand for immediate emancipation 2. equal rights black * many resented southern domination of federal government not want more slave states

Answer 16

Northerners: ability move west → economic opportunity views: merge easily with opposition to expansion of slavery **Free Soil Platform of 1848:** 1. Barring slavery 2. federal government provide free homestreads to settlers Difference from abolitionism: * apeal to racism widespread in north * Wilmot: Controversial proviso → cause for rights for white men & preventing complete with black labor

Answer 17

northerners: westwards expansion essential economic development

Answer 18

**1848**: remembered ***"Springtime of nation"*** * time democratic uprisings (Europe) * demands by ethic minorities American ideals popular old world

Answer 19

Developments in Europe: 1. Chartist movement (Great Britain) 2. French: monarychy → republic 3. Hungarians independence from Austrian rule 4. Italy and Germay: divide multiple states Receded... 1. Chartist faded away 2. Napoleon restored monarchy 3. Hungarian revoltes crushed

Answer 20

**1850**: California admitted Union - FREE STATE opposed many southerners * feared upset sectional balance

Answer 21

**1850**: California admitted Union - FREE STATE opposed many southerners * feared upset sectional balance **Henry Clay** → **Compromise of 1850** 1. California enter free state 2. Slave trade (not institution) abolished nation's capital 3. Stringent new law = southerners reclaim runaway slaves 4. Rest territory aquired Mexico: slavery up white citizens in region (\*\*\*[Wilmot Proviso](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588)\*\*\*)

Answer 22

> Federal government authority cases involving runaway slaves **Controversial**: * able determine fate runaway slaves * no jury trail or no testimony form witness * called upon citizens capture figitives if called upon South: supported measures brought federal agents into North * slaves more important than state-rights

Answer 23

1850s: 300 cases _Result:_ 1. further sectionalism 2. reinvigorated **Underground Railroad** **1851**: large crowd rescued slave Jerry jail **1851**: slaveowner killed tried reacpture slave

Answer 24

Due railroad in North: slaves go Canada **1856**: **Sydney Howard Gay**: 200 fugitives to Canada * thousands Canada \< \>slavesfree blacks worried swept up in Fugitive Act *Challenged notion America asylun for freedom*

Answer 25

_Who_: (Dem) **Franklin Pierce** Platform: Compromise final settlement of slavery

Answer 26

**1854**: Party System gave into Sectionalism Senator **Stephan A. Douglas** → **bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska** * believed western development * wanted construct railroad through Southerners in Congress: * not want more free states Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Answer 27

_Popular Sovereignty_:Status of slavery determined voters of local settlers Senator **Stephan A. Douglas** → **bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska** * believed western development * wanted construct railroad through Southerners in Congress: * not want more free states Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Answer 28

Kansas and Nebraska: heartland 1. _direct path westwards expansion_ 2. _slavery (techniqually) prohibited under Missouri compromise (Douglas's bill repeal)_ Response: (group antislavery congressmen) ***Appeal of the Independent Democrat*** * Douglas violation * **plot convert free territory into slaves** * convince millions northerners southern leaders aim: extend slavery northwards

Answer 29

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that mandated “popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders.

Answer 30

Result: * shattered dem's unity * **reorganization of American politcs** **1856**: **Whig party collapse** 1. South: solidly Democrat 2. North: **Republic Party** (*wanted prevent further slavery expansion)*

Answer 31

1. **directly caused impact of slavery on traditional party system** 2. reflected underlying **economic and social changes** 3. **Completion of market revolution** 4. beginning of **mass immigration from Europe**

Answer 32

**1843-1857**: explosive economic growth Catalyst: _RAILROAD_ * most construction: Ohio, Illinois, and Northwest * Reorientated trade [Northwest's trade from the South to East] **1850**: most western farmers shipped products down Mississippi River **1860**: railroads used & cheaper

Answer 33

Republican Party: integration of _Northwest_ and _Northeast_ created the groundwork for political unification

Answer 34

1. Atlantic Coast: * Boston to Philadelphia and Baltimore 2. Great Lakes: * complex manufacturing center ## Footnote ***South not share economic changes***

Answer 35

* Nativism*: hostility immigrants (especially Catholics) - national politcal movement 1850s

