UNIT#02 BIO-ENERGETICS Flashcards
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is:
Rubisco
The products of photosynthesis in green plants are:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
The quantitative study of energy relationship in the biological system is:
Bioenergetics
A kind of chemical link between anabolism and catabolism:
ATP
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from:
Water
NADH is oxidized during:
Lactic acid fermentation
Which of the following can perform anaerobic respiration?
➡Bacteria
➡Yeast
➡Skeletal Muscles
The amount of energy extracted from glucose molecules during respiration without oxygen is:
2%
The final fate of glucose in yeast when it is deprived of oxygen:
Alcohol
In cellular respiration, the product formed as a result of the release of energy:
ATP
Cellular respiration is directly involved in the production of:
Energy
Respiration is the universal process by which organisms break down complex compounds containing:
Carbon
In which process/processes stored energy in carbohydrates is released:
Respiration
The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is called:
External Respiration
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
➡Ethyl Alcohol
➡CO2
The compound formed during muscle fatigue is:
Lactic acid
C3H6O3
During extreme physiological activities, which form of anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells and other animals?
Lactic acid fermentation
The amount of glucose in ATP during anaerobic respiration:
2%
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
7.3 KCal
Fermentation products produced by the yeast are:
➡Ethyl alcohol
➡Yeast
In aerobic respiration, only ____ % of energy present within the chemical bond of glucose is converted into ATP.
2
In which of the following component of the body, does lactic acid fermentation takes place?
Muscles
In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid is broken down into:
Ethyl alcohol
Pyruvate is broken down to ___ in yeast.
Alcohol
Lactic acid is produced as a result of:
Anaerobic Respiration
Which of the following is not respiration?
Formation of glucose
During respiratory chain o cellular respiration, cytochrome c oxidizes:
Cytochrome b
(Co-enzyme Q ➡Cytochrome b➡Cytochrome c)
Reduction Chain
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain?
Oxygen
The electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to:
Create proton gradient
Which of the following types of mammalian cells does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation?
Erythrocytes
Lack mitochondria
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP:
Chemiosmosis
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves:
Chemiosmosis
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme Q
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Mitochondrion
The correct sequence of cytochromes (Cyto-), the electron transport intermediate in ETC is:
Cyto-b ➡Cyto-c ➡Cyto-α ➡Cyto-α3
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
In mitochondria the pumping of protons (Chemiosmosis) is across the:
Inner Membrane
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:
Hydrogen
In which of the following life processes is ATP produced?
➡Photosyntheisis
➡Aerobic respiration
➡Anaerobic respiration
Oxygen plays ____ role in respiration
It is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain
What is the product of the ETC in animals?
Water
Cytochromes are electron transport intermediates containing:
Haem
How do the electron transport intermediates containing:
Chemiosmosis
What is the end product o the ETC in animals?
Water
The final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain is?
Oxygen
Cytochrome a is oxidized by which of the following in ETC?
Cytochrome a3
What is the copper-containing protein involved in the ETC in plants?
Pc
Coenzyme Q is oxidized by which coenzyme?
Cytochrome b
Cytochrome b is reduced by:
Coenzyme Q
Cancer cells require large amounts of ATP. Which of the following produces a high number of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are present on:
Cristae
Electrons from NADH accepted by oxygen form how many ATPs?
3
Electron transport chain occurs in:
➡Inner membrane of mitochondria
➡Thylakoid membrane
Terminal carrier of cytochrome complex present in ETC:
a
NADH is oxidized by:
Co-enzyme Q
A number of ATP molecules used during the preparatory phase of glycolysis:
2
3C=Glyceraldehyde Phosphate
In plants, energy is released during the process of:
Respiration
Water is released during the conversion of:
2-phosphoglycerate➡PEP
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3 bisphoglycerate➡3 phosphoglycerate
Dephosphorylation
Gross production of ATP molecules during glycolysis is:
4
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is:
38 ATP
(Total=40 ATP
➡2 ATP are used in the preparatory phase
The oxidation of succinate produces:
FADH2
by succinic acid dehydrogenase
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during:
Krebs cycle
When products of glycolysis pass through Krebs Cycle, they will produce:
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
The precursor of fumarate during the Krebs cycle requires ____ for fumarate synthesis.
Succinate dehydrogenase
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide and one molecule of:
NADH
Starting from the end products of glycolysis, how many molecules of CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Krebs cycle?
