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AP United States History > Unit 03: Conflict and American Independence (1754 - 1800) > Flashcards

Unit 03: Conflict and American Independence (1754 - 1800) Flashcards

You'll explore the events that led to the American Revolution and the formation of the United States and examine the early years of the republic. Topics may include: • The Seven Years’ War • The American Revolution • The Articles of Confederation • The creation and ratification of the Constitution • Developing an American identity • Immigration to and migration within America On The Exam 10%–17% of score

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1
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

♣

Chapter 04:

Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

♣

A
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2
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

A

slaves were brought from Africa to the new world to work in plantations

Series triangular trade routes

  1. British manufactured goods → Africa & colonies
  2. colonial products to Europe
  3. slaves from Africa to New World
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3
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was the Wool Act (1699)?

A

Prohibit export of American wool outside colonies
- Banned import of non-English wool

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4
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was the Molasses Act (1733)?

A
  • tax on non-English molasses sold in colonies
  • Objective: destroy intercolonial and Spanish trade
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5
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Define Salutary neglect:

A

The British not enforce their laws too strictly in the colonies

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6
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did “freedom” relate to slavery in the 18th century Atlantic world?

A

saw freedom as the right to enslave others

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7
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Define “Middle Passage:”

A

Middle Passage: voyage across the Atlantic

  • terrible
  • crammed on vessels > max profit
  • disease: measles and smallpox
  • 1 /5 slave died
    • threw dead overboard
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8
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What three types of slavery systems existed in North America (18th century)?

A
  1. Tobacco-based plantations (Chesapeake)
    • largest
  2. Rice-plantations (Carolina and Georgia)
  3. Nonplantation slavery (New England and Middle Colonies)
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9
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did South Carolina plantations compare to Virginia plantations?

A

South Carolina has:

  • larger plantations and more slaves (economically advantages to be as big as possible)
  • Leaved plantations hand overseers/slaves
  • mosquitoes
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10
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was the Task System in 18th century South Carolina?

A
  • constant supervision for slaves
  • individual slaves assigned daily tasks

completion > leisure time

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11
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies compare to Chesapeake?

A

Less central to the economy than Chesapeake

Less harsh:

  • marriage legal
  • less severe punishment
  • suits to court
  • testify as a witness
  • own property and pass to children
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12
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Explain Chesapeake’s slave culture in the 1700s:

A

The 1740s: slaves reproduce (due to climate)

Exposed to white culture:

  • small plantations
  • a large number of yeomen farmers (Small landowners that farmed their own land and did not own slaves)
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13
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Explain the South Carolina slave culture in the 18th century?

A

Rice plantations: dependent slave imports from Africa

harsh conditions and high death rate

little contact with whites

Culture:

  • African houses
  • African names
  • language: Gullah
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14
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Explain the Georgia and Savannah slave culture in the 1700s:

A

different from South Carolina

Assimilated quickly into culture:

sexual liaisons = class of free mulattos

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15
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Explain the North Colonies’ slave culture in the 18th century:

A

a small part of society → African-American slow to develop

  • more mobility
  • fewer opportunities to create stable families or communities
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16
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did the assimilation compare between Georgia and Savannah, and South Carolina in the 18th century?

A

South Carolina: little contact between slaves and white people

Georgia and Savannah: assimilated into society

  • sexual liaisons
  • class of free mulattos
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17
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did the acquisition of slaves differ in 18th century South Carolina and Chesapeake?

A

Chesapeake: slave reproduced (due to climate)

South Carolina: dependent slave imports from Africa

Rice plantations:

  • harsh conditions and high death rate
  • little contact with whites
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18
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What happened during the Stono Rebellion (September 1739)?

A

Motivated by War of Jenkin’s Ear

South Carolina slaves

  • seized store with weapons in Stono
  • marched to Florida
  • killed whites and burned houses
  • shouted “Liberty”

Result:

  • 24 white deaths
  • 200 slaves dead
  • Some reached Florida: Armed by Spanish to attack Georgia
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19
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What happened during 1741 New York City’s rumers?

A

1741: New York City

  • panic and rumors
  • compared Salem witch trails

not sure whether such a plot existed

Rumors:

slaves planned to burn parts

allied with whites

turn New York over to Spanish / kill everyone

Results:

  • 150 blacks and 20 whites arrested
  • 34 (4 white) executed
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20
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was 18th century British patriotism based on (2)?

A
  1. Era’s greatest naval and commercial power
  2. wealth, power, freedom
  3. powerful Parliament representing aristocracy and merchant
  4. Influenced from war with France:

France: replaced Spain as a rival power

Britain:

  • large military
  • high taxes
  • created Bank of England

War → sharpened colonial and British nationalism

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21
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What did Liberalism mean in the 18th century?

A

Liberalism: (then) emphasize protection of liberty

  • limiting government power
  • not interfere with natural rights of citizens
  • Very individual and private
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22
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was Two Treatises of Government of 1680 about?

A

Who: John Locke

Government > mutual agreement among equals (males)

  • contract > men give up a piece of freedom (govern selves) for benefits of a law
  • still have natural rights
  • No interference from state: family relations, religion, economic activity
  • 18th century: Lockean ideas = population B&A
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23
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Similarities between Liberalism and Republicanism (18th century)?

A
  1. commitment to constitutional government
  2. security of property
  3. helped divide 18th century America
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24
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Who could vote and not vote in 18th century America?

A

Suffrage varied > PROPERTY OWNERSHIP

Purpose:

  • men economic stake in society
  • independence of judgement
  • High distribution of property

50-80% while males in America could vote

5% in Britain

Who could not vote:

  1. Some colonies Jews, Catholics, Dissenters = not vote
  2. free blacks
  3. Native Americans

50-80% while males in America could vote

5% in Britain

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25
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

Explain the British government’s policy of SALUTARY NEGLECT (18th century)?

A
  1. allowed American colonies to pursue an economic and political interest in exchange for obedience
  2. governed themselves
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26
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

When did the idea of “freedom of speech” originate and how did it compare to “right of legislators”?

A

freedom of expression not ancient rights of Englishmen

16th century: phrase “freedom of speech”originated

“right of legislators” > member of Parliament express views without reprisal

  • no outside protection: (beheaded accusing king or practicing false religion)
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27
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What happened during John Peter Zenger’s trail (1735)?

A

Famous case involving freedom of the press

1735: John Peter Zenger

  • German-born printer > immigrated to New York
  • Newspaper: Weekly Journal
  • Financed by opponents of Governor William Cosby
  • corruption
  • influence pedding
  • “tyranny”

Arrested and copies burrned

  • Attorney: Andrew Hamilton
  • Argument: not punish publisher but governor

not found guilty

demonstrated the idea of free expression

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28
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How was the American Enlightenment influenced by the European Enlightenment?

A
  • originated among French thinkers > spread Britain
  • apply scientific method to political and social life
  • crossed Atlantic with goods
  • emphasized reason
  • Arminianism: reason alone capable of establishing essential to religion
  • Deism:

(Enlightenment Atheism):

God withdrew after creating the world > leaving it to function according to scientific law

Things that should be abandoned:

  1. miracles
  2. revealed truth of the Bible
  3. innate sinfulness of mantkind

Who: Benjamin Franklin, Thoman Jefferson

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29
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What religious fundamentalism occurred in the 18th century?

A

18th century: revival of religious fundamentalism

  • response to rationalism
  • desire of greater religious purity

Ex:

Wahhabism: call return to early days of Islam

Methodism: religious enthusiasm in Europe

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30
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did the British victory of the Seven Years War shift world power?

A

18th century: Britain emerge world’s leading empire

  • After wars with France and Spain
  • 1750s: Britain reach across the globe
  • warfare > global
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31
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What happened during the Peace of Paris (1763)?

A

France:

  • France ceded Canada to Britain
  • France got (from Britain): sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

Spain:

  • ceded Florida to Britain
  • got (from Britain): Philippines and Cuba
  • got (France): Louisiana

Entire North America under British control

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32
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did the Seven Years War strain France and Britain?

A

Famine crisis in France

sparked French Revolution 3 decades later

Britain:

tried to gain back wealth by increasing taxes in America

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33
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did the Seven Years War change the Indian Identity?

A

Identity in the past:

  • kinship
  • language
  • geography
  • no well formed ideas about nation or race

Warfare and atrocities towards Indians:

created pan-Indian identity

Prophets encouraged Indians to unite based on shared conflict with Anglo-Americas

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34
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What happened during Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)?

A

1763: Indians in Ohio valley and Great Lakes rebelled

Named after Ottawa war leader

However, rebellion more to do with Neolin (Delaware religious prophet)

  • reject European technology
  • free from commercial ties and dependence of alcohol
  • clothe like ancestors
  • drive away British (friendly French could remain)

Neolin: believed the pan-Indian movement

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35
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What directly influenced the Proclamation of 1763?

A

1763: Indians besieged Detroit and other forts

  • killed hundreds of settlers
  • Indians: Ottawas and Hurons
  • British counterattack

tribes made peace

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36
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A
  1. Prohibited colonial settlements further than Appalachian Mountains
  2. banned sale of Native American lands to individuals

Motivations?

  • not to protect Indians
  • stabilize situation and avoid conflict

Results: Settlers mad

  • ignored proclamation
  • George Washington ordered agents to buy up land
  • Further exacerbated relations
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37
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What was the Albany Plan of Union (1754)?

A

Drafted: Benjamin Franklin

  • envisioned creation of a Grand Council
  • delegated each colony
  • power levy taxes and deal with Indian relations

Rejected assemblies > would be curtail for power

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38
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

What were the two results of Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)?

A
  1. Proclamation of 1763
  2. promise meet Treaty of Easton
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39
Q

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire

How did the Seven Years War effect American-British Relationships going forwards?

A

Increased conflict

  1. widespread smuggling → British saw as lack of loyalty
  2. British dealings with Indians → Americans angry

Some historians mark 1763 as a turning point in colonists loyalty to British

Americans:

  • America’s tie Britian: feared French and Indian alliance
  • France gone → no need Britian

British:

  • King Goerge III thought Americans help pay for war
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40
Q

What was the Treaty of Easton? Was it ever enforced?

A

British succeed steal some of the Indian support for France

Why: promise “clear and fix boundaries” between white and Indian land

  • After war: neglected keeping promise
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41
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

♣

1700-1790

Chapter 05: Revolution Within

♣

A
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42
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How did George III coronation (1760) change British and American relations?

A

British colonies: separated & British wanted control

Seven Year’s War → Allies

  1. the mid-1760s: wanted them to be subordinate
  2. new laws → supported rulers & not colonists

Taxes: fund wars

Navigation Act → (until now) Statutory neglect

British saw: colonists “cheating” the treasury

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43
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How did 18th-century British people view their parliament? How did this compare to that of the Americans?