Answer 36

1. dedication reserving political office for native-born Americans 2. resisting "aggression" Catholic Church 3. Efforts undermine public school system Massachusetts: swept election Other states: "anti-Nebraska" coalitions voters opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act 4. combined anti-Catholicism & antislavery 5. (often) opposition liquor

Answer 37

Despire anti-Irish sentiment → little resistance to suffrage * all Europeans immigrants benefitted being white * **automatically received right to vote**

Answer 38

who: 1. antislavery Dems 2. nothern Whigs 3. Free Soilers 4. Know-Nothing opposed further expansion of slavery **1856**: alternative to Dems Worldview: antithesis between "free society" and "slave society" * North: progress, opportunity and freedom

Answer 39

Republicans: > _definition northern society_: opportunity offered each laborer social mobility → economic independence = freedom > _Slavery_: social disorder → slaves, poor whites, no hope of advancement If spread north: free laborers barred → no opportunity social advancement * * * Republics: * not abolitionists * focus prevent spreading

Answer 40

Hundreds proslavery Missouians → crossed border cast **fraudulent ballots** * President Pierce: recognized legitimacy Result: **_Civil War_** 1. 200 persons lost lives 2. **May 1856**: proslavery mob attacked Lawrence 3. Called: ***"Bleeding Kansas"*** * discredit Douglas policy leaving policy up to settlers * Aided Republicans

Answer 41

Republican Candidate: **John C. Frémont** * platform: opposed expansion slavery Democrat Candidate: **James Buchanan** * stung Kansas-Nebraska Act * minister to Greaet Britain in 1854 → no direct connection * endorced: popular sovereignty Know-Nothing candidate: **Millard Fillmore** (ex-president) * * * Result: * Fremont: won North * **(won)** Buchanan: South and Illinois, Indiana, and Pennsylvania * Filmore: Maryland

Answer 42

*Almost any comparison - favor Union* Population: **(1860)** North: 9 million (3.5 million slaves included) South: 22 million people Industrial: **better North** 1. manufactoring 2. railroads 3. More financial resources _Greatest challenge for North:_ restore shattered Union 1. invade and conquer large area 2. Confederate soldiers: highly motivated

Answer 43

**Railroads:** first major conflict railroad transported troops & supplies * * * **Ships:** **1862**: Battle between ***Monitor*** (Union vessel) and ***Merrimac*** (Confederate) * famous sea battle * first demonstration superiority of **ironclads** over wooden ships * revolutionized naval warfare * * * **Telegraph:** * military communication **Others:** * observation balloons * primitive hand grenades * submarines ***Rifle*** replace musket due to revolution in arms manufacturing * only work short range Rifle: 600 yards Result: changed nature of combat * importance of heavy fortifications * trenches Implications: 1. *Gave defendants advantage* 2. appalling casualties

Answer 44

Used both sides **Union**: sheet music, pamphlets, lithographs Who: War Department and partriotic organizations What: 1. reaffirmed northern values 2. tarred Des 3. accused South of crimes *Similar in Confederacy* News: 1. **War correspondents** 2. Newspapers **reported results battles next day** * results battles next day * published long lists casualties 3. War's brutallity brought American homes

Answer 45

{1} No national railroad guauge {2} No national banking system {3} No tax system capable raising economic funds needed {4} No accurate maps of southern states {5} Problem puchasing and distributing food, weapons, other supplies Union: eventually best fed and supplies military force in history Confederacy: acute shortages

Answer 46

_Effect of the War on Slavery:_ Civil War → far-reaching changes in American life Most dramatic: DESTRUCTION OF SLAVERY * central American South * * * _Lincoln views on slavery:_ Lincoln insisted: slavery irrelevant conflict First few years: paramount concern keep border slave states in the Union * action against slavery drive away * * * _Congress and slavery (initial years):_ Congress: unanimous resolution affirmed Union **not intention interfering slavery.** proposed: **Senator John J. Crittenden** Other movements: Northern military commanders returned fugitive slaves * * * _Unravaled plan ignore slavery:_ Confederacy: slaves work laborers → escape Unions **1861**: Military plan who: **General Benjamin F. Butler** what: * escaped blacks as contraband of war * ***"the contrabands"*** * taken to "contraband camps" and educated in "contraband schools" * * * _Actions propel American to Emanipation:_ **1861-1862**: federal army occupied Confederate territory 1000s slaves headed to Union lines * included women and children → passes along valuable information