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
➡Decarboxylation
➡Dehydrogenation
Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis occurs via:
Substrate level phosphorylation
Before entering the Krebs cycle, the pyruvate decarboxylated into;
Acetaldehyde
Glycolysis is a breakdown of glucose up to the formation of
Pyruvic acid
In which stage of cellular respiration does glucose break down into two molecules of Pyruvic acid?
Glycolysis
Cellular respiration is sub-divided into four stages. Which one of these does not take place in mitochondria?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
Glycolysis:
Produce no ATP
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of:
Glycolysis
Which of the following is not the end product of glycolysis:
➡Pyruvate❌
➡Oxaloacetate✅
➡ATP❌
➡Reduced NAD❌
Glycolysis is the first phase of cellular respiration. Its products are:
➡2 NADH
➡2ATP
➡2 Pyruvates
Which of the following does occur for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
Decarboxylation
Pyruvic acid, the end product of glycolysis, before entering the Krebs cycle is changed into two carbon compounds:
Acetic acid
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondrion unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
The first step in the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
At the beginning of Kreb’s cycle, acetyl CoA combines with which substrate to form citrate (6-C)
Oxaloacetate
The product of succinic acid by the action of enzymes is:
Fumaric acid
One molecule of FADH2 is produced in Kreb’s cycle during conversion of;
Succinate to Fumarate
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb’s cycle how many FADH2 molecules are formed?
1
Total NADH formed by one glucose molecule during Kreb’s cycle are:
6
In what stage of aerobic respiration are 2+ carbon molecules oxidized completely to carbon dioxide?
Kreb’s cycle
FADH2 is produced during:
Krebs cycle
Complete the breakdown of glucose molecule takes place in which of the following:
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis takes place in:
Cytosol
Phosphofructokinase enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate into:
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
What is the coenzyme that facilitates the oxidation of fumarate?
FAD
Where does the first stage of cellular respiration occur?
Cytosol
Acetyl CoA completely is oxidized to carbon dioxide and liberate
➡ATP
➡NADH
➡FADH
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
Oxaloacetate combines with which molecule to enter the Kreb’s cycle again?
Acetyl CoA
Hexokinase plays role in:
Glycolysis
Glucose is converted to ___ before entering the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate
Hexokinase is the enzyme found in:
➡Glycolysis
➡Pentose pathway
Succinate is oxidized and forms:
FADH2
If a molecule is reduced it gains:
➡Energy
➡Electrons
➡Hydrogen protons
ATP synthase is located in the mitochondria:
Inner membrane
What is the final product of the Krebs cycle:
Oxaloacetate
From one pyruvate passing through the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are formed?
3
Cellular respiration is essentially what type of process:
Redox
What are the products of respiration in plants?
➡CO2
➡H2O
➡ATP
The pay-off phase of glycolysis conserve:
ATP
Fatty acid releases a considerable amount of energy in oxidation during:
Krebs cycle
How many carbons does citrate have in the Krebs cycle?
4
What is formed at the end of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
➡G3P
➡Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
The end product of the citric acid cycle:
➡CO2
➡H2O
Oxaloacetate contains how many carbon atoms?
4
FADH2 is produced in?
Krebs cycle
Hans Krebs discovered ___.
Citric acid cycle
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by:
High concentration of ATP
A high concentration of NADH inhibits:
Pyruvate decarboxylase
An Aldo sugar that is intermediate between respiration and photosynthesis?
Glyceraldehyde-3 -Phosphate
G3P is converted into glucose phosphate in:
Chloroplast
An 18-carbon fatty acid is converted into how many acetyl-CoA molecules?
9
Acetyl-CoA has 2 carbon atoms
Deamination of fatty acids takes place in:
Liver
Which is not true for the dark reactions?
➡Does not require light❌
➡It uses ATP❌
➡Also called Z-scheme✅
➡G3P is produced❌
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
Calvin Cycle
Which is associated with the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide fixation
The product o the dark reaction is:
G3P
If 12 NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle, then how many glucose molecules will be formed?
One
6➡NADPH forms 1/2 G3P
Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 pathway due to;
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9ATP + 6NADPH2
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
Iron-containing protein is;
Ferredoxin
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the sugar in the:
Calvin Cycle
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation:
CO@
The products of cyclic phosphorylation are/are:
ATP
The mechanism of photophosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Chloroplast
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drives the formation of ATP is:
Chemisoosmis
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Chemiosmosis
The Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
The dark reaction in photosynthesis occurs in:
Stroma
What is NOT correct about RuBP?
Most abundant protein in nature
Which one is not the phase cycle of the Calvin Cycle?
