UNIT#02 BIO-ENERGETICS Flashcards
1
Q
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is:
A
Rubisco
2
Q
The products of photosynthesis in green plants are:
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
3
Q
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
A
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
4
Q
The quantitative study of energy relationship in the biological system is:
A
Bioenergetics
5
Q
A kind of chemical link between anabolism and catabolism:
A
ATP
6
Q
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from:
A
Water
7
Q
NADH is oxidized during:
A
Lactic acid fermentation
8
Q
Which of the following can perform anaerobic respiration?
A
➡Bacteria
➡Yeast
➡Skeletal Muscles
9
Q
The amount of energy extracted from glucose molecules during respiration without oxygen is:
A
2%
10
Q
The final fate of glucose in yeast when it is deprived of oxygen:
A
Alcohol
11
Q
In cellular respiration, the product formed as a result of the release of energy:
A
ATP
12
Q
Cellular respiration is directly involved in the production of:
A
Energy
13
Q
Respiration is the universal process by which organisms break down complex compounds containing:
A
Carbon
14
Q
In which process/processes stored energy in carbohydrates is released:
A
Respiration
15
Q
The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is called:
A
External Respiration
16
Q
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
A
➡Ethyl Alcohol
➡CO2
17
Q
The compound formed during muscle fatigue is:
A
Lactic acid
C3H6O3
18
Q
During extreme physiological activities, which form of anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells and other animals?
A
Lactic acid fermentation
19
Q
The amount of glucose in ATP during anaerobic respiration:
A
2%
20
Q
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
A
7.3 KCal
21
Q
Fermentation products produced by the yeast are:
A
➡Ethyl alcohol
➡Yeast
22
Q
In aerobic respiration, only ____ % of energy present within the chemical bond of glucose is converted into ATP.
A
2
23
Q
In which of the following component of the body, does lactic acid fermentation takes place?
A
Muscles
24
Q
In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid is broken down into:
A
Ethyl alcohol
25
Pyruvate is broken down to ___ in yeast.
Alcohol
26
Lactic acid is produced as a result of:
Anaerobic Respiration
27
Which of the following is not respiration?
Formation of glucose
28
During respiratory chain o cellular respiration, cytochrome c oxidizes:
Cytochrome b
(Co-enzyme Q ➡Cytochrome b➡Cytochrome c)
Reduction Chain
29
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain?
Oxygen
30
The electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to:
Create proton gradient
31
Which of the following types of mammalian cells does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation?
Erythrocytes
| Lack mitochondria
32
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP:
Chemiosmosis
33
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves:
Chemiosmosis
34
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme Q
35
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Mitochondrion
36
The correct sequence of cytochromes (Cyto-), the electron transport intermediate in ETC is:
Cyto-b ➡Cyto-c ➡Cyto-α ➡Cyto-α3
37
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
38
In mitochondria the pumping of protons (Chemiosmosis) is across the:
Inner Membrane
39
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
40
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
41
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
42
The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:
Hydrogen
43
In which of the following life processes is ATP produced?
➡Photosyntheisis
➡Aerobic respiration
➡Anaerobic respiration
44
Oxygen plays ____ role in respiration
It is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain
45
What is the product of the ETC in animals?
Water
46
Cytochromes are electron transport intermediates containing:
Haem
47
How do the electron transport intermediates containing:
Chemiosmosis
48
What is the end product o the ETC in animals?
Water
49
The final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain is?
Oxygen
50
Cytochrome a is oxidized by which of the following in ETC?
Cytochrome a3
51
What is the copper-containing protein involved in the ETC in plants?
Pc
52
Coenzyme Q is oxidized by which coenzyme?
Cytochrome b
53
Cytochrome b is reduced by:
Coenzyme Q
54
Cancer cells require large amounts of ATP. Which of the following produces a high number of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
55
Enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are present on:
Cristae
56
Electrons from NADH accepted by oxygen form how many ATPs?
3
57
Electron transport chain occurs in:
➡Inner membrane of mitochondria
| ➡Thylakoid membrane
58
Terminal carrier of cytochrome complex present in ETC:
a
59
NADH is oxidized by:
Co-enzyme Q
60
A number of ATP molecules used during the preparatory phase of glycolysis:
2
| 3C=Glyceraldehyde Phosphate
61
In plants, energy is released during the process of:
Respiration
62
Water is released during the conversion of:
2-phosphoglycerate➡PEP
63
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3 bisphoglycerate➡3 phosphoglycerate
| Dephosphorylation
64
Gross production of ATP molecules during glycolysis is:
4
65
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is:
38 ATP
(Total=40 ATP
➡2 ATP are used in the preparatory phase
66
The oxidation of succinate produces:
FADH2
| by succinic acid dehydrogenase
67
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during:
Krebs cycle
68
When products of glycolysis pass through Krebs Cycle, they will produce:
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
69
The precursor of fumarate during the Krebs cycle requires ____ for fumarate synthesis.
Succinate dehydrogenase
70
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide and one molecule of:
NADH
71
Starting from the end products of glycolysis, how many molecules of CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Krebs cycle?
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
72
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
➡Decarboxylation
| ➡Dehydrogenation
73
Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis occurs via:
Substrate level phosphorylation
74
Before entering the Krebs cycle, the pyruvate decarboxylated into;
Acetaldehyde
75
Glycolysis is a breakdown of glucose up to the formation of
Pyruvic acid
76
In which stage of cellular respiration does glucose break down into two molecules of Pyruvic acid?
Glycolysis
77
Cellular respiration is sub-divided into four stages. Which one of these does not take place in mitochondria?