A

British people: Parliament represent entire empire and right to legislate it

Many not have representation

Theory: VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION

  • House of Commons represented the entire empire; whether or not they could vote
  • When colonies insisted on representation → no support from Brits
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44
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What were the “Writs of Assistance?” (1760s)

A

British combat Smuggling: “WRITS OF ASSISTANCE”

  • unlimited search warrants to look for smuggling
  • 1761: Boston lawyer James Otis argued it was destructive to English liberties
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45
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was The Sugar Act (1764)?

A

Who_: Prime Minister George Grenville_

Reduction of molasses into North American from the French West Indies from 6 -3 pence per gallon

Purpose: Strengthen Navigation Act

Also: new way combat smuggling

  • Before: light sentence for smugglers in colonies
  • Now: accused could be judged without a jury
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46
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Currency Act of 1764?

A

Reaffirmed earlier ban on colonies issuing paper as “legal tender”

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47
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Stamp Act (1765)? What was the effect?

A

First time Parliament directly raised taxes (not through trade regulations)

All printed materials produced in colonies required a stamp purchase from authorities

Motivation: finance operations of the empire

Effect:

Affected all colonists: (especially writers)

  • Directly challenged authority local elites
  • wanted to defend authority in the name of liberty

Opposition: First drama of the revolutionary era

infringed “English Liberties”

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48
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How did the colonial and British outlook on “colonial rights” compare in the 18th century? How did this affect taxation laws?

A

Colonial outlook: Same rights as Britons

Name of liberty: right to govern self

British outlook: All of the empire subject to the Parliament

Surrendering taxation to colonies: dangerous president

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49
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What two views existed regarding the Stampt Act in America?

A

Distinguish between: (One view)

  • “internal” taxes → Parliament no right impose
  • Regulations through trade → Parliament right

Other View:

  • Parliament no right to tax them at all
  • not represented in House of Commons
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50
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What did the Stamp Act Congress of October 1765 do?

A

Stamp Act Congress > met in New York to endorse Virginia

  1. Start Resolution: “subordination to Parliament”
  2. wanted right to consent to taxation

Merchants boycotted British goods

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51
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How did resistance to the Stamp Act not lead to a revolution?

A

All colonies in Northern Hemisphere protested > only half wanted independence

saw liberties safer in the British colony

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52
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

Describe resistance to the Sugar and Currency Act?

A
  1. Liberty:
    • Mock funerals for liberty → person revived last minutes
    • Liberty tree → large elm tree
  2. Committee to oppose Sugar and Currency Act: Committee of Correspondence (1760s)
  3. 1765: Sons of Liberty

lead protest processions

posted notices about liberty

Enforced British boycott

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53
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Declaratory Act of 1766?

A

Repealed Stamp Act

  • Rejected Americans’ claim that they could levy taxes
  • “Parliament power to pass laws for people in America for ever
  • Needed more tax money
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54
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Townshend Act of 1767?

A

Who: Chancellor of the Exchequer → Charles Townshend

Colonies: said Britain right to impose trading taxation

Act:

  1. tax on goods imported into directly into colonies
  2. Set aside payment tax collectors (assemblies not withhold payment)
  3. Vice-admiralty courts and several new government offices
  4. suspended NY legislature (refused to comply)
  5. writs of assistance (licenses gave British power search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods
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55
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How [3] and why did the colonies reimpose the ban on British goods in 1768?

A

(1) Relying on American goods (not British) symbol of resistance

Women spun and wove at home: Daughters of Liberty

(2) Appealed to Chesapeake farmers:

increasing money to British merchants

NONIMPORTATION: could reduce British luxuries without making people think you were poor

(3) Urban Artisans: supported boycott

streets filled with protests against Parliament

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56
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What happened in the Boston Massacre (March 05, 1770)?

A
  • fight British troops and citizens
  • 5 Bostonians dead

Died: Crispus Attucks

  • Baited British officers
  • mixed Indian-African-white decent

Trial: Commanding officer and 8 guards

  • defender: John Adams
  • 7 found not guilty
  • 2 convicted manslaughter
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57
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Nonimportation movement in 1768?

A

could reduce British luxuries without making people think you were poor

collapse: 1770

  1. Merchants reduction in profit
  2. Elite could not live without British goods

British merchants wished removal possible sources of interruption to trade:

  1. Townshend repealed
  2. Only tea tax remained
  3. Removed troops from Boston
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58
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

Explain what happened when the East India Company trade monopoly bubble collapsed (1770s)?

A

Bubble collapsed → government bailout:

1. market Chinese tea in North America

  • enable to dump low-priced tea on American markets
  • undercut merchants and smugglers

2. Series of tax exemptions and rebates

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59
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What happened during the Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)?

A
  1. Group colonists (disguised as Indians) boarded three ships in Boston
  2. Threw 300 chests of tea into the water

Losses: £10,000 (the equivalent of more than $4 million today).

Response:

  • Swift and decisive
  • Parliament closed Boston ports till tea was paid for
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60
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Quebec Act?

What did the colonists react?

A
  1. Extended Canadian border to Ohio River
  2. Granted legal toleration to Roman Catholic Church in Canada

Angered colonists:

  • questioned land claims
  • thought London conspiring to strengthen Catholicism
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61
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Suffolk Resolves?

A

series of resolution

urged Americans to refuse obedience to new laws + withhold taces + prepare war

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62
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What did the Continental Congress do in regards to the Intolerable Acts?

A

Coordinate resistance to Intolerable Acts

  • convened Philadelphia > leaders 12 main colonies (not Georgia)
  • Delegates:
  • George Washington
  • Richards Henry Lee
  • Partick Henry

March 1775:

Henry concluded speech urging the Virginia convention to begin military preparations

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63
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What did the Continental Congress do in October 1774?

A
  1. Endorced Suffolk Resolves
  2. adopted Continental Association (called halt to trade Britain and West Indies)
  3. authorized local Committees of Safety > implement mandates take actions against “enemies of American liberties”

businessmen tried profit from scarce goods

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64
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What events in April 1775 led to the start of the Ameican War of Independence?

A

Who: British soldiers & Massachusetts citizens

Events:

01: April 19 > British soldiers marched from Boston to Concord (objective: seize arms)

02: Paul Revere and other Bostoners warned local leaders

03: Militiamen resisted British advance

04: Battle of Lexington and Concord

  • fight
  • 49 Americans dead & 73 British

Result: Began the American War of Independence

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65
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What actions did the Second Continental Army during the American War of Independence? [3]

A
  1. Continental Army
  2. Printed money
  3. George Washington as commander
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66
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense about?

A

January 1776

began: attack on hereditary rule and monarchy

Drew on American experience

End: outline of the vision of the American Revolution

home of freedom & “asylum for mankind”

Unique: not ideas

  1. Mode of expression
  2. Audience

previously: targeted elites

Paine wrote directly, avoided Latin

One of the most influential pamphlets of the time

150,000 copies

used profits to buy supplies for Continental armies

Spring 1776: (6 months after Common Sense) Second Continental Congress decided to separate from Great Britain

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67
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

When was the United States declared an independent nation?

A

July 02, 1776

Approved: July 04, 1776

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68
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and what was it about?

A

Written by Thomas Jefferson (approved by Congress)

What: Grievances directed against King George III

  1. Quartering troops in colonial homes
  2. Imposing taxes

Deleted by congress:

  • the inhumanity of the slave trade
  • overturning colonial laws that sought to restrict imports of slaves

Most Impactful: Preamble (especially the second paragraph)

  • Rights rooted in human nature → not taken away by governments
  • Assertion of “the right of revolution”
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69
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How did the meaning of “American Freedom” before and after the Declaration of Independence?

A

From: “Rights of an Englishman”

To: “Right of Mankind”

  • “pursuit of happiness”
  • property
  • SELF-FULFILLMENT
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70
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What did American Exceptionalism mean in the late 18th century?

A

the belief that the US has a special mission:

[1] refuge from tyranny

[2] symbol of freedom

[3] model rest of the world

  • central to American nationalism
  • place of universal freedom

Why Jefferson addressed Declaration to “opinions of mankind” (not colonies or Britain) → global importance

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71
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What did the American military consist of during 1775-1783?

A

1775-1783: 200,000 men

1. Local militias

  • required all able-body men

2. Continental army

  • inadequately equipped
  • volunteers
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72
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What upper hand did the American military have in the War of Independence?

What (dis)advantages did the British have?

A

American Advantages:

  • fighting own turf
  • inspired

British Advantages:

Balance of power in their favor

  1. Well-trained army
  2. World’s most powerful navy
  3. Experienced military commanders
  4. Hessian soldiers

British Disadvantages:

  1. Large territory > time-consuming & costly conquer
  2. not a lot of support for raised taxation
  3. France eager at the prospect of the British defeat
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73
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was Lord Dunmore’s proclamation (1775)?

A

promised freedom to blacked who supported British

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74
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

How did the War of Independence pose an opportunity for Blacks to get freedom?

A

Fighting in opposing armies

Americans:

  • Beginning war: George Washington not accept black recruits
  • Washington changed his mind:

5,000 blacks in army and militias

British:

  • 1775: Lord Dunmore’s proclamation

How:

  1. Drafting allowed substitute → blacks bargaining power → acquired freedom by taking owners place
  2. 1778: Rhode Island → freedom those enlisted in black regiment
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75
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What was the Franco-American Alliance in 1778?

A

Made war a global affair

Americans convinced France join the war against Britain

  • Benjamin Franklin (leader Americans diplomats)
  • France support America → military assistance
  • Spain also joined America

French Role:

Originally: attacked British ships in West Indies

decisive role

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76
Q

Chapter 05: (1700-1790) The American Revolution

What happened during the Battle of Yorktown (October 19, 1781)?

How did this victory contribute to the British abandoning the war?

A

French and Americas

Cornwallis surrendered army (8,000 men)

Reached London:

  1. Public support shattered
  2. peace negotiations began
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77
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris (September 1783)?

A

American delegation: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay

  1. Won recognition of American independence
  2. Gained control entire region between Canada and Florida (east of Mississippi River)
  3. Loyalists
  4. not prosecuted
  5. property returned
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78
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

♣

1700-1790

Chapter 06: Revolution Within

♣

A
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79
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What three levels of the American Revolution took place?

A
  1. Struggle for national independence
  2. Phase in the century-long global battle between European empires
  3. Conflict over what kind of nation America should be
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80
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What did the idea of “all men are created equal” mean in the wake of the American Revolution?

A
  1. full implications not anticipated
  2. A society dependent of obedience to authority
  3. Inequality essential to public order
  4. Revolution: not undo obedience to patriarchy

Challenged by Revolution: freedom linked with idea of equality

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81
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How were the state constitutions altered in the aftermath of the 1770’s revolution?