Phosphorylation
Which of the following are the end products of the light-dependent stage, used in the Calvin cycle to change glycerate 3-phosphate into triose phosphates:
➡NADP
➡ATP
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is :
Rubisco
Found in the stroma of chloroplast
Which of the following organisms have the greatest problem with photorespiration?
C3 plants
In which stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?
Light independent reaction
The stage of photosynthesis that actually produces sugar is ____.
Calvin cycle
ATP molecules are consumed during which process?
Glycolysis
Molecular oxygen is released during:
Light reactions in photosynthesis
When is sugar formed in photosynthesis?
Light independent reaction
Which one is a light gathering structure?
Antenna complex
The molecular formula of chlorophyll b is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
Light reactonplace in/on:
Thylakoids
Calvin cycle is:
Independent of light
RubisCO converts the addition of ____ RUBP to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
CO2
Location of dark reactions in chloroplast:
Stroma
How many carbon atoms are present in a molecule of RUBISCO?
5
How many carbon atoms are present in Ribulose phosphate?
5
It moves in a cyclic manner in cyclic photophosphorylation:
Electrons
How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of carbohydrate:
3
Which enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane that facilitates chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase
Out of the 6 molecules of G3P, how many molecules are used to make glucose?
1
What does ATP provide during photosynthesis?
Chemical Energy
Which reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO?
Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Enzymes for light-dependent reactions are present in:
Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
The water splitting step of photosynthesis is called;
Photolysis
In photosynthesis dark reaction is called so because:
It does not require light energy
How much net gain of G3P is obtained after one Calvin Cycle?
1
Which one of these occurs in dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Synthesis of PGAL
The path of electrons in the two photosystems is called:
Z scheme
The G3P is the end product of:
Calvin cycle
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for ____.
Reduction of NADP
The part of chloroplast where CO2 is fixed to manufacture sugar is?
Stroma
NADPH2 provides one of the following?
Energized electron
The ATP synthesis in plants during the ETC is called:
Photophosphorylation
Which molecule passes the mitochondrial membrane to begin the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
The most important photosynthetic pigment is
Chlorophyll a
For every three molecules of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle how much G3P is produced?
6
Find out the correct sequence for movement of electrons during the light-dependent reaction;
Water, p680, p700, NADP
Photosystem I absorbs the maximum wavelength of light?
700
Which two reactions occur during photophosphorylation?
ATP is synthesized and NADP is reduced
Photosystems are located in:
Thylakoid membrane
What are the different stages of the Calvin cycle?
➡Carbon fixation
➡Reduction
Carbon dioxide is fixed in:
Dark reaction
The reaction of carbon dioxide and RUBP is catalyzed by:
RuBisCo
Chlorophylls are found embedded in the ____ membranes.
Thylakoid
Where do the light reactions take place?
Thylakoid membrane
Light reaction
The final acceptor of electrons during the non-cyclic electron pathway is:
NADP+
Each photon of light excites how many electrons?
1
Water splits during photosynthesis in/on:
Interior space of thylakoid
NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from:
Ferredoxin to NADP+
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Water➡P680➡P700➡NADP+
Which statement is not true about the non-cyclic electron pathway?
Carbon dioxide fixation
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
Z-scheme is another name used for:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for:
Reduction of NADP+
It is the most energy-rich compound:
NADH
The synthesis of ATP in the presence o oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the molecular mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Mitochondria
Photosystem II has molecules which absorb maximum light o;
680nm
The point at which there are no net exchange o gases between leaves and the atmosphere is known as:
Compensation point
if more oxygen is present, the RuBisCO starts:
Photorespiration
Which type of light causes the highest rate of photosynthesis?
Red
About what % of photosynthesis is carried by terrestrial plants, while the rest occurs in ocean, lakes, and ponds
10
Which cells absorb carbon dioxide in lea?
Mesophyll cells
Bacteriochlorophylls do not include which of the following?
➡Chlorophyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Chlorophyll c
The part of chlorophyll molecule that is embedded in the core of the thylakoid membrane is:
Hydrophobic
The electrons from Ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ are transferred by which enzyme?
NADP reductase
The molecular formula for chlorophyll a is:
NADP reductase
The molecular formula of chlorophyll a is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
The wavelength of light that the plants mainly absorb:
Red
The first action spectrum was obtained by:
T.W Engelmann
The first action spectrum was obtained by using:
Spirogyra
Organisms used ___ as a source of hydrogen.
Hydrogen sulphide
Water insoluble photosynthetic pigment:
➡Chlorphyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Caretonids
Photosynthesis is absent in:
Mushrooms
What is the colour of xanthophyll pigment?