Answer 47

**Appeals increasing support Congress** **March 1862:** > Congress prohibited army returning fugitive slaves Then: > Abolition in the District of Columbia **July 1862**: **Second Confiscation Act** > liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory & escapees > *little effect, Lincoln refuse to enforce it*

Answer 48

> Emancipation political and military necessity Factors contribute to decision: 1. lack military success 2. Hope emancipated slaves join ranks 3. Changing northern public opinion 4. making slavery a target of war effort slavery = counteract sentiment in Britain for Confederacy

Answer 49

**September 22, 1862**: **_Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation_** * after McClellan forced Lee retreat at Antietam > Warned unless South laid down army end 1862, he decree abolition Reaction: Initial northern reaction: **1862 Election: Dems opposition to emancipation center campaign**

Answer 50

**January 1, 1863**: **Emancipation Proclamation** * not liberty all slaves → * Exempted areas under firm Union control why: *president's authority as military commander to combat South's rebels* 1. not apply border states 2. not apply areas of Conderacy under Union soldier control * Vast majority South's slaves - 3 million - freed

Answer 51

Marked: 1. **altered nature Civil War** 2. **changed course American history** 3. **turning point changed Lincoln's views:** * allow black enlist army * not recind after peacetime

Answer 52

Before war: [sailing](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Seven-1159d6d140c245358589491886df17cd) one only occupations open free blacks * allowed served Union ships Outset: * feared enlisting blacks → whites not want to fight * alienate border slave states End war: 1. 180,000 Union army 2. 24,000 in navy

Answer 53

**NOT equal treatment** 1. Segregated units 2. abusive white officers 3. lower pay 4. disproportionatly assigned labor rather than combat 5. not rise rank of commissioned officer (until end war) 6. Some killed after surrendering in battle

Answer 54

**November 1863**: (*Lincoln)* where: remarks at dedication of military cemetery at site war's greatest battle what: * finest speech > All men are created equal → new birth freedom * defined essence of democratic government'

Answer 55

Saw every aspect American life: 1. increased patriotism 2. increased national power * * * northern Protestant clery: **religious justification war** Religious press: * more military and political developments than spiritual * christianity and patriotism = joined civil religion * war → God's mechanism for ridding world slavery *Southern clergy: slavery represent God's will*

Answer 56

Intense nationalism → [1] **criticize** war effort & [2] criticize Lincoln administration Republican equivalent treason _Result_: **Arbitrary arrests** - 1000s _Who:_ * opposition newspaper editors * Dems * individuals who discouraged enlistment army * ordinary civilians _Constitution:_ unclear who possessed power suspend writs of **habeas corpus** * Lincoln claimed right under presidential war * twice suspended writ through entire Union

Answer 57

Supreme Court case: **Justice David Davis** > Unconstitutional bring accused persons before military tribunals where civil courts opened Result: * most arrested quickly released * Democratic press flourish But the policies of the Lincoln administration offered proof—to be repeated during later wars—of the **fragility of civil liberties** in the face of assertive patriotism and wartime demands for national unity.

Answer 58

**{1} Effort mobilize resources:** 1. enhanced federal government power 2. rising class capitalist entrepreneurs **{2} North experienced wartime prosperity** why: 1. nourished wartime inflation 2. government contract 3. profits of industry boomed *New England:* mills worked → supply army blankets & uniforms *Pennsylvania*: coal mines & ironworks → expanded production **{3} Mechanization** * increased production * supply boot, shoes, and meatpacking **{4} Agriculture** * *farm boys by 100s joined army* * immigrants replaced lost labor

Answer 59

New nation-state: committed rapid economic development 1. **Homestead Act** * *promote agruculture* * offered 160 acres free land settlers in West * **January 1, 1863** (same day as [Emancipation Proclamation](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Fourteen-02948f4d213345f0981439140525abca)) 2. ***Transcontinental Railroad*** * who: Union Pacific & Central Pacific * wht: build railroads from Missouri River to Pacific coast * 20,000 men work * 1860: complete