A

Each state adopted a new constitution in aftermath of independence

  • Americas agreed that government must be republics
  • no king or hereditary aristocracy
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82
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What were Thoughts on Government (John Adams 1776) about?

A

New construction: Create balanced governments

  • structure reflects the division of society between wealthy and ordinary men
  • powerful governor_: ensure neither group infringed other’s liberty_
  • called t_wo-house legislatures_

Followed all states except: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Vermont

Massachusetts: governer veto over laws passed

  • Americans preferred power to rest with legislature

John Adams:

  1. conservative in internal affairs
  2. radical on independence, freedom and equality
  3. Property Qualifications?
  • men without property > “no judgement of their own”
  • removal of property qualifications would “confound and destroy all distinctions between common levels
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83
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did the qualifications for voting change in the aftermath of the revolution in Southern States?

A

Gentry retain control of political affairs

Virginia and South Carolina: new constitutions

  1. retained property qualifications
  2. authorized gentry-dominated legislature
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84
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did voting qualifications in Pennsylvania and Southern States compare (regarding property ownership after the Revolution)?

A

Southern States:

Least favorable

Gentry retain control of political affairs

Virginia and South Carolina: new constitutions

  1. retained property qualifications
  2. authorized gentry-dominated legislature

Pennsylvania:

  1. no longer required ownership of property
  2. taxpaying qualification

Most people: (not > paupers and servants)

Restricted: those who claimed economically independent

“personal liberty” > position more important than propert ownership

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85
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did the development of freedom of worship look before the Revolution of 1780? What discrimination existed?

A
  1. did develop from religious pluralism
  2. not a well-developed theory of religious liberty

Discrimination: Catholics, Jews, and dissenting Protestants

Massachusetts: Baptists refuse pay taxes for local Congregational ministers → jails

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86
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did dealings with Catholics in Quebec and alliances with France during the Revolutionary War challenge the institutionalized tradition of American anti-Catholicism?

A

War of Independence → deep tradition of American anti-Catholicism

[1] Agreement with Catholic Quebec:

Second Continental Congress → invaded Canada

agreed that Protestants and Catholics will cooperate

[2] 1778: US formed alliance with France (Catholics)

  • victory supported the idea that Catholics had a place in society
  • departed from idea that Englishmen applied to only Protestants

1791: John Carroll of Maryland (First America’s Roman Catholic bishop)

  • went to Boston
  • Cordial welcome
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87
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did Deism influence the separation of church and state in the 1770s and 80s? Which leaders classified as deists and what did they want?

A

Leaders wanted to deviate from religious warfare in the past

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

Views of religion: Enlightenment idea of rationalism and skepticism

Deists → not believe in supernatural intervention

wanted

  1. separation of church and state
  2. free politics of religious control
  3. (including evangelical sects) wanted protect religions from corrupting government
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88
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did the revolution change the relationship between the church and state (with regards to funding)? [3]

A
  1. disestablished churches (no longer public funding and special privileges)
  2. (sometimes) appropriated money for general support of Protestant denominations
  3. 7 states constituted → commitment “free exercise of religion”
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89
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What was the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (1779)?

A

written Thomas Jefferson

1779: introduced House of Burgesses

1786 (despite controversy) adopted

What:

  1. eliminate religious requirements to vote
  2. end government financial support for churches
  3. barred state forcing religion onto people

Jefferson listed it as one of the things he wanted to be remembered for

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90
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

In which way did the Revolution not end religious influence in American society?

A

Revolution not end the religious influence of American society

  • the proliferation of religious denominations
  • Established churches (Anglican, Presbyterian, Congregationalist) challenged upstarts (Free-Will Baptists & Universalists)

today:

  • still debate
  • 1,300 religions practiced
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91
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What components made up 18th century Christian Republicanism?

A

Separation church and state → leaders not hostile towards religion

Religious & secularism = Christian Republicanism

Proponents: evangelical religion & republican government

Beliefs:

  1. absence of some kind of moral restraints
  2. human nature likely succumb to corruption and vice
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92
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What did Samuel Adams mean when he said American is a “Christain Sparta?”

A

Samuel Adams: believed nation become “Christian Sparta”

Christianity & personal self-discipline underpinned both personal and national progress

Created Committee of Correspondence in Boston (1772)

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93
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What did it mean after the revolution that the leaders wanted “virtuous citizenry?”

A

Wanted to encourage “virtue”

ability sacrifice self-interest for public good

Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Rush:

  • Idea put plans for establishment free, state-supported school
  • why: instruct further citizens in “principles of freedom”
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94
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did indentured servitude relate to republican citizenship (1784 and 1800s)?

A

Slavery was seen incompatible with republican citizenship

1784: Groups of New Yorkers released ship of indentured servants

  • name of freedom

The 1800s: Indenture disappeared

Distinction geographically based on labor type:

  1. North: “free labor” (wages or owning stuff)
  2. South: Slavery
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95
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What two perspectives on freedom existed in the wake of the revolution, in relation to “equality?”

A

Perspective 01:

“equality soul of the republic”

(some) belief government should equally divide property (conditions)

Perspective 02:

“equality” = equal opportunity (not equal conditions)

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96
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How was Thomas Jefferson’s view “lack economic resources results in lack of freedom” evident is the laws he helped pass in Virginia after the Revolution?

A

Law passed Virginia: prevent rise future aristocracy

  1. abolished entail (inheritance to specified line of heirs to keep estates in family)
  2. abolished primogeniture (practice passing family’s entirely to eldest son)
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97
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did the Revolutionary War result in Inflation?

A
  1. printed lots paper money
  2. wartime distribution of agriculture and trade
  3. hoarding goods (Americans hoping to profit from shortages)

1776-1779:

30 incidents mob confronted merchants → thought holding scarce goods

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98
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How was the struggle between “the public good” and “free trade” seen in 1779 Philadelphia after prices increased by 45%?

A

1779: Inflation out of control

Philadelphia: price 45% increase

Committee of Safety: measures to fix price

  1. reflected republican belief: public good over self-interest
  2. Opposition merchants & advocates free trade
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99
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What were two arguments of proponents of “free trade” in the 1790s?

A

Against the republican idea of public good over self-interest

[1] Argument: economic development arose from economic self-interest

[2] Envisioned America (released from the Navigation Act) = trading freely

  • “Natural liberty” regulate prices

Competing conceptions of economic freedom:

  1. (traditional) community over property rights of the individual
  2. (New) unregulated economic freedom = harmony and public gain
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100
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations influence the discussion in America about free trade?

A

1776: Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

  • the popular US
  • “invisible hand” direct market economy → self-regulation of the economy
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101
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What two competing conceptions of economic freedom existed in 1779 America?

A
  1. (traditional) community over property rights of the individual
  2. (New) unregulated economic freedom = harmony and public gain
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102
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

Who were the loyalists in 1760-80 America?

A

Loyalists: Retained allegiance British crown

  1. some supported revolution in 1760s → drew back at prospect of war and independence
  2. 20%-25% loyalists
  3. Most common: New York, Pennsylvania, (backcountry) Georgia & Carolinas

Who:

  1. (dependent on British) - lawyers, merchants, Anglican ministers
  2. feared anarchy
  3. Feared infringement on cultural autonomy

Highland Scots (North Carolina) → majority take cultural autonomy

Backcountry farmers (South) → disliked power of wealthy planters

Slaves → hoped defeat for A = freedom

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103
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How were the loyalists oppressed during the War of Independence? [3] What happened during the Treaty of Paris?

A

[1] suppressed press thought loyalists

[2] Pennsylvania: seized property of pacifist denominations (not want to bear arms) [Quakers, Mennonites, Moravians]

[3] (Many) states required pledge of allegiance

Refused:

  1. exile (some)
  2. revoked voting rights
  3. property auctions

End War: 60,000 Loyalists banished/emigrated

  • To: Canada, West Indies, Britain

Treaty of Paris 1783:

  1. pledged to stop prosecution loyalists
  2. restored their property
  3. easily integrated again
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104
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What did the Treaty of Paris (1783) mean for the Indians?

A

Eastern North America: (Century) Power shift from Indians → Whites

British abandoned Indian allies = American sovereignty entire east region of Mississippi

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105
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

Which Revolutionary Rulers did not own slaves?

A

John Adams and Thomas Paine

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106
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What 2 arguments did some whites use the Revolution to justify slavery?

A
  1. Black slavery made white freedom possible
  2. Owing slaves made economic autonomy possible
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107
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What arguments did African-Americans use to advocate amancipation (18th century)?

A

The Selling of Joseph:

  • 1700
  • Who: Samuel Sewall
  • What: first antislavery tract

Slaves saw revolution used against leaders → defined as “universal right”

Most intense advocates: African-Americans

  • demanded leaders lived up to self-proclaimed creed
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108
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What was the Freedom Petition?

A

1770s: First concrete step emancipation

  1. African-Americas
  2. What: Arguments for liberty presented to New England’s courts
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109
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

Which proclamations motivated slaves to fight for the British in the War of Independence?

A
  1. 1775: Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
  2. 1779: Proclamation of General Henry Clinton
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110
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

How did the attitude of Southern planters compare to Maryland and Virginia, who willingly freed their slaves during the War of Independence?

A

The Southern planters would rather lose the war than their slaves; the Maryland and Virginia planters lest some of their slaves freely go.

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111
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

Why were the Northern States willing to move towards emancipation between 1777 and 1804?

A

Slavery not central economy

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112
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What methods did the Northern States take to move towards emancipation between 1777 and 1804?

A
  1. not free-living slaves
  2. liberty for born slaves (after serving mother’s master until adulthood)
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113
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

Who was Deborah Sampson and what was her contribution to society?

A

Daughter poor, Massachusetts farmer

Disguised self to enlist in Continental Army

  • the commandeering officer learned secret → still honorably discharged at end of war
  • soldier’s pension
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114
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What patriotic acts did women take during the Revolutionary War?

A
  • participated in crowd against merchants
  • raised funds to assist soldiers
  • contributed homespun goods
  • Spies
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115
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What limitations to freedom remained intact for women after the revolution?

A
  1. coverture remained
  2. Husband full authority over the household
  3. Politics male realm
  4. females lacked qualifications for political participation
  5. no property
  6. no economic individualism

Female Relation to society:

  1. Marriage contract superseded social contract
  2. Relation to outside society through her husband

Republican citizen = male

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116
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What was REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD?

A
  • result of independence
  • Women played an essential role in training future citizens
  • encouraged expansion of education (could give political wisdom to children)
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117
Q

Chapter 06: (1700-1790) Revolution Within

What was the idea of “Companionate Marriage” after the Revoltion?

A

“Voluntary union held together by affection and mutual dependency (not male authority)”

reinforced by Republican Motherhood

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118
Q

Which 4 publications in 1776 had massive influences?