Yellow
What do two peaks in the action spectrum represent?
Consumption of Carbon Dioxide
These are all inorganic compounds except:
C6H12O6
What is generated during non-cyclic flow photosynthesis?
➡ATP
➡NADPH
➡Oxygen
What is the correct order of energy transfer from accessory pigments to main photosynthetic pigments:
Carotenoids, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a
What type of plant cells carry out photosynthesis?
Parenchymatous cells
Which chemical reactions occur during the process of photosynthesis?
➡Oxidation
➡Reduction
Photosytnhteissi is a process in which ___ compounds of carbon and hydrogen are reduced to carbohydrate (Glucose) using light energy.
Energy Poor
Magnesium is important for the synthesis of which the following?
Chlorophyll
Va Neil’s hypothesis about the production o oxygen during photosynthesis was based on the study and investigation on?
Bacteria
The rate of photosynthesis does not depend upon:
Quality of light
Quantitive study of energy relationships in biological systems obeys:
Laws of thermodynamics
The graph that shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths in photosynthesis is?
Action spectrum
The percentage of light absorbed by the leaf is:
0.01
Which of the following statement about the head of the chlorophyll molecule is incorrect?
➡It is a porphyrin ring or tetrapyrrole ring❌
➡It is lat, square and light absorbing❌
➡Composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms with magnesium as a central metal ion❌
➡It is hydrophobic✅
What does NADPH2 provide during photosynthesis?
Energized electron
Carotenoids perform a protective function in which of the following organisms?
Plants
Chlorophyll molecule contains which of the following as a central metal ion?
Mg+2
In all plants the major sites for photosynthesis are:
Leaf
The organisms able to use sunlight directly as a source o energy are:
Plants
Which one is not an energy-releasing process?
Photosynthesis
Which pair of areas within a chloroplast will show the steepest pH gradient between them?
➡Stroma
➡Thylakoid interior space
Excretory products of autotrophic plants:
O2
Autotrophs live best in ___ in the environment
Inorganic
It is false about ATP
It is false about ATP
Breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about KCal of energy:
7.3 KCal
The primary function of ATP is:
Energy source
One o the most important molecules found in living organisms is ATP. What is its major function?
The energy source of cell
Which one is a dollar of the cell?
ATP
A spectrophotometer is used to measure:
Absorption of different wavelengths
Which shows the effectiveness of wavelengths of light during photosynthesis?
Action Spectrum
reported by T.W Engelmann
The conversion of light energy into chemical energy is a function of;
Grana
Light-dependent phase of photosynthesis
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is:
Water
reported by Van Neils hypothesis
Van Neil’s hypothesis about the production of oxygen during photosynthesis was based on the study and investigations on:
Bacteria
The wavelength of blue light that is absorbed maximum by pigments:
430 nm➡Blue
670 nm➡Red
Which of the following groups does not use water as a proton donor?
Cyanobacteria
bacteria use H2S only as proton donor
Air contains ___ percentage of carbon dioxide
0.03-0.04
Carotenoids absorb strongly:
Blue-violet (absorb this range)
➡Carotenoids are Yellow and Red to Orange pigments
Magnesium is a central part of:
Porphyrin ring
Chlorophyll consists of:
A head of four pyrrole rings and a phytol tail
The following is the correct sequence of energy transfer between photosynthetic pigments:
Carotenoids ➡Chl.b ➡Chl.a
All of the followings are differences between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b except:
➡Chlorophyll a has different types while Chlorophyll b has a single type❌
➡Chlorophyll a have a functional group -CH3 but Chlorophyll b has -CHO❌
➡Chlorophyll a is a necessary pigment but Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment❌
➡Chlorophyll a is present in the antenna complex while Chlorophyll b is in the reaction centre✅
The location of the phytol tail of chlorophyll b is:
Thylakoid membrane
Hydrohpobic core
Which one of the following is not a function of carotenoids?