Answer 60

**Tribe owned slaves** (**Cherokee**) → sided Confederacy After **1865**: 1. forced cede much land 2. accept former slaves into Cherokee nation 3. Cherokee constitution: recently amended exclude descendants of slaves from citizenship

Answer 61

Dramatic changes in financial policy _Raise Money:_ * increased tariff a lot * promote growth northern industry* * new taxes production and consumption goods * enacted nation's first income tax * **Borrowed** $2 billion 1. selling interest bearing bondss 2. creating lots national debts * **Printed** $400 million "greenbacks" _Rationalize banking:_ * system nationally chartered banks * purchase government bonds * issued bank notes as currency

Answer 62

Americans lead reshaping nation's postwar economy: (& fortunes) 1. **Andrew Carnegie** Iron & steel entrepreneur 2. **John D. Rockefeller** oil magnate 3. **Jay Gould** and **J.P. Morgan** financiers 4. **Philip D. Armour** supplied bief army * * * Escaped military service: 1. purchasing exemptions 2. hiring substitutes

Answer 63

**Took advantage of wartime labor shortage** 1. Factory jobs 2. Largly male professions (nursing) 3. Clerks in government Mostly short-term opportunities: Some lasted longer: * retail slaes * nursing Women in organizations: 1. Money 2. Medical supplies 3. Sent books, clothing, food,

Answer 64

**Jefferson Davis** who: **President Confederacy** * not able rally public support * lacked Lincoln's political flexibility and communicate war's meaning effectively to public _Centralizing the South_ Under Davis: Confederation more centralized than Old South **Successes Government:** 1. armies from scratch 2. control southern railroad 3. built manufacturing plants **Failures Government:** ineffective utilizing South's major resource: COTTON 1. early war: suppressed cotton production & export * produce food* 2. Wanted promote economic self-sufficientcy 3. Wanted force Great B (dependent cotton) support Confederacy: "*King Cotton Diplomacy*"

Answer 65

"*King Cotton Diplomacy*" = **ineffective** Consequences Confederate policy: Nations realized overdependence cotton → move expand production Britian: * promoted cultivation in Egypt & Indian Russia: * promote cultivation Central Asia Result: directly led worldwise crisis → overproduction of cotton → **prices decline** → impoverished farmers worldwide

Answer 66

South → divided Grievances: DRAFT * allowed to provide substitute * **"Twenty-negro" provision:** exempted one white male for every 20 slaves > “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”

Answer 67

Union & Confederacy → **borrow heavily finance war** Taxes: * planter-dominated Confederate Congress * not want heavy taxes on planters Actions: 1. **printed $1.5 billion** (*more greenbacks)* 2. authorized military officers: * seize farm goods supply army * pay worthless paper money Response: * Small farmers: resented practice * food riots broke out * **1864**: 1. Organized peace movements 2. secret pro-Union societies

Answer 68

_Wartime roles for women:_ Alone farms and plantations: 1. manage affairs 2. discipline slaves Similar as the North: 1. run commercial establishments 2. work in arms factories 3. "government girls" in clerckships _Women mobilizing for assistance:_ War resulted: **political mobilization (first time) non-slaveholding white women** * without husbands: not feed family * flooded Confederate authorities with petitions * began distributing to the needy

Answer 69

_why_: shortage white manpower _what_: **authorized arming of slaves fight for South** _response_: * many slaveholders resisted * Confederate Senate rejected it **March 1865**: Congress authorized law **War ended before recruitment blacks began** did employ them laborers But the South’s decision to raise black troops illustrates how the war undermined not only slavery but also the proslavery ideology.