A
  1. Common Sense (Tom Paine)
  2. Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)
  3. The wealth of Nation (Adam Smith)
  4. Fragment on Government (Jeremy Bentham)
119
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

♣

1783 - 1791

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation

♣

A
120
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

When were the Articles of Confederation written and ratified?

A

Created in 1777 & Ratified in 1778

121
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the objective and structure and content of the Articles of Confederation? (1777)

A

Objectives:

  1. balance need national coordination of War of Independence
  2. widespread fear centralized political power posed a danger to liberty

Declared: government “perpetual union”

Structure:

  • Not: common government
  • Is: treaty for mutual defense

Content:

  • 13 states retain individual sovereignty
  • national government: One-house Congress
  • each state cast a single vote
  • no president/judiciary committee
  • Major decisions require 9 states approval (not just majority)
122
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What power did the Articles of Confederation have?

A

Power essential to struggle for independence

  1. declaring war
  2. foreign affairs
  3. treaties with governments
  4. borrow money
  5. operatare army and navy
  6. ban slavery in western territory
  7. create new states
  8. settle state disputes
123
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What financial resources did the Articles of Confederation grant the government?

A
  • coin money
  • lack power to levy taxes

Revenue: from individual states

124
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the requirement for the Articles of Confederation to be amended?

A

Unanimous consent of states

125
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How was the “National Domain” created in the 1780s by the Articles of Confederation?

A

devised rules for settlement

According to original charters, Virginia, Carolinas, and Connecticut → claimed immense territory

  • Land speculators, politicians: land belongs to the country as a whole
  • after land-rich states ceded western claimed → Articles ratified

= NATIONAL DOMAIN

126
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What were the 5 achievements of the Articles of Confederation?

A

[1] The first government of the US

[2] Organized western territory:

  • gained during the Treaty of Paris (1783)
  • How: Northwest Ordinance (1787)

[3] Functional government through Revolutionary War

[4] Some protection for individual rights

  • free movement between states
  • mutual respect between states

[5] Allowed government to:

  1. borrow money
  2. operate army and navy
  3. ban slavery in the western territory
  4. create new states
  5. settle state disputes
127
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What were the two treaties that allowed the Articles to organize western territory?

A
  • gained during the Treaty of Paris (1783)
  • How: Northwest Ordinance (1787)
128
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What were the 9 problems with the Articles of Confederation?

A
  1. The government had no executive branch
  2. Each state had one vote in legislative branch
  3. No separate judicial branch
  4. Not create taxes
  5. Not raise the national army separate from states
  6. Each state printed own currency
  7. Not control interstate trade or international trade
  8. New laws required support 9/13 states
  9. Needed unanimous agreement of states to amend the document
129
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why was the lack of an executive branch a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

Could pass laws > states enforce → Congress no power to enforce state enforcement

130
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why was the lack of a judicial branch a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

[1] When law’s meanings were questioned → no one fairly settles the issue

[2] No court settle disputes between states or people different states

131
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why was the “one vote in legislative branch” a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A
  • Each state equal representation
  • Larger populations (Virginia) not think fair
132
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why was the fact that the government could not levy taxes a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A
  • Taxes pay government function
  • Congress only request money from state legislatures
133
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why was the fact that the states printing their own currency a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

Why was the fact that the national government could not control interstate or intrastate trade a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

Needed different currencies & not have the same value

States acted in own interst (not nation as a whole)

134
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why was the fact that the new laws required 9/13 states’ support a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

difficult pass laws → so many had to agree

135
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the purpose of the peace conferences between 1784 and 1785?

A

Americans demanded large surrenders of Indian land

Similar to other treaties:

  1. Cherokee
  2. Choctaw
  3. Chickasaw tribes
136
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What were the 2 competing perspectives regarding disposing of western land (1780s)?

A

Perspective 01:

Economic health country → farmers need land

Perspective 02:

land sales = revenue

137
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What Ordinances were there about the western lands in the 1780s?

A
  1. Ordinance of 1784
  2. ordinance of 1785
  3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
138
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Ordinance of 1784?

A

Who: Thomas Jefferson

What: establish stages of self-government for West

  • divided into districts
  • Initially governed by Congress → then unions
  • almost prohibited slavery
139
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Ordinance of 1785?

A

regulated sales in “Old Northwest”

  • land sold in sections
  • each township → 1 section must be used for public education
140
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Northwestern Ordinance of 1787?

A

Called eventual establishment of 3-5 states

  • north Ohio River & east Mississippi

Empire of Liberties:

  • not rule new area as colonies
  • integrate as eventual member states
  • territorial expansion & self-government grow together

Effect on Indians:

Policies towards Indians:

  1. pledge “the utmost good faith”
  2. not take land without concent

Assumed Indian presence would disappear:

  • purchase
  • treaties
  • voluntary removal

Effect on Slavery:

Prohibited

  • far-reaching consequeces
  • Still had slaves:
  • though voluntary signed contracts””
141
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How did the standard of living in the Western country in the 1780-1790s compare to the rest of the country?

A

1. Less developed than cities in the east

  • death from illness
  • food shortages

2. Education irregular

3. Religion “at-home” experience

  • priests and preachers only travel inland occasionally
142
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was “Backcountry Culture?”

A

reflected origins of people

as populations grew → increased political conflict

Conflict with American Indians

143
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How was the finance of the War of Independence a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  • borrowed large sums of money
  • sold interest-bearing bonds
  • paid soldiers and suppliers with notes to be redeemed in future

Afterward: lacked money pay debts

144
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What economic problems did the Articles of Confederation cause? [3]

A

[1] Financing War of Independence:

  • borrowed large sums of money
  • sold interest-bearing bonds
  • paid soldiers and suppliers with notes to be redeemed in future

Afterward: lacked money pay debts

[2] Barred trading in West Indies

[3] Imported goods flooded the market

  • undercut locals
  • cut wages
  • drained money
145
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What happened during the Shays’s Rebellion of 1786 and 1787?

A

Who: Crowd debt-ridden farmers (Massachusetts)

Leader: Daniel Shays (War of Independence veteran & Massachusetts Farmer)

Motivation:

  1. After war: farmers high property taxes
  2. Not pay: government confiscated and sold thier farms

Saw: abuse of power

What:

  1. Violence → militia killed 4 Shays men
  2. closed courts → prevent seizure land (not paid taxes)

Modeled actions after crowd activities of 1760s and 1770s:

employed liberty trees & poles = symbols

Response:

No sympathy from Governor James Bowdoin

dispatched army

  • Leader: Benjamin Lincoln
  • January 1787: stopped
146
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What were the broader (relation to the government) implications of the Shays’s Rebellion (1786)?

A

Served: the culmination of series events (1780s)

Goerge Washington:

  • Alarm → is not responded faster to threat
  • National government: not capital, or power

Result: persuaded group Americans national government must be strengthened

  • develop uniform economic policies
  • protect property ownership
147
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How did “liberty” play into the debate about increased national authority in the 17th century?

A

less relevant for proponents of national authority

“dangers of liberty”

  • not from government
  • from people selves

Private liberty could be endangered by public liberty

Private liberty: enjoyment of property rights

Public liberty: unchecked power in the hand of the people

148
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Which two viewpoints exist regarding the Shays’s rebellion and its implications?

A

View 01:

Catalyst dimantling Articles and creating Constitution

View 02:

Americans wondering whether national government should be more powerful 2 years prior

149
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Which type of people thought that the power of the national government should increase in the 1780s?

A

Men = “nation builders”

thought country’s future depended increased national authority

Other followers:

Wanted stronger economic influence:

  • bondholders
  • urban artisans
  • merchants
  • those feared states infringing property rights
150
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What happened during the Philadelphia Convention in May 1787?

A

Philadelphia**: amended Articles of Confederation**

  • every state (except Rhode-Island)
  • scrapped entire thing
  • replaced with new Constitution
151
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the objective of the Constitutional Convention?

A
  1. believed strengthening of national authority
  2. curb “excesses of democracy”
152
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What branches of government did the Consitution create?

A
  1. legislature judiciary
  2. executive judiciary
  3. national judiciary
153
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How did the Consitution pose that the government should finance itself?

A

Congress raise money without reliance on states

States does not infringe the rights of property

Government represent “the people”

  • a wanted middle ground between the despotism of monarchy and aristocracy
  • balance liberty and power
154
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How did the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan compare?

What was the compromise?

A

Arguments over the balance of federal and state power

Virginia Plan

Who: James Madison

What: Creation 2-house legislature → state’s pop determine each

New Jersey Plan

Alternative to Virginia Plan

Virginia, Massachusetts, & Penn = liked this one

What: Called single-house congress

  • each state 1 vote
  • Compromise*:

Two-house Congress:

[1] Senate (each state 2 members)

Senators:

  • chosen state legislature
  • 60-year terms

[2] House of Representatives (based population)

  • elected 2 years (by people)
155
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Name the 5 compromises in the Consitution?

A
  1. Great Compromise
  2. Three-Five Compromise
  3. Slave Trade Compromise
  4. Commerce Compromise
  5. Presidential Compromise
156
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the “Great Compromise” of the Consitution?

A
  • Leaders more populous states wanted more representation
  • Smaller states: wanted “one vote per state policy”

Great Compromise:

bicameral legislature: Senate and House of Representatives

157
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was “Tree-Fifth-Compromise?”

A

Southern States:

  • wanted slaves count as population
  • not for taxation

Northern States: opposite

3/5 of slave population counter determine each state’s representation in:

  1. House of Representatives
  2. Electoral votes
158
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the “Slave Trade Compromise?”

A

(Some) Wanted slavery end gradually

  • not give incentive for practice to continue
  • Knew without compromise Southern States not ratify

Allowed further import of slaves until 1808

January 01, 1808: prohibited further import slaves

159
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the “Commerce Compromise?”

A

Southern States:

  • wanted control own trade
  • slaves & taxable agricultural

Northern States:

  • wanted federal control
  • power tax imports and exports

Protect growing industries

Commerce Compromise

  • federal control of international and interstate trade
  • allowing states to control intrastate trade
  • prevent export taxes and ban slave trade 20 years
160
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the “Presidential Compromise?”

A

Favor: stronger state government

  • president → shorter term
  • limit number of terms
  • elected state legislature

Favor: stronger central government

  • direct election by voters
  • longer terms
  • no term limit

Presidential Compromise

Indirect election: Electoral College

  • 4 year term
  • no term limit

(1951: 22nd Amendment = 2 terms)

161
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the House of Representatives?

A

House of Representatives: chosen people

  • indicate expansion of democracy
  • no property/religious qualifications for voting
162
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How did the new government structure pose by the Constitution shield the government from popular enthusiasm?

A

Assumed Senate = esteemed people

  • Supreme Court member: lifetime by president
  • not directly appoint federal judges/president

House of Representatives - same

  • 65 members
163
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How was the President and Vice President elected (1780s)?