Convert light energy into chemical energy
Location of photosynthetic pigments in purple sulphur bacteria:
Cytoplasm
PS-I is named as it:
Discovered earlier than PS-II
Photosystem II has a reaction centre of:
P680
Chlorophyll a
During cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons pass from all except:
Photosystem II
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the “lack of photosystem II” in these organisms would be:
To do experiments to generate an action spectrum
The number of chloroplast in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-100
Red corpuscles to haemoglobin as chloroplasts are to:
Palisade cells
The instrument used to measure the relative abilities of different pigments to absorb different wavelengths of light are:
Spectrophotometer
Which of the following is not an Accessory pigment
Chlorophyll a
Light wavelength least absorbed by chlorophyll is:
Yellow
One of the accessory pigments carotenes are mostly:
Red to Orange
Accessory Photosyntheticp pigments Xanthopylls are:
Yellow in colour
The accessory photosynthetic pigments found in chloroplasts are:
➡Chlorphyll b
➡Carotenes
The head of the chlorophyll molecule is a complex molecule of:
Porphyrin Ring
The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is made up of a few joined smaller:
Pyrrole rings
The long hydrocarbon tail of chlorophyll attached to the pyrrole ring is called:
Phytol
Hamee portion o haemoglobin contains:
Fe++
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
Iron
Chlorophyll molecule contains except:
Iron
Which metal atom is present in chlorophyll?
Mg
The molecular formula of chlorophyll “a” is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
The molecular formula of chlorophyll “a” is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
Chlorophyll “a” is:
Blue Green
Chlorophyll absorbs mainly wavelength :
Violet-Blue
Chlorophylls absorb mainly wavelength :
Violet-BLue
A graph plotting absorption of light of different wavelengths by a pigment is called:
Absorption Spectrum
The maximum absorption peaks of light are:
430-670
The first action spectrum was obtained by ____ 1883
T.W.Engelmann
The amount of Carbon dioxide present in the air is about:
0.03 to 0.04
The area of leaf surface covered by stomata is only:
1-2%
The percentage of photosynthesis carried out by terrestrial pants is about:
10
Photosynthetic pigments are organized into clusters, called:
Photosystems
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll which absorbs best the light of:
680 nm
ATP synthesis in the presence of light is called:
Photophosphorylation
At which times there is no net gaseous exchange between leaves and the atmosphere?
➡Dawn
➡Dusk
Which of the following is a compensation point?
Photosynthesis and respiration occur at the same rate.
Photosynthetic pigments are organized in form of?
Photosystems
The number of chloroplasts in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-100
A quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called:
BIoenergetics
Important sources of atmospheric oxygen released during photoysthenis are:
Water
Accessory photosynthetic pigments xanthophylls are:
Yellow in colour
The area of leaf surface covered by stomata is only:
1-2%
The first action spectrum was obtained by;
T.W. Engelmann
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through::
Stomata
Photosynthetic pigments are the substances that absorb visible light having a wavelength
380-750 nm
Chlorophyll “a” is:
Blue-green
Hame portion of haemoglobin is the same as the porphyrin ring with a difference of:
Iron atom
The number of chloroplast in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-200
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
iron
Total photosynthesis is carried out by the terrestrial plants in about:
20%
Each mesophyll cell of a leaf has chloroplasts about:
2-100
Which wavelength of light is least absorbed by chorohpylls?
Yellow
Photosynthetic pigments organized into clusters are called:
Photosystems
The carotenes are mostly red to:
Orange
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll ‘a” which absorb best the light of:
680 nm
Photosynthetic pigments in plants are organized into clusters called:
Photosystems
A quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called:
Bioenergetics
The hypothesis that plants split water as a source of hydrogen was given by:
Van Neil
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Glycolysis
Energy-poor inorganic oxidized compounds are reduced to energy-rich carbohydrates during:
Growth
The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast is:
Stroma
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
Iron
The first action spectrum was obtained by T.W Engelmann in 1883 working on:
Spirogyra
Chlorophyll is insoulbe in:
Water
The light falling on the leaf surface is absorbed about:
1%
haem portion of haemoglobin is also a porphyrin ring but contains an iron atom instead of:
Magnesium Ion
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
The dark reactions occur in:
Stroma
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
Iron contains protein is;
Ferredoxin
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drivers the formation of ATP is called:
Chemiosmosis
Which one is not the phase of the Calvin cycle?
Phosphorylation
FADH2 is produced during the following step of the Krebs cycle:
Succinate to fumarate
The water splitting step of photosynthesis that releases oxygen is called:
Photolysis
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation?