Answer 70

* Lee: another invasion of the North (tactic unclear) Union leader: **General George G. Meade** where: *Gerrysburg, Penn* what: * largest battle NA continent * Lee's greatest blunder

Answer 71

Union significant victory in West **Late 1862:** * Grant moved into Mississippi * Direct attack failed → siege **July 4, 1863:** * Vicksburg surrendered * Entire Mississippi Valley in Union hands

Answer 72

"Rehearsal for Reconstruction" * Band most famous where: Sea Islands, South Carolina **November 1861**: Union navy occupied island * entire white population fled * 10,000 slaves remained **Gideon's Band**: committed to uplifting the freed slaves * taught free blacks * * * Northerners believe **transition from slave to free labor:** enabling blacks work for wages in more humane conditions Land for sale: 1. bought northern investors 2. bent demonstrating superiority of free wage labor & profit **1865**: **Sea Island Experiment** * success * bequeathed postwar Reconstruction the contentious issue of whether landownership should accompany black freedom

Answer 73

*over million copies and adapted into plays* similar to *Common Sense*

Answer 74

*Lincoln and Stephan Douglas* Douglas: * destroyed carerrs * attempted to defend popular sovereignty (Freeport Doctrine) * tried depict Lincoln abolitionist

Answer 75

Political status African-Americans: **divide politics** **1863**: **Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction** * amnesty and full restoration of rights * property except for slaves * white southerners oath of loyalty * offered no role to blacks in shaping post-slavery order **1860**: 10% voters took oath \*\*\*\* elect new state government required abolish slavery

Answer 76

New political group: *free blacks of New Orleans* * saw Union occupation: opportunity press for equality before law and role in government for selves * complained about exclusion of Lincoln's laws * Radical Republicans symapthetic **Summer 1864**: **Wade-Davis Bill** 1. required **majority** (not 1/10) of white male southerners pledge support 2. guaranteed blacks equality before the law Result: * bill passed Congress * died Lincoln refused to vote

Answer 77

Abolished slavery through the entire Union

Answer 78

**April 2, 1865**: Grant broke through Lee's lines at Petersburg * Richmond defenseless **April 3, 1865**: **Took capital** **April 4, 1865**: Licoln walked streets of Richmond **April 9, 1865**: Lee surrendered Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia WAR WON * * * **April 11, 1865**: Last speech * called limited black suffrage in South **April 14, 1865**: President Mortally wounded * where: Ford's Theatre (capital) * who: John Wilkes Booth (actor) * died next morning

Answer 79

What is freedom: 1. Only abolition? 2. What rights for blacks? * equal rights * vote * ownership of property * * * African-American view: *shaped by experience & observation of society* Freedom: escaping slavery * lash * separation in rights * sexual exploitation

Answer 80

FS idea of freedom: ***directly related to property ownership*** * new land → communities free white control * thought: through unpaid labor - aquired right to land **1865**: Some Parts South blacks seized property → belonged to them **FS resembed white Americans:** 1. self-ownership 2. family stability 3. religious liberty 4. political participation 5. economic autonomy Difference between races: Whites: freedom brithrigh FS: open-ended process * transformation every aspects of lives During Reconstruction shape national debate

Answer 81

**Republican North View freedom**: Central: **principle of free labor** Also: "GOOD SOCIETY" 1. emancipated blacks (same opportunity northern workers) = **more productive** 2. [1] Northern capital & [2] migarnts = **energize economy**

Answer 82

Planters: wanted labor system close slavery possible FS: economic autonomy & access to land Result: conflict over control of labor **Freedman's Bereau** (**March 1865**): * established Congress * establish working labor system Planters: **try replace workforce with Chinese** * government opposed efforts

Answer 83

_Director_: **O.O. Howard** _Establishment_: * experiment government social policy * *more related New Deal of 1930s or Great Society of 1960s than 19th century America* _Purpose_: * establish schools, * aid to poor and aged * settle disputed between blacks and whites * secure equal treatment in courts _Existance_: **1865-1870** _Peak_: fewer 1000 agents in South _Achievements:_ notably education and health care * 150,000 pupils * equal health care treatment

Answer 84

Law of bureau: **authority to divide (abandoned & confiscated) land 40 acre plots** **_Andrew Jackson_:** *Lincoln's successor* **1865**: nearly all land returned former owners * Result: confrontations 1. South Carolina and Georgia: army forceably remove blacks 2. Petitions to government **Result of no distribution of land:** Most rural freed people: *poor without property* during Reconstruction Result: 1. _work white-owned plantations_ Men: farm work, unskilled labor, service jobs Women: private homes, cooks, and maids 2. _Feeling debrayal_ > "We were not given a thing but freedom"