A

Elector cast votes 2 candidates for president

second place - VP

No majority:

  • the president chose top three finishers by House of Representative
  • Senate elect VP

WHY?

Not trust ordinary people to choose president

164
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What two principles were the Consitution based on?

A

1. Division of Power (Federalism):

eparation of power between the central government and states

National Government:

(Compared AoC) Constitution strengthened national gov

president enforce laws

Congress:

  1. levy tax
  2. borrow money
  3. regulate commerce
  4. declare war
  5. deal with foreign nations
  6. promote “general welfare”

Prevent states from infringing property rights

States:

other affairs (education & law)

2. Separation of Power (Checks and Balances):

Prevent any one branch of government to dominate the other two

Branches: Executive, judicial, national

  • Congress enact laws → president veto

2/3 majority lass law over objection

  • Federal judges: nominated president & approved Senate

ensure independence - serve life

  • President impeached House
  • President removed by Senate
165
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What did the Consitution say about slavery and what was the Three-Fifths Clause (1787)?

A

Word “slavery” not in the constitution

Did contain strong protections for slavery

  • Congress not able to abolish 20 years
  • required states return slaves

Three-Fifths Clause:

  • 3/5 of slave population counter determine each state’s representation in:
    • House of Representatives
    • Electoral votes
  • Allowed white South → greater power in national affairs (than free population allow)

first 16 elections (1788-1848): 12 Southern Slaveholders elected

166
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was South Carolina’s influence on Slavery in the Constitution?

A

Came Convention → defend slavery

Impact final document

  1. Fugitive slave clause
  2. electoral college
  3. Insisted strict limits on Congress power:
  4. levy taxes
  5. feared raised taxes on slave property
167
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Slave Trade Clause?

What was the Fugitive Slave Clause?

A

Slave Trade Clause:

Allowed further import of slaves until 1808

January 01, 1808: prohibited further import slaves

Fugitive Slave Clause:

Slave laws = “extraterritoriality” → condition of bondage remained even if a slave escaped to a state with abolished slave laws

Very ambiguous:

  1. not who should bring the fugitive back
  2. what judicial procedure needed

Major source conflict between North and South

168
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was The Federalist Papers (1788)?

A

Who: Hamilton, Madison, John Jay

Why: wanted support constitution

What: series 85 essays

  • in newspapers under a pseudonym: Publius
  • regarded one most important documents → contributed “American thought”
169
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Federalist nos 10 and 51?

A

Who: Madison

What: Constitution structured prevent abuse of power

10 & 51: Vision of the relationship between government and society

essential dilemma:

  • “government based will of people”
  • “People prone to dangerous enthusiasms”

Economic development eventually increase poverty

  • the government can distribute wealth (taking wealth from the rich)

“Extend the sphere”

  • large government → dominate worlds

Effect:

Result: shape understanding of new political institutions

  • arguing the size of the republic good
  • saw westwards expansion essential to freedom
170
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

Why did some people oppose the Ratification of the Constitution?

A

Thoughts: gave the national government too much power

Feared fall under sway merchants, creditors, other hostiles

Thought: Popular self-government only work in small countries

171
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was Madison’s view on the Bill of Rights?

A
  • redundant
  • parchment barriers to abuse of authority → least effective when most needed
  • True in the future….

Times of Popular Hysteria: branches of government tried to trample freedom of expression

Red Scare after WW 1

McCarthy era (1950s)

172
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the First Amendment?

A

Prohibited Congress legislating with regards:

  1. religion,
  2. infringe freedom of speech or press
  3. infringe right to assembly
173
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the initial Bill of Rights?

A

The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. …

  1. Freedom speech, religion, assembly, petition
  2. Right bear arms in order to regulate militia
  3. No quatering of soldiers in private homes
  4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
  5. Right to due process of law
  6. Right of accused persons (right to speedy and public trail)
  7. Right of trail by jury in civil cases
  8. Freedom from excessive bail and from cruel treatment
  9. Right not listed are kepy by the person
  10. Powers no listed are kept by the states or persons
174
Q
A
175
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Second Amendment?

A
  1. Right to bear arms
  2. have a well-regulated militia

Others:

  • prohibit arrest without warratns
  • forcing people accused of a crime to testify against self
  • reaffirm the right to trial by jury
176
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How did the Constitution show a government movement to pure secularism?

A

Reflected changes brought on by Revolution

Constitution: purely secular:

  • no references to God
  • bars religious tests for officeholders

Madison wanted separate church and state

even opposed appointment chaplain to Congress/militia

177
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What three ways did the Constitution “define” citizenship?

A

Independence: from British subjecthood → American citizens

Constitution does not specify who are citizens

[1] “Comity Clause” in Constitution:

prohibited discrimination between citizens of different states

(sort of) rights citizen determined by the state

[2] The constitution does specify: must to American born

The inference that citizens derive from:

  1. birth
  2. “naturalization” process of immigrants

[3] (Occasionally) Federal government: used the purchase of land to grant citizenship

Residents of territory acquired = citizenship if wanted (Not Native Americans)

  1. 1803: Bought Louisiana from France
  2. Mexican-American War
178
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

How was citizenship affirmed after the reconstruction era following the Civil War?

A

statement added to Constitution → “birthright citizenship”

regardless of race, language, religion, national origin, legal status

179
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Treaty of Greenville (1795)?

A

caused: the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1791)

12 Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government

Established ANNUITY SYSTEM

yearly grants of federal money Indian tribes

Result:

  1. continuing influence in tribal affairs
  2. outsiders considerable control over Indians
180
Q

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791)

What was the Naturalization Act (1790)?

A

First legislative definition American nationality:

  • immigration → only “free white persons”
  • “white” excluded most people
  • 80 years only whites become citizens

1870: Africans allowed

1924: Native Americans granted citizenship

1940s: Asians eligible

181
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

♣

1791 - 1815

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic

♣

A
182
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was Hamilton’s Financial Plan’s objective? (1790-1791)

A

Objective:

  1. establish the nation’s financial stability
  2. bring government support to the financial interest
  3. encourage economic development

Long-term plan: make US global commercial and military power

183
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How many parts did Hamilton’s financial plan consist of? Explain each:

A

5 Parts

  1. Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy
  2. old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds
  3. Create: Banks of the United States
  4. Tax on the production of whiskey
  5. Tariffs and subsidies
184
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Part One of Hamilton’s Plan: How did he plan to make the nation creditworthy?

A

Part 01:

Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy

  1. loan money
  2. the confidence can be repaid

“Government responsible for debt from the War of Independence & debts of states”

185
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Part Two of Hamilton’s Plan: Create a Bank of the United States?

A

Part 02:

Create: Banks of the United States

  • modeled Bank of England

Private cooperation

  1. hold public funds
  2. issue banknotes
  3. serve as currency
  4. loans to government
186
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Part Three of Hamilton’s Plan: Interest-bearing bonds?

A

Part 03

old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds

  • give men of economic substance stake in new government
  • government stronger → more likely pay debts
187
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Part Four of Hamilton’s Plan: Whiskey?

A

Part 04:

Tax on the production of whiskey

  • generate revenue
188
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Part Five of Hamilton’s Plan: Subsidies?

A

Part 05:

  1. Tariffs
  2. Government subsidies
  3. encourage manufacturing
  4. no longer buy things from overseas
189
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Why did Madison and Jefferson oppose Hamilton’s financial plan?

A

Those believed nation’s way forwards: chartering

  • Hamilton’s plan: hinged close ties with Britain (trading partner)

Madison & Jefferson: future westwards expansion

goal: nation independent farmers

Greatest threat: emerging class commercial capitalists (like Hamilton)

  • threat freedom
  • National band & assumption state debts → same path Britian
  • Enrich wealthy rather than common folk
190
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Why were farmers against Hamilton’s financial plan?

A

transport in-country at the time was poor

cheaper distill wheat into whiskey → carry markets

  • Whiskey tax singles out unfairly
191
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Why were Strict Constructionists against Hamilton’s financial plan?

A

Strict Constructionists:

most opposition: South

“Believed federal government only exercise specific powers listed in Constitution”

  • Jefferson: new bank unconstitutional > not in constitution
192
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What happened at the “Famous Dinner in 1790”?

Hamilton-Jefferson Bargain

A

Where: famous dinner in 1790

Behind the scene negotiations about Hamilton’s financial plan

Jefferson: the agreement which southerners accepted

What:

  • agreed Hamilton’s fiscal program
  • remove subsidies to manufacturers
  • Establish permanent national capital: Potomac River

outline for construction: European model (parks…)

construction: slaves

193
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How were the events in 1789 and 1793 of the French Revolution perceived by the American public?

How did Federalists and Anti-Federalists (Jeffersonians) view the French Revolution?

A

1789: Began

  • Americans supported
  • saw it as a reflection of own revolution

1793: Radical turn → executed Sun King

  • and other aristocrats
  • War between France and Britian

Jefferson (Anti-Federalists): the historic victory of the idea of self-government

Enthusiasm for liberty:

  • poles and caps

Hamilton and Washington (Federalists): anarchy

194
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What part did the Americans play in the war between the British and the French 1790s?

How did the impressment of American ships by the British in the 1790s affect Washington’s stance of neutrality?

A

Shaped American policies:

  • “permanent” alliance with France
  • The US does not want to be involved

April 1793: Proclamation of Neutrality (or Neutrality Act)

British:

  • seized hundreds of American ships
  • Practice of IMPRESSMENT

John Jay (chief justice) → negotiate an agreement → (1794) Jay’s Treaty

195
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was Jay’s Treaty (1794)?

Why was it controversial?

A

Who: John Jay

Biggest controversy Washington’s presidency

What:

  1. Britain agreed to abandon outposts western frontier
  2. NOT have to concession rights on impressment

Conflict:

  1. saw as alignment with Britain (not France)
  2. sharpened political divisions

Led directly to the formation of Organized opposition parties

196
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Which parties were there in the mid-1790s? What were their beliefs?

A

Federalists:

Support Washington’s administration

Wanted:

  1. Hamilton’s policies
  2. close ties Britain

Who:

  • merchants
  • farmers
  • politicians (outside South)

Outlook:

Elitist

  • refected 18th-century society of fixed hierarchy
  • office: men of economic substance

Freedom:

“not mean to stand up to the government”

Only major party decree: democracy dangerous hand ordinary citizens

Republicans:

Leaders:

  • James Madison
  • Thomas Jefferson

Who:

  • Wealthy southern planters
  • ordinary farmers (rest country)
  • Enthusiasm French Revolution → drew urban artisans

Outlook:

Basis: SELF-GOVERNMENT

  • critical of social & economic inequality
  • accepting of broad democratic participation
197
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) and how did it affect federalist ideas of freedom?