Isocitrate
The spitting of water and release of O2 during light reactions are:
Photolysis
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the synthesis of sugar is the:
Calvin cycle
Rubisco is the most abundant protein in:
Chloroplast
Rubisco is;
An enzyme
Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll which absorbs the best light of;
680 nm
Oxygen is released during photosynthesis comes from:
H2O
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of;
Glycolysis
Ferredoxin is a protein that contains;
Iron
The final product of glycolysis is:
Pyruvate
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
➡Ethyl Alcohol
➡CO2
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
7.3 KCal
Enzymes involved in cellular respiration are found in:
Mitochondria
The first step of the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondria unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
The end product of glucose breakdown during glycolysis is:
Pyruvic acid
The mount of glucose converted into ATP during anaerobic respiration is:
2%
Glycolysis is the breakdown o glucose up to the formation of:
Pyruvic acid
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
The formula of lactic acid is:
C3H4O3
The amount of energy present within the chemical bonds of glucose is converted:
1%
The chemical inks between catabolism and anabolism is:
ATP
Glycolysis means the breakdown of:
Glucose
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb’s cycle FADH2 molecules are formed:
1
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of;
Glycolysis
The process of glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
Cytochromes contains:
Iron
Kreb’s cycle takes place in:
Mitochondria
Carotenoids absorb strongly
Blue violet
The most abundant protein in chloroplast is
Rubisco
Magnesium a central part of
Porphyrin ring
The products of photosynthes in green plants are
Glucose, Oxygen and water
Location of phytol tail of chlorophyll B is
Thylakoid membrane
PS-1 is named as it
Discovered earlier than PS-2
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is
Water
Which one of the following is not function of carotenoids
Convert light energy into chemical energy
Which of the following is correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non cycling photophosphorylation?
Water——P680——P700—–NADP+
Chlorophyll consists of
A head of 4 by pyrole rings and a phytol tail
Following is correct sequence of energy transfer between photosynthetic pigments
Carotenoids—-Chlorophyll B—–Chlorophyll A
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy is function of
Grana
All of the following are differences between chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B except
Chlorophyll A is present in antenna Complex while chlorophyll B is in reaction centre
Spectrophotometer is used to measure
Absorption of different wavelengths
Which shows the effectiveness of wavelength of light driving photosynthesis
Action spectrum
Incorrect statement for photosynthesis is
It uses oxygen
Which is not true for dark reaction
Also called Z-scheme
Where does the light reactions take place
Thylakoid membrane
Each photon of light excites how many electrons
1
Water splits during photosynthesis in
Interior space of thylakoid
During cyclic photophosphorylation electrons pass from all except
Photo system 2
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecule
Calvin cycle
Which statement is not true about the non cyclic electron pathway
Carbon dioxide fixation
Which is most necessary associated with Calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide fixation
The product of dark reaction is
G3P
The final acceptor of electrons during the noncyclic electron pathway is
NADP+
If 12 NADPH are used in Calvin cycle then how many glucose molecules will be formed
1
Calvin cycle is also known as C3 pathway due to
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9 ATP + 6 NADPH2
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves
Chemiosmosis
NADP+ reductase transfers electron from
Ferredoxin to NADP+
How much energy is released by breaking a terminal phosphate group of ATP
7.3 kilo calories
What happens in glycolysis when Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted into two 3 carbon compound
No ATP and NADH used
Water is released during conversion of
2-Phosphoglycerate—–PEP
The oxidation of succinate produces
F A D H 2
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during
Kreb’s cycle
When products of glycolysis passes through Kreb’s cycle, it will produce
6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
Acetyl-CoA formation is from
Pyruvate and Coenzyme
Which one of following give more ATP in ETC
NADH
Biological oxidation involves removal of hydrogen, linked with specific coenzymes and is catalyzed by
Dehydrogenases
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electron in respiratory chain
Oxygen
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidised and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A, carbon dioxide and one molecule of
NADH
Electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to
Create Proton gradient
The precursor of fumarate during Kreb’s cycle require _____ for fumarate synthesis
Succinate dehydrogenase
Starting from end products of glycolysis, how many CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Kreb’s cycle
3
In respiratory chain, FADH2 causes reduction of
Coenzyme Q
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP
Chemiosmosis
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by
Increase in NADH
Phosphorylation of ADP during glycolysis occurs via
Substrate level phosphorylation
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3bisphosphoglycerate —-3 phosphoglycerate