Answer 85

**_Sharecropping_**: new system of labor * dominate Cotton Belt & Tobacco Belt _Initially_: 1. compromise between blacks and whites 2. demand laborers _What:_ * black family rent part plantation * **crop divided** between workers and owners Garenteed labor force _Limitations_: world market * price farm products suffered

Answer 86

Due to wartime destruction: * events permanently effected yeomen farmers * loss of freedom _What_: * to obtain supplies from merchants * pledge a part as collateral _Issue_: 1. Interest high 2. still debt after markering crops _Result_: had to **continue planting cotton obtain new loans** * some became sharecroppers Both black and white farmers: in sharecropping and crop-lien systems

Answer 87

**May 1865**: Plan reuniting Union Series proclamations * began period of **_Presidential Reconstruction_** (**1865-1867**)* 1. **offered pardon nearly all whites with oath allegiance Union** excluded: \< \>Confederate leadersvery wealthy planters **appointed provinsional governors** * call state convensions * elected whites alone * *laissez-faire* governing except: 1. abolish slavery 2. repudiate secession 3. refuse pay Congederate debt

Answer 88

**1865-1866**: **_Black Codes_** * *most opposition to Johnson* * passed new southern government What: 1. **blacks certain rights:** * legalized marriage * ownership property 2. **Limited access to couts** * not testify courts * not serve jury * not vote * not militia 3. **those failed sign yearly labor contracts: arrested & hired to whites**

Answer 89

General: *few groups rebels treated as leniently as defeated Confederates* * handful leaders arrested * mostly released * **Henry Wirz**: executed Commander Andersonville prison 1000s Union soldiers died * * * What turned north against Johnson: not: desire punish south what: **inability accept reality of emancipation**

Answer 90

Early 1866: **_Senator Lyman Trumbull_** 2 bills: 1. extended Freedman's Bureau 2. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 * * * _What_: 1. **defined all persons born in US as citizn** 2. **spelled out rights they were to enjoy** (without regard to race) - Equality before the law - Free labor values - States not remove laws **Johnson**: *voetoed both bills* Why: 1. centralize authority & deprive states authority 2. blacks not deserve rights of citizenship _**April 1866**: Civil Rights Bill first major law in American history to passed over presidential veto_

Answer 91

Congress's plan of Reconstruction _What_: 1. **placed in Constitution principle of birthright citizenship** * not for Native Americans (subject tribal authority) * empowered federal government protect rights all Americans 2. **Prohibited states abridging "privileges or immunities" of citizens or denying any person equal rights** _Limitations_: * not give black suffrage _Enforcement:_ if state denied vote any group → state's representation Congress reduced * *not apply states barred women from voting* _Voting in South:_ Abolition slavery: threatened increased southern representation * **Three-Fifths** no longer apply; all note * Southerners chioce: 1. keep full representation with black vote 2. limit representation - sacrifice part power **_Significance_**: * Initial Bill of Rights: prohibit Congress infringing state rights * Amendment: prohibit states infringing natural rights

Answer 92

Northern congressional election: Republicans beat Johnson President urding: every southern state (except Tennessee) **rusfused ratify** Amendment Result: * pushed moderate Republicans = radicals **March 1867**: **Reconstruction Act** *regarless veto* **_Radical Reconstruction period_** (until **1877**) 1. divede South 5 military districts 2. creation new state government 3. blacks right vote

Answer 93

**Barred president removing office holders without Senate consent** * Johnson see unconstitutional **February 1868**: dismissed Secretary of War **Edwin M. Stanton** IMPEACHMENT (1 vote short of removal)

Answer 94

Prohibited federal and state government from denying citizen right to vote because of race **Accumulation 4 decades abolitionist work** _Limitations_: 1. restrictions not explicitly based on race * literacy test * property qualifications * poll tax 2. not women

Answer 95

Transformed relationship between federal government and states: **Bill of Rights**: linked civil liberties to autonomy of states * refected belief strong national government danger to freedom **Reconstruction Amendments:** * rights **required national government power**