A

reinforce “freedom” idea of the federalists

  • Backcountry Penn
  • farmers resisted tax on Whiskey
  • Washington dispatched 13,000 men

Only time president commanded armies in a field

no resistance

198
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What were 1793-1794 Democratic-Republic Societies?

A

Inspiration: Jacobin clubs of Paris

  • supporters French revolution
    • *

Who: George Washington

Established over 50

  • republicans published meetings

Federalist view: democracy out of hand

  • blamed starting Whiskey Rebellion
  • ended end of 1795
199
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was Mary Wollstonecraft’s contribution to the renewed discussion of female rights in the 1790s?

A

1792: Mary Wollstonecraft

published (in England): A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

  • not directly challenge traditional gender norms
  • greater access to education and paid employment
  • infer need representation in government

1794: published America

200
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was Judith Sargent Murray’s contribution to the renewed discussion of female rights in the 1790s?

A

Wrote: Massachusetts Magazine

pseudonym: “The Gleaner”

era’s most accomplished American women

201
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What did the constitution say about female rights?

A

No explicit discrimination from involvement in the public sphere

Used to pronoun “he” in constitution

202
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Who won the first election in American history? (1797)

A
  1. John Adams (VP: Thomas Pickney) → Federalists: Winner
  2. Thomas Jefferson (VP: Aaron Burr) → Republicans
203
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the XZY affair in the late 1790s?

A
  • Crisis hit John Adams when elected
  • Traded weapons both France and Britain

both took American ships with impunity

1797: Negotiate alliance of 1778 in Paris

French officials demanded bribes

1798: “Quasi-war” on sea

1800: Adams negotiated peace

204
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Naturalization Act? (1790s)

A

Immigrants seeking residency live in US for 14 years (up from 5)

205
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Alien Act? (1790s)

A

Deportation immigrant deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities

206
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was Adam’s Sedition Act?

A

Set expire in 1801 → Adams - hopefully -reelected

Authorized prosecution of any public assembly or publication → criticized the government

  • opposition easily jailed
207
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the “Reigh of Witches” (as coined by Jefferson)?

A

18 people jailed under the Sedition Act

  • 10: “false” information
  • Matthew Lyon:
    • Editor Republican newspaper: The Scourge of Aristocracy
    • sentence 4 months
208
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How was the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions resistance to the Sedition Act?

A

Opposition to the Sedition Act

“Freedom of Expression” center discussion

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Who: Madison and Jefferson

What: Attacked Act as an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment

  • endorsed by states
  • The 1790s: “crisis of freedom”
  • “freedom of discussion” central to American liberty
209
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the “Revolution of 1800?”

A

1800 Jefferson Campaign:

Slogan: “Jefferson and Liberty”

Won! *Called: *“Revolution of 1800”

  • Jefferson: 73 electoral votes
  • Adams: 65
210
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the twelfth amendment of the constitution?

A

How to avoid Crisis in future: TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

electors separate votes for president and VP

Why?

  1. American people right partake politics
  2. express opinions freely
  3. contest polities government
211
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What problem did the election of 1800-1801 cause in relation to electing a vice president? What was the response?

A

Problem:

  1. Jefferson and Aaron Burr = 73 electoral votes each
  2. Decision up to the House of Representatives
  3. elected 1798: Federalists slight majority
  4. Grid-locked about votes

Hamilton:

  • interevened
  • Disliked Jefferson → not believe he would dismantle the Federalist financial system
  • voted Jefferson

1805: Burr killed Hamilton in a dual

How did Congress try to prevent the Vice President’s problem of 1801?

  • TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
  • electors separate votes for president and VP
212
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How was Jefferson’s election in 1801 influenced by slavery?

A

Jefferson: won 41 votes from the South

Victory: not possible without slavery

due to Three-Fifths-Clause (1787)

213
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What happened in the Haitian Revolution (1791)? How did Jefferson respond to the revolution?

A

[1] Jefferson saw the French Revolution as a step to universal progress

[2] 1791: Slave revolution in Saint Domingue

  • Jewel of the French overseas empire
  • Close southern US

Leader: Toussaint L’Ouverture

What:

  • forged rebellion slaves into the army
  • Defeated British forces

Objective:

  • seize island
  • expedition hoping restore French authority

1804: Haiti independent nation

Jefferson objective: quarantine and destroy hemisphere’s second independent republic

214
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How was the Haitian revolution perceived in American (by blacks and whites)?

A

The country left in ruins of years of warfare

Affirmed era’s creed of liberty

Impact on Blacks in America

  • inspired US slaves
  • black Americans celebrated the Haitian revolution

Impact on White Americans:

  • Refugees told horror stories
  • reaffirmed fears of slave insurrections
215
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was Gabriel’s Revolution (Who, Plan, Why)?

A

Leader(s):

  1. Gabriel (Richmond blacksmith)
  2. Solomon (brother & blacksmith)
  3. Martin (slave preacher)

Plan:

march to the city from surrounding plantations

Kill/hold white inhabitants & governer James Monroe

Why:

hold hostages

wanted abolition of slavery

216
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Describe the nature of the free black community in Richmond before and after Gabriel’s Rebellion?

A

Before:

1800: 1/2 population
* 1/5 free

The 1780s and 1790s: black community emerged

  • Gabriel revolution rooted institution
  • Many slaves read and write
  • Hired themselves out to employers

Relative autonomy accounts for slave artisans prominent role in the conspiracy

After:

Virginia legislature: tightened control blacks

  • illegal congregate on Sundays without white present
  • restricted possibility masters free slaves

Any slave leaving after 1806:

  1. leave Virginia
  2. (or) sold back in slavery
217
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What did Jefferson do during his presidency in regards to government employment and the army and taxes and national autority?

A
  • Employment and Army:
    • reduced government employees

slashed army and navy

  • Taxes:

abolished all taxes

Except:

  • tariff
  • whiskey tax
  • Payed some national debts*
  • National Authority:
  1. (As Hamilton predicted) Impossible uproots national authority entirely
  2. Jefferson: distrusted unelected judiciary
218
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

what was the “Marshall Court?”

A

Head Supreme Court: (*Federalist) *John Marshall

  1. believed national authority
  2. established Court’s power: review laws of Congress and states
  3. establish Judicial Review:
    Supreme Court assumes the right to determine whether acts of Congress violates the Constitution.
219
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Marbury vs. Madison (1803):

A

fist important decision of SC

Eve before Adams left:

appointed number of justices of the peace for District of Columbia

  • Madison: (secretary of state)
  • refuse issue commissions to “midnight judges”

4 judges (including William Marbury) sued for offices

Judiciary Act of 1789:

  • allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions
  • The exceeded power of Congress was void

Other words:

  • Marbury entitled to a commission*
  • Court no power to order Madison to give it*
220
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?

A

allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions

The exceeded power of Congress was void

Other words:

  1. Marbury entitled to a commission
  2. Court no power to order Madison to give it
221
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Fletcher v. Peck (1810):

A

1794:

  1. 4 land companies paid nearly every member state legislature
  2. secure right to purchase land (Alabama & Mississippi)

1796: New legislature rescinded land grants

  • Judicial review of state laws*

Result: Constitution prohibited Georgia taking any action impaired contract → keep land

222
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Describe the Louisiana Purchase of 1803?

A

What factors played into the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 as being a “good opportunity?”

[1] Rebellion in Saint Domingue → defeated French forces

[2] Use opportunity purchase Louisiana

  • Napolean dream American empire ruins after Haiti
  • agree sell for $15 million

How did the possession of Louisiana change from 1762 to 1803?

1762: ceded by France to Spain (due to Seven Years War → Peace of Paris (1763))

1800: France secretly required

1803: Jefferson Purchase

Why was Jefferson desperate to get his hands on Louisiana in 1803?

Why want: NEW ORLEANS

1795: Treaty of San Lorenzo (or Pinckney’s Treaty)

  • American and Spain
  • Farmers trade through here

Affair: French might interfere

How did the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 require Jefferson to make an ideological compromise?

Abandon conviction: federal government limited to power mentioned in Constitution

Constitution: said nothing about buying territory

Argument:

  1. benefits justified transgression
  2. Increased agrarian character and political stability
223
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pickney’s Treaty) (1795)?

A

Spain concerned new Treaty between the US and Britain

1795: Meet US representatives

  • Thomas Pinckney

= Pickney’s Treaty or Treaty of San Lorenzo

  • protected US rights to use the Mississippi River & New Orleans port

Spain: wanted a formal alliance

Pinckney: stayed true Washington’s vision

  • resolved arguments & not make an alliance
  • revolved border concerns

US position-independent national elevated

224
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How did Spanish and French institutions in New Orleans make it hard to integrate the people into the American population?

What was the restuls?

A

[1] Rights of Free Blacks: (according to the Spanish and French laws)

nearly all the same privileges as whites

[2] Emancipation for blacks: easy

  • freedom through purchase
  • voluntary emancipation of owners

[3] Women co-owners of farms (Spanish and French law)

[1] Blacks steady decline in status

[2] Adopted one of the most sweeping slave codes in South

  • Slaves more freedom under tyrannical Spain and freedom-loving America

[3] retained principle of “community property” under marriage

225
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What happened with the Barbary War between 1801 and 1804?

A

Cause:

Barbary States: prey shipping in Mediterranean and Atlantic

  • tribute from countries (including the US) protect ships

1801:

  1. Jefferson refused an increase in payment
  2. Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US

What:

Naval conflict

Ended: US victory at Tripoli harbor

226
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How did the war between France and Britain (1803 and 1806) affect the Americans?

A

1806: each declared blockade → deny rival trade with US

1807: seized 6,000 US citizens

  • claimed British citizens or deserters
227
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Embargo Act (December 1807)?

A

Why Jefferson participated

Jefferson view: US economic health

  1. need freedom trade
  2. no foreign nations interfere

December 1807: Embargo Act

Jefferson pressed congress & use American trade as a weapon

“Ban all American vessels sailing for foreign ports” lot of federal power for Jefferson

1808: US exports dropped 80%

  • neither F nor B took notice
  • devastated US economy

March 1809: Non-Intercourse Act

  • banned trade F and B
  • until either side rescinded edits against American shipping
228
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Non-Intercourse Act in March 1809?

A

1808: US exports dropped 80% due to the Embargo Act

  • neither F nor B took notice
  • devastated US economy

March 1809: Non-Intercourse Act

  1. banned trade F and B
  2. until either side rescinded edits against American shipping
229
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the cause of Macon’s Bill No. 2?

A

Cause: Embargo Act

  • failed goals
  • increasingly violated

1810: Madison new policy

Congress enacted a measure known as Macon’s Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other.

230
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How did Macon’s Bill No. 2 affect France and Britain in the years after its implementation?

A

France:

Napolean announced repeal on neutral shipping

British:

Continued attacking

1812: reimposed ban British

231
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the “Age of Prophecy” between 1800 and 1812?