In cellular respiration, product formed as a result of release of energy
ATP
Which of the following process is used in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is
38 ATP
In yeast pyruvic acid is converted to
Ethyl alcohol
About 2% energy of chemical bonds of glucose is converted into ATP by
Fermentation
This process may has CO2 as it products
Fermentation
C3H6O3 formation relates to
Fermentation
Cellular respiration is essentially a/an _______ process
Oxidation
Which of the following types of mammalian cell does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation
Erythrocytes
The difference between respiration and combustion is related to respiration being
All of these
Multi step reactions
enzyme controlled
intracellular
In plants energy is released during the process of
Respiration
During process of lactic acid fermentation
NADH is oxidised
The molecule regenerated by fermentation
NAD+
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem2, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem2 in these organisms would be
To test for Liberation of O2 in the light
Z-scheme is another name used for
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
PS-|| has reaction centre of
P680
Which of the following is a molecule formed in a metabolic pathway by the equal splitting of phosphorylated hexose into two halves
Triose phosphate
What is a function of molecular Oxygen in cellular respiration
To combine with hydrogen from organic molecules to produce water
How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced by the complete oxidation of one mole of pyruvate
3
The reaction which occurs in thylakoid interior space
Photolysis
In photosynthetic prokaryotes which of the following might be absent
Grana
The wavelength of light least absorbed by carotenes are
Blue to green
What will be the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms respectively in the tail of chlorophyll B molecule
20,39
A plant shifts from cyclic to non cyclic flow of electrons when
Assimilating power is restored
Photo system 1 and 2 are differentiated on the basis of their
Chlorophyll A
In which of the following steps NADH is formed without decarboxylation
Malate—–oxaloacetate
The oxidation of which of the following will produce FADH2
Succinate
Light energy is converted into chemical energy through the formation of
ATP and NADPH2
Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis consists of
Cyclic and non cyclic phosphorylation
The by product of photosynthesis is
Oxygen
Stroma is ground matrix of
Chloroplast
In which wavelength of light photosynthes is maximum
Red light
Source of protons within the chloroplast is
Water
Dark reactions of carbon assimilation occur in
Chloroplast
The number of carbon atoms present in ribulose
5
ATP molecules required for synthesis of a glucose molecule in Benson-Kelvin cycle or
18
Photophosphorylation is synthesis of
ATP from ADP
When a molecule of pyruvic acid is subjected to anaerobic respiration and forms lactic acid then
No ATP is formed
Incomplete break down of Sugars in anaerobic respiration forms
Alcohol and CO2
Following is/are obtained during cyclic photophosphorylation
ATP
ATP formation occurs during all of the following steps of aerobic respiration except
Pyruvic acid oxidation
Action spectrum of photosynthes was described in 1883 by
T.W. Engelmann
Conversion of NAD+ into NADH requires
2 electrons 1 proton
Net equation of photosynthesis is exaclty oppte to the equation of;
Aerobic respiration
Which of the following colour is absorbed by carotenoids and reflected by chlorphylls?
Green
Pyrrole rings of chlorphylls are composed of:
➡Carbon
➡Nitrogen
When equal intensities of light are given, there is more photosynthesis
Red
These are least abosorbed by chlorphylls:
Green-Yellow
Which two elements are common in porphyrin ring and phytol of chlorophyll?
➡Carbon
➡Hydrogen
All life on this planet Earth is powered direclty or indireclty by
Solar Energy
Most efficent wavelength to carry out photosynthesis is of;
Red Colour
The entry of CO2 in leaves mainly depends upon:How many photons are required to excite electron from chlorophyll molecule?
Opening of stomata
How many photons are required to excite electron from chlorophyll molecule?
1
First step in non-cyclic photophosphrlation is;
Photoexcitation of electrons
During chemiosmosis in photosyntheissi, protons are pumped from:
Stroma to thylakoid space
Photoexcited electrons pass from PS II to PS I via:
Electron Transport Chain
Mechanism of formaton of ATP during photosynthesis is called;
Chemiosmosis
NADPH provides ___ during light indepedent phase of photosynthesis:
➡Electrons
➡Energy
➡Protons
It is the final acceptor of electrons in light dependent phase of photosynthesis:
NADP+
In light independent stage of photosynthesis, the CO2 combines with RuBP to form;
Unstable 6-carbon intermediate
How many ATP are required to synthesize one glucose molecule through Calvin cycle?
18
Most of the enzymes required to produce carbohydrates molecules during photosynthesis are placed in:
Thylakoid
During aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized to:
➡H2O
➡CO2
➡Energy
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about ____ of energy.
7.3 K cal
it is step of cellular respiration where energy is utlizied instead of being released:
Fermentation
It involves complete breakdown of glucose molceule
Aerobic respiration
Both ATP production and consumption are the feature of only:
Glycolysis
It is an energy consuming conversion of glycolysis:
Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
End product of preparraotry phase of glycolysis is:
G3PWhich G3P
Which of the following finally produced as result of pyruvic acid oxidation before it enters Kreb’s cycle?