Answer 96

Republican party: bulk black support * AA not control Reconstruction policies * highest offices: **white hands** * South Carolina* (blacks 60% pop): only place blacks majority legislature House of Representatives: 14 Senate: 2 * First black senator: **Hiram Revels** * Second: **Blanche K. Bruce** * * * Effect: * real difference * blacks accused crime: juries * enforcing fairness

Answer 97

New southern governments - new power group of whites: ***_Carpetbaggers_*** * Reconstruction officials northerners who made homes in South Some corrupt Majority: _former Union soldiers decided remain South_ * * * ***_Scalawags_:*** * most white Republicans born south * "traitors" of their race and region* * many Unionists * cooperate with Republicans in order prevent rebels from returning to power

Answer 98

Greatest achievement: **establishing South's first state-supported public school** * both blacks and whites * segregated in schools Also: **pioneered civil rights legislation** * illegal discrimination on basis of race: hotels, railroads * equal citizenship Also: s**trengthening position of rural laborers** & **promote economy** * laws ensure agricultural laborers & shopkeepers → first claim on harvested crops * **1876 _Land Commission_**: 14,000 blacks and few whites → own farms

Answer 99

Sources opposition Who: Southern traditional leaders *planters, merchants, Dems* Corruption in Reconstruction: * did exist * not confined race, religion, or party what: 1. states scramble for influence 2. bribery, insider dealings * less than Whiskey Ring, Tweed Ring Reason opposition 1. **Taxes for schools, railroads, public facilities** 2. **Poor people's economic situation not improve** 3. **(Most basic) not accept idea of former slaves voting** * campaign of violence * fundamental change Reconstruction government and SOuth

Answer 100

Blacks assaulted and murdered 1. refusing give way to whites 2. "insolent" language 3. challenging end-year settlements 4. attempting to buy land Secret societies: * aim preventing blacks voting & destroying Republic Party

Answer 101

**Terrorist organization** * served military army for Dems in South * Some most brutal criminal acts in American HIstory Launched **"_Reign of Terror"_** _Victims_: * blacks * white Republicans: Unionists and local officeholders, teachers, organizers Most violent: AA why: leaders, land owners, *defied norms white supremacy* _What_: 1. **assault** 2. **terrorism and insurgencies** Bloodiest act of violence: **_Colfax Massacre of 1873_** **1873** *Colfax, Louisiana* * whites assuled with small canon * multiple blacks died

Answer 102

**1870 - 1871**: **_3 Enforcement Acts_** 1. outlawed terrorist societies 2. allowing president use army against them **1871**: President Grant dispatched federal marshals * arrested 100s klan members * some fled South * Series well publicized trails → Klan out existance **1872**: first time since before war **peace**

Answer 103

**[1] After 1872**: Liberal attack on Reconstruction * blacks reason for Reconstruction failure * "mass black barbarism" Solution: restore whites to political power **[2]** **1873**: *Economic Depression* severely effected South 1. weakened prospects of revivals **[3]** Dems substantial gains in election of 1874 * took control House of Representatives

Answer 104

what: *final piece Reconstruction legistation* Outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accomdation (hotels and theaters)

Answer 105

> Fourteenth Amendment not altered traditional federalism Most right → under state control

Answer 106

***United States v. Cruikshank*** (**1876**) > Gutted Enforcement Acts by trowing out convictions of some those responsible for **[Colfax Massacre of 1873](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Fifteen-048a13639d5d4234b3e99090e9a8932f)**

Answer 107

Post-war democrats > "slaved" South from corruption, and north from black control

Answer 108

**_Presidential campaign of 1876:_** Events in **1876** (South Carolina) \> **directly effected campaign** Republican nominee: **Governor Rutherford B. Hayes** Dem nominee: **Samuel J. Tilden** only 3 Southern states → Rep control * whoever win states = win * * * **January 1877**: Congress appointed fifteen-member Electoral Commission * Republicans 8 - 7 majority Result: **Hayes president** **_Bargain of 1877:_** Reps: 1. agree recognize Dems control entire South 2. Dems not investigate election Dems: 1. Not dispute Hayes' right to office 2. respect civil and political rights blacks

Answer 109

* (D) imposed taxes * (D&J) suspended writ of *habeas corpus* * (L) national currency - green backs