A

Tribal leaders sought the revitilize Native American life

232
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Who were Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?

A
  • Shawnee brothers

Tecumseh:

[1] refused sign **Treaty of Greenville** (1795)

[2] Traveled Mississippi Valley

Argument: alternative Indian resistance extermination

1810: called attacks American frontier settlements

  • Died in the War of 1812*
    • *

Tenswatawa: religious prophet

  1. complete separation from whites
  2. revival of traditional Indian ways
  3. resistance federalist policies

Following: Prophetstown (Indiana)

Battle Tippecanoe: (Nov 1811)

American forces destroyed Prophetstown

leader: William Henry Harrison

233
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Hartford Convention of December 1814 and how was it the downfall of the Federalist party?

A

Dec 1814: Hartford Convention

  • A Group of New English Federalists gathered
  • Hartford, Connecticut
  • voice grievances of party

What: reaffirmed right of state “interpose” authority if the federal government violate Consitution

Then: Andrew Jackson national hero

  • Federalists charged lacking patriotism
  • Few years → dismantled
234
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What two things caused the War of 1812?

A
  1. Reports British encouraged Tecumseh’s attacks
  2. British assults ships continued
235
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How did Madison’s formal request for a declaration of war in (June) 1812 divide the American people? War of 1812

A

June 1812: Madison asked for a formal declaration of war

Was American “an independent nation” or “colonists and vassals of B”

Divided country:

[1] Federalists and Republicans (New Jersey & northwards)

  • mercantile & financial resources concentrated
  • AGAINST war

[2] South and West

FAVOR war

236
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

Why was the War of 1812 a stupid idea?

A
  1. US Militarily unprepared
  2. disunited
237
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What happened during the Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)?

A

Greatest victory

Where: New Orleans

Commander: Andrew Jackson

  1. Fought off a British invasion
  2. National Hero
238
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

What was the Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)?

A

Neither sides wanted to continue

not immediately reatch New Orleans

  1. not territory exchanged hands
  2. no provisions related to impressment or neurtral shipping rights
239
Q

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815)

How did the Second War of Independence influence the American Control of land?

A

Complete conquest area east Mississippi River

Also:

  1. Michigan
  2. Indiana
  3. Alabama
240
Q

What was the effect of the War of 1812 on American-Canadian relations along the border?

A

Further solidified divide:

Most fighting: Detroit & Great Lakes

Trade: Between Vermont and Quebec

  1. trade flourished during Jefferson’s embargo
  2. saw American traders as spies

Failed attacks: Strengthened anti-Americanism

  • even among people not part of revolutionary-era loyalists
  • had families both sides
  • national sentiment both sides increased
241
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

A primary reason both women and blacks were largely excluded from the expansion of democracy was (5 points)

  1. because they could not vote in England, many thought that they should not have that right in America either
  2. because they were not considered citizens, and therefore, they could not vote
  3. that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage
  4. that members of neither group had asked to be included in politics
A

3. that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage

242
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following accurately describes both the South and slavery in 19th-century America? (5 points)

  1. The American South was surpassed by Mexico in the number of slaves doing labor.
  2. The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.
  3. The proportion of slaves in the South as a whole made up only 10 percent of the population.
  4. The slaves’ most important task was providing labor in factories that produced goods to be exported to European nations.
A

2. The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.

243
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

In the South, the paternalist ethos (5 points)

  1. led to withholding food and shelter for slaves
  2. helped end severe punishments for slaves
  3. masked the brutality of slavery
  4. urged an end to slavery
A

3. masked the brutality of slavery

244
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Slave families were (5 points)

  1. rare because there were too few female slaves
  2. headed by women more frequently than were white families
  3. usually able to stay together because most slave owners were paternalistic
  4. slow to name children to avoid strong kinship ties, as family members were often sold
A

2. headed by women more frequently than were white families

245
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

The question refers to the excerpt below.

“Too much has already been saying and written about woman’s sphere … Wendell Phillips says, ‘The best and greatest thing one is capable of doing, that is his sphere.’ … Leave women, then, to find their sphere. And do not tell us before we are born even, that our province is to cook dinners, darn stockings, and sew on buttons.”—Lucy Stone

Which of the following statements best connects the excerpt to cultural developments the author witnessed? (5 points)

  1. Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.
  2. Stone refers to the Second Great Awakening, crediting it with enriching women’s lives beyond the duties of home.
  3. Stone refers to the Godey’s Lady’s Book, explaining that women do not need instruction from men on common chores.
  4. Stone refers to The Liberator, attacking the publication and its editor as excluding women from the cause of abolition.
A

1. Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

246
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

How does this painting reflect early 19th-century American Indian experiences? (5 points)

  1. American Indians who refused to give up their claims to land were often enslaved on Southern plantations.
  2. Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.
  3. American Indian tribes could earn ownership of land by working for white landowners for a set period.
  4. Some American Indians moved westward with whites to build and develop communities together.
A

2. Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

248
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“When my mother became old, she was sent to live in a little lonely log-hut in the woods. Aged and worn out slaves, whether men or women, are commonly so treated. No care is taken of them, except, perhaps, that a little ground is cleared about the hut, on which the old slave, if able, may raise a little corn. As far as the owner is concerned, they live or die as it happens; it is just the same thing as turning out an old horse.”—Moses Grandy

The excerpt is historical evidence that most directly contradicts which of the following arguments? (5 points)

  1. Proslavery
  2. Abolition
  3. Woman suffrage
  4. Temperance
A

1. Proslavery

249
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What served as the major impetus to the reform movements of the 19th century? (5 points)

  1. U.S. Constitution
  2. Transcendentalism
  3. Utopianism
  4. Second Great Awakening
A

4. Second Great Awakening

250
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts? (5 points)

  1. Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply better known because more people were literate by the 1830s.
  2. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.
  3. Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support.
  4. The movement of the 1830s introduced the idea of colonizing freed slaves outside the United States, which proved immensely popular with Southern whites.
A

2. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

251
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

American Indian removal and the colonization of former slaves rested on the premise that America (5 points)

  1. was fundamentally a white society
  2. wanted what was in the best interest of all the people
  3. was not financially able to support all who lived there
  4. provided opportunity for new land to those who desired it
A

1. was fundamentally a white society

252
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did many early national leaders encourage westward expansion? (5 points)

  1. They wanted to expand slavery.
  2. They wanted to abolish slavery.
  3. They wanted to expand trade.
  4. They wanted to restrict trade.
A

3. They wanted to expand trade.

253
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

After the War of 1812, disputes with Great Britain over land ownership and use in North America were settled primarily by (5 points)

  1. further military action
  2. diplomatic negotiation
  3. residents in the areas
  4. trade agreements
A

2. diplomatic negotiation

254
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following ideas eased Thomas Jefferson’s discomfort with the Louisiana Purchase? (5 points)

  1. Congress ratified an amendment to authorize the sale.
  2. Spain was no longer a threat to American expansion.
  3. Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.
  4. Few people from foreign nations lived there.
A

3. Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.

255
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did the application of Missouri territory for statehood cause two years of intense debate? (5 points)

  1. It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.
  2. It applied to become a slave state, but the Tallmadge amendment had wide support, which would force it to abolish slavery at once.
  3. Congress had not yet determined an official process for admitting new states from the area known as the Louisiana Purchase.
  4. Congress was concerned about how admitting it as a slave state would affect representation and the balance of power between states.
A

1. It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.

256
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

How did expanding the national territory increase sectional tensions in the United States? (5 points)

  1. Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.
  2. People moving westward to settle had little in common with people in the original states. They also had completely different political concerns, such as transportation.
  3. Those living along borders often had greater social and economic connection to the neighboring countries. This complicated trade and land acquisition efforts.
  4. Early national leaders promoted western settlement for agriculture, which matched Southern interests, but Northerners wanted to expand manufacturing.
A

1. Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.

257
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

How did American settlers prompt U.S. territory acquisition in some cases? (5 points)

  1. Since the people living in disputed areas were the most familiar with the land and living situation, they were often recruited as key negotiators for international treaties.
  2. Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.
  3. Most people were still farmers, and the depletion of good farmland in the East caused a great deal of the population to demand that leaders make new lands available.
  4. Many wealthy landowners would purchase large tracts of land from foreign neighbors and then sell it to the United States for a significant profit.
A

2. Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.

258
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following most directly contributed to the Adams-Onis Treaty? (5 points)

  1. Spain was losing money and interest in maintaining its colonies in North America. Many were becoming independent or being ceded to other nations.
  2. Spain wanted compensation for what it saw as the betrayal of France. This was the taking back and then selling of the Louisiana Territory to the United States.
  3. Florida had been claimed by American troops during the War of 1812. Fighting with the few Spanish forts there harmed relations with Spain.
  4. Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.
A

4. Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

259
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following was the greatest issue leading to the Monroe Doctrine? (5 points)

  1. The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.
  2. The United States feared retaliation from Spain, as the latter was bitter over the Louisiana Purchase from France, who had only recently regained the territory.
  3. The United States recognized that diplomacy was the best method to acquire new territory and wanted to assure Europe of its intentions to continue peaceful relations.
  4. The United States had gained significant property in recent years, was having trouble establishing control in those areas, and needed justification for expanding the federal military.
A

1. The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.

262
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

“If Northerners found the three-fifths rule and slavery wrong, Southerners were perfectly willing to drive home the logic of emancipation: Emancipate them and they stay where they are; and two-fifths of their number will be added to the representation, though they are not permitted to enlist in our army.”—Professor Margo Anderson, 2003

What concern of Northerners did the Southerners use in this argument? (5 points)

  1. Trade protection
  2. Morality of enslavement
  3. Representation in Congress
  4. Border disputes with Great Britain
A

3. Representation in Congress

263
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did Thomas Jefferson call the Missouri crisis “a firebell in the night”? (5 points)

  1. He thought it was a great achievement.
  2. He saw it as a threat to the nation’s future.
  3. He was impressed by the speed of resolution.
  4. He had concern for the finances of slave owners.
A

2. He saw it as a threat to the nation’s future.

264
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Professing a desire to civilize and settle them, we have at the same time lost no opportunity to purchase their lands and thrust them farther into the wilderness. By this means they have not only been kept in a wandering state, but been led to look upon us as unjust and indifferent to their fate.”—Andrew Jackson, 1829

Jackson could use these words to show support for which of the following? (5 points)

  1. Johnson v. M’Intosh
  2. Worcester v. Georgia
  3. Indian Removal Act
  4. Trail of Tears
A

3. Indian Removal Act

265
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What is unique about the Cherokee story in the larger theme of American Indian resistance to U.S. expansion? (5 points)

  1. The Cherokee banded together to refuse to adopt any forms of white culture and to stick to their traditional ways.
  2. The Cherokee experienced success through their strategy of negotiation with American leaders and retained lands.
  3. The Cherokee attempted to assimilate and use American legal channels to resolve the conflicts with white settlers.
  4. The Cherokee leaders were themselves of mixed ancestry and had been raised in white culture, not the American Indian culture.
A