Acetyl CoA
All of the following changes are associated with pyruvate during pyruvic acid oxidation except;
Phosphorylation
Normally oxidative phosphorylation is coupled with:
Respiratory chain
Last molecule of ATP in respiraotry chain is produced when :
Cytochrome a3 is oxidized
Considering following pairs of respiratory chain, first one is reduced and 2nd one is oxidized all except;
Cytochrome c- Cytochrome a
Out of 38 ATP molecuels produced per glucose, 32 molecules are from NADH2 and FADH2 via:
Respiratory chain
Phase of cellular respiration during which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized
Respiratory chain
In electron transport chain, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to;
Co-enzyme Q
The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is:
Oxygen
How many electrons are removed when one NADH is oxidized thorugh respiraotry chain?
2
During cellular respiration, increased level of ATP will inhibit most commonly:
Phosphofructokinase
Pick the correct order of respiratory chain:
Coenzyme Q➡ Cytochrome b➡ Cytochrome a➡ cytochrome a3➡
It is by product of photosynthesis
O2
It is true about peaks and valley of action spectrum:
➡Peaks - Broader
➡Valley - Narrower
All of the following are accessory pigments of photosynthesis except:
Chlorophyll b
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from;
H2O
Porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is made of how many pyrrols?
4
How many porphyrin rings are present in a haeme of hemoglobin
1 ring
Most efficent wavelength to carry out photosynthesis is of:
Red colour
The wavelength that is abosrbed by photosyntheticc pigments will be;
Disappeared
All of the following are related to head of chlorophyll except:
Anchoring part
Nitrogen is present in ___ of chlorophyll molecule
Hydrophilic region
Maximum range of wavelength absorbed by chlorophyll b is:
400-500 nm
entry of CO2 leaves mainly depends upon:
Opening of stomata
Source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is ___ not ___.
Water and CO2 respectively
NADP and CO2 both are reduced during photosynthesis by hydrogen. Their reduction occurs respectively in:
➡Light Reaction
➡Dark Reaction
It has main role in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy :
Reaction Cetre
First step in non-cyclic photophosphorylation is:
Photoexciation of electrons
Which of the following electron carrier of light reactions will be at lowest energy level:
Plastocyanin
Formation of NADPH during light dependent phase of photosynthesis is called:
Photoreduction
Which of the following is not involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?
Photosystem II
All of the following are requirements of non-cyclic photophosphrylation except:
Carbon dioxide
Chemical energy and energized electrons for dark reactions are provided by ____ and ____ respectively.
ATP & NADPH
During chemiosmosis in photosynthesis, protons pumped from ___ to ____.
Stroma to thylakoid lumen
ruing Calvin cycle, which of the folowing is formed as a result of dephosphorylation
G3P
How many water molecules are released during one Calvin cycle?
3
All of the following are required for Calvin cycle except:
Light energy
NADPH from light reactions are involved in ___ phase of Calvin cycle.
Reduction
Which of the following does not contain a five-carbon sugar?
Rubisco
What does carbon fixation refer in Calvin cycle?
Incorporation of CO2 in RuBP
It is the process by which energy is made available to cells in a step by step breakdwon o C-chain molecules in the cells
Cellular respiration
Formula for lactic acid is;
C3H6O3
Acetaldehyde is formed as an intermediate compound during:
Ethanol fermentation
The fate of pyruvic acid depnds upon:
Availability of O2
During anaerobic respiration, how much energy o glucose is converted into ATP?
2%
Both ATP production and consumption are the feature of only:
Glycolysis
Step of cellular respiration that does not depend upon availability of oxygen is;
Glycolysis
It is the product of preparatory phase of glycolysis
PGAL
It is the product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
ATPs are consumed during:
Glycolysis
It is true about preparatory phase of glycolysis:
ATP are consumed
Which of the following finally produced as result of pyruvic acid oxidation before it enters Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
During aerobic respiration, oxidation of glucose is completed in:
Krebs cycle
All of the following are formed when alpha-ketoglutarate is converted into succinate during Krebs cycle except:
FADH2
How many molecules of NADH are formed when one glucose molceuls passes thorugh Krebs cycle?
6
During Krebs cycle, conversion of succinate into fumarate give rise to:
FADH2
The chemical formula of pyruvic acid is:
C3H4O3
In aerobic respiration, H2O as a final product is generated during:
Oxidative phosphorylation
How many electrons are removed when one NADH is oxidized thorugh respiraotry chain?
2
Pyruvate decarboxylase (an enzyme of cellular respiration) can be inhibited by:
⬆NADH