3. The Cherokee attempted to assimilate and use American legal channels to resolve the conflicts with white settlers.

266
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

The people from which area of the map resisted resettlement with violence for over 40 years? (5 points)

  1. Iowa
  2. Florida
  3. Georgia
  4. Mississippi
A

2. Florida

267
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“GOLD.—A gentleman of the first respectability in Habersham county, writes us thus under date of 22d July: “Two gold mines have just been discovered in this county, and preparations are making to bring these hidden treasures of the earth to use.” So it appears that what we long anticipated has come to pass at last, namely, that the gold region of North and South Carolina, would be found to extend into Georgia.”—From an August 1, 1829 Georgia newspaper

How did the discovery of gold in Georgia affect the Cherokee Indians? (5 points)

  1. It led several leaders to sign a resettlement treaty that gave them favorable compensation, which angered other prominent leaders.
  2. It gave them greater power to negotiate with the state and federal government since they controlled the land where it was found.
  3. It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.
  4. It solved issues of compensation that had prevented most from agreeing to resettlement, as they could take it with them.
A

3. It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

268
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following placed into federal law the idea of resettling American Indians west of the Mississippi River? (5 points)

  1. Indian Removal Act
  2. Treaty of New Echota
  3. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
  4. Act Regarding the Civilization of the Indian Tribes
A

1. Indian Removal Act

269
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Our neighbors who regard no law, or pay no respect to the laws of humanity, are now reaping a plentiful harvest by the law of Georgia, which declares that no Indian shall be a party in any court created by the laws or constitution of that state. These neighbors come over the line, and take the cattle belonging to the Cherokees. The Cherokees go in pursuit of their property, but all that they can effect is, to see their cattle snugly kept in the lots of these robbers. We are an abused people. If we can receive no redress, we can feel deeply the injustice done to our rights.”—From the Cherokee Phoenix and Indians’ Advocate, Wednesday, May 27, 1829

In which of the following judicial decisions did the Cherokee Indians seek and legally achieve a victory? (5 points)

  1. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
  2. Worcester v. Georgia
  3. Johnson v. M’Intosh
  4. Barron v. Baltimore
A

2. Worcester v. Georgia

271
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following is most similar to the background story and effects of the Treaty of New Echota, just with a different group of people in a different place? (5 points)

  1. Treaty of Washington
  2. Treaty of Fort Jackson
  3. Treaty of Moultrie Creek
  4. Treaty of Payne’s Landing
A

4. Treaty of Payne’s Landing

272
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

To what does the John Ross quote “our hearts are sickened … our cause is your own, which we learned from yourselves.” refer? (5 points)

  1. The contradiction between Andrew Jackson’s speech and his actions
  2. The Supreme Court’s decision supporting the removal of the Cherokee
  3. The literal effects of the forced march to the West
  4. The removal of the Cherokee despite their adaption to white culture
A

4. The removal of the Cherokee despite their adaption to white culture

273
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Neamathla and Osceola were from different tribes, yet were both considered Seminole chiefs. What else did the two men have in common? (5 points)

  1. They both encouraged their people to accept resettlement.
  2. They were descended from both American Indians and “maroons.”
  3. They violently refused to honor removal treaties.
  4. They sought the assistance of their white neighbors.
A

3. They violently refused to honor removal treaties.

274
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following is true of the Trail of Tears? (5 points)

  1. Forced removal to Indian Country was a unique experience of Cherokee Indians.
  2. The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.
  3. Chief John Ross encouraged native peoples to resettle before it was enforced.
  4. Effects of this removal are overstated, as other groups had a far worse experience.
A

2. The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.

275
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the significance of the case of Marbury v. Madison? (5 points)

  1. It was John Marshall’s first case as chief justice.
  2. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.
  3. The Supreme Court declared that presidential power was greater than congressional power.
  4. The decision gave states important new powers to block a too-powerful federal government.
A

2. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.

276
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

The term “Era of Good Feelings” refers to the period of American history when (5 points)

  1. the Federalist Party was at its strongest
  2. there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration
  3. Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812
  4. slavery was gradually abolished in all the states
A

3. Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812

277
Q
A
278
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What was unusual about the Embargo of 1807? (5 points)

  1. It was in response to a British restriction imposed after a British ship sank an American ship—an odd set of circumstances, to say the least.
  2. The Republican majority in Congress passed it and Jefferson vetoed it, but he was overridden for the only time in his presidency.
  3. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.
  4. It did hurt France more than Great Britain, and Jefferson was ardently pro-French.
A

3. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

279
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following best illustrates the dichotomy of American society’s attitudes about slavery in the early 19th century? (5 points)

  1. Passage of the Missouri Compromise
  2. Development of the American System
  3. Issuing of the Monroe Doctrine
  4. Nullification of the Force Bill
A

1. Passage of the Missouri Compromise

280
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom? (5 points)

  1. They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty.
  2. They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.
  3. They contended that self-discipline was so rare that someone had to step in and make sure Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor.
  4. They felt that eliminating temptations would lead to the natural liberty that Protestants had long considered crucial to maintaining a good society.
A

2. They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.

281
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

The expansion of a market economy in the early 19th century is reflected in which of the following? (5 points)

  1. The decline of the slave system in the South
  2. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods
  3. The formation of strong labor unions
  4. The continued growth of home labor and cottage industries
A

2. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods

282
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

The changes to cotton and slaves from 1800 to 1860 can be directly attributed to which of the following? (5 points)

  1. The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.
  2. The expansion of slavery into new states and territories in the Northwest.
  3. The acquisition of Cuba by the United States specifically to grow cotton.
  4. The reliance of France on American cotton for military uniforms.
A

1. The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.

283
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following descriptions best defines the Cult of Domesticity? (5 points)

  1. Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.
  2. The United States should assume a neutral foreign policy.
  3. Protective tariffs are needed to safeguard American manufacturing.
  4. Slave women need to be educated to fulfill their duties as mothers.
A

1. Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.

284
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit.”

The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends? (5 points)

  1. Evangelicalism
  2. Transcendentalism
  3. Abolitionism
  4. Temperance
A

2. Transcendentalism

285
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the direct effect of the trend in international migration shown in the table? (5 points)

  1. The Panic of 1837
  2. The collapse of the two-party system
  3. A rise in nativist beliefs
  4. Increased regional tensions between the North and South
A

3. A rise in nativist beliefs

286
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to excerpts below.

  • “Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligation as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”—Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845*
  • “Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded, and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”—Fredrick Douglass, from speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852*

The ideas of Hammond are most clearly an example of which of the following mid-19th century developments? (5 points)

  1. The increasingly liberal nature of slavery after the South enforced stronger slave codes
  2. The growing use by Northern antislavery activists of moral arguments
  3. The increasing number of freed slaves in Southern states as a result of gradual emancipation laws
  4. The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery
A

4. The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

287
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the significance of Robert Fulton? (5 points)

  1. He was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
  2. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.
  3. His innovations led to the revolution in turnpike construction in the early 19th century.
  4. He sponsored congressional legislation that authorized building of the National Road.
A

2. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.

288
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

What problem with cotton did Eli Whitney solve by inventing the cotton gin? (5 points)

  1. Whitney figured out how to remove the cotton-destroying boll weevil, and thereby, save the cotton crop.
  2. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.
  3. Processing cotton required many different pieces of equipment, but Whitney figured out how to change the equipment more easily and quickly, saving time and money.
  4. Planting the cotton took too many hours to make its growth very profitable, but Whitney enabled planters to use a machine to speed the planting.
A

2. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.

292
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

  • “But if slaves were allowed to redeem themselves progressively, by purchasing one day of the week after another, as they can in the Spanish colonies, habits of industry would be gradually formed, and enterprise would be stimulated, by their successful efforts to acquire a little property. And if they afterward worked better as free laborers than they now do as slaves, it would surely benefit their masters as well as themselves …*
  • But the slave holders try to stop all the efforts of benevolence, by vociferous complaints about infringing upon their property; and justice is so subordinate to self-interest, that the unrighteous claim is silently allowed, and even openly supported, by those who ought to blush for themselves, as Christians and as republicans.”—Lydia Maria Child, from Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation, 1833*

In her writing, Child chides slave owners for (5 points)

  1. economic greed and religious hypocrisy
  2. paternalistic attitudes
  3. their failure to incorporate Spanish labor systems
  4. being supporters of the Democrats
A

1. economic greed and religious hypocrisy

294
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which international agreement set the border between the United States and Canada at 49 degrees north latitude? (5 points)

  1. Adams-Onis Treaty
  2. Gadsden Purchase of 1853
  3. Convention of 1818
  4. Pinckney’s Treaty
A

3. Convention of 1818

295
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“[T]he occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”—President James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, 1823

To what occasion is Monroe referring? (5 points)

  1. The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America
  2. The failed attempt by Russia at preventing American trade with Asia
  3. The issuance of a threat by France to reclaim part of the Louisiana Purchase
  4. The deployment of American troops to Mexico to fight for the Texas territory
A

1. The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America

296
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following groups of people would most support the Hartford Convention? (5 points)

closeIncorrect

  1. Southern plantation owners
  2. Native Americans
  3. New England merchants
  4. Western frontiersmen
A

3. New England merchants

297
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

In their treatment of the American Indians, white Americans did all of the following except (5 points)

  1. make legal claims to the ancestral American Indian lands
  2. recognize the tribes as separate nations
  3. argue that American Indians would adopt the ways of larger society
  4. trick them into ceding land to whites
A

2. recognize the tribes as separate nations

298
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following was a direct result of the Missouri Compromise? (5 points)

closeIncorrect

  1. The outlawing of slavery in states admitted after Missouri
  2. The creation of the state of Maine
  3. The end of balance between free and slave states
  4. The creation of Missouri as a free state
A

2. The creation of the state of Maine

299
Q

Module 03: A New Republic

Which strategy did the U.S. use to help decrease tensions over the spread of slavery into western lands? (5 points)

  1. Only allowed slaves to be purchased in states, not transported across state lines
  2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free
  3. Limited the number of slaves each owner could have in the new territories
  4. Required states to pass laws that set up plans for gradual emancipation
A
  1. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free
300
Q

What was the Stamp Act of 1765 and its effects?

A
  • tax specifically aimed raising revenue
  • Broad-based tax → all legal documents and licenses
    • affected almost everyone
  • Tax on goods produced within colonies

Reaction:

  1. James Otis pamphlet: The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
  2. Virginia Stamp Act Resolves
  3. Sons of Liberty
301
Q

What was the Quartering Act of 1765?

A

stationed large numbers of troops in American and colonists responsible for costs

AP United States History (9 decks)

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