Glycolysis
78
Glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
79
Glycolysis:
Produce no ATP
80
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of:
Glycolysis
81
Which of the following is not the end product of glycolysis:
➡Pyruvate❌
➡Oxaloacetate✅
➡ATP❌
➡Reduced NAD❌
82
Glycolysis is the first phase of cellular respiration. Its products are:
➡2 NADH
➡2ATP
➡2 Pyruvates
83
Which of the following does occur for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
Decarboxylation
84
Pyruvic acid, the end product of glycolysis, before entering the Krebs cycle is changed into two carbon compounds:
Acetic acid
85
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondrion unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
86
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
87
The first step in the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
88
At the beginning of Kreb's cycle, acetyl CoA combines with which substrate to form citrate (6-C)
Oxaloacetate
89
The product of succinic acid by the action of enzymes is:
Fumaric acid
90
One molecule of FADH2 is produced in Kreb's cycle during conversion of;
Succinate to Fumarate
91
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb's cycle how many FADH2 molecules are formed?
1
92
Total NADH formed by one glucose molecule during Kreb's cycle are:
6
93
In what stage of aerobic respiration are 2+ carbon molecules oxidized completely to carbon dioxide?
Kreb's cycle
94
FADH2 is produced during:
Krebs cycle
95
Complete the breakdown of glucose molecule takes place in which of the following:
Aerobic respiration
96
Glycolysis takes place in:
Cytosol
97
Phosphofructokinase enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate into:
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
98
What is the coenzyme that facilitates the oxidation of fumarate?
FAD
99
Where does the first stage of cellular respiration occur?
Cytosol
100
Acetyl CoA completely is oxidized to carbon dioxide and liberate
➡ATP
➡NADH
➡FADH
101
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
102
What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
103
Oxaloacetate combines with which molecule to enter the Kreb's cycle again?
Acetyl CoA
104
Hexokinase plays role in:
Glycolysis
105
Glucose is converted to ___ before entering the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate
106
Hexokinase is the enzyme found in:
➡Glycolysis
| ➡Pentose pathway
107
Succinate is oxidized and forms:
FADH2
108
If a molecule is reduced it gains:
➡Energy
➡Electrons
➡Hydrogen protons
109
ATP synthase is located in the mitochondria:
Inner membrane
110
What is the final product of the Krebs cycle:
Oxaloacetate
111
From one pyruvate passing through the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are formed?
3
112
Cellular respiration is essentially what type of process:
Redox
113
What are the products of respiration in plants?
➡CO2
➡H2O
➡ATP
114
The pay-off phase of glycolysis conserve:
ATP
115
Fatty acid releases a considerable amount of energy in oxidation during:
Krebs cycle
116
How many carbons does citrate have in the Krebs cycle?
4
117
What is formed at the end of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
➡G3P
| ➡Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
118
The end product of the citric acid cycle:
➡CO2
| ➡H2O
119
Oxaloacetate contains how many carbon atoms?
4
120
FADH2 is produced in?
Krebs cycle
121
Hans Krebs discovered ___.
Citric acid cycle
122
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by:
High concentration of ATP
123
A high concentration of NADH inhibits:
Pyruvate decarboxylase
124
An Aldo sugar that is intermediate between respiration and photosynthesis?
Glyceraldehyde-3 -Phosphate
125
G3P is converted into glucose phosphate in:
Chloroplast
126
An 18-carbon fatty acid is converted into how many acetyl-CoA molecules?
9
| Acetyl-CoA has 2 carbon atoms
127
Deamination of fatty acids takes place in:
Liver
128
Which is not true for the dark reactions?
➡Does not require light❌
➡It uses ATP❌
➡Also called Z-scheme✅
➡G3P is produced❌
129
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
Calvin Cycle
130
Which is associated with the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide fixation
131
The product o the dark reaction is:
G3P
132
If 12 NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle, then how many glucose molecules will be formed?
One
| 6➡NADPH forms 1/2 G3P
133
Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 pathway due to;
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
134
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9ATP + 6NADPH2
135
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
136
Iron-containing protein is;
Ferredoxin
137
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the sugar in the:
Calvin Cycle
138
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation:
CO@
139
The products of cyclic phosphorylation are/are:
ATP
140
The mechanism of photophosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Chloroplast
141
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drives the formation of ATP is:
Chemisoosmis
142
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Chemiosmosis
143
The Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
144
The dark reaction in photosynthesis occurs in:
Stroma
145
What is NOT correct about RuBP?
Most abundant protein in nature
146
Which one is not the phase cycle of the Calvin Cycle?
Phosphorylation
147
Which of the following are the end products of the light-dependent stage, used in the Calvin cycle to change glycerate 3-phosphate into triose phosphates:
➡NADP
| ➡ATP
148
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is :
Rubisco
| Found in the stroma of chloroplast
149
Which of the following organisms have the greatest problem with photorespiration?
C3 plants
150
In which stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?
Light independent reaction
151
The stage of photosynthesis that actually produces sugar is ____.
Calvin cycle
152
ATP molecules are consumed during which process?
Glycolysis
153
Molecular oxygen is released during:
Light reactions in photosynthesis
154
When is sugar formed in photosynthesis?
Light independent reaction
155
Which one is a light gathering structure?
Antenna complex
156
The molecular formula of chlorophyll b is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
157
Light reactonplace in/on:
Thylakoids
158
Calvin cycle is:
Independent of light
159
RubisCO converts the addition of ____ RUBP to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
CO2
160
Location of dark reactions in chloroplast:
Stroma
161
How many carbon atoms are present in a molecule of RUBISCO?
5
162
How many carbon atoms are present in Ribulose phosphate?
5
163
It moves in a cyclic manner in cyclic photophosphorylation:
Electrons
164
How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of carbohydrate:
3
165
Which enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane that facilitates chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase
166
Out of the 6 molecules of G3P, how many molecules are used to make glucose?
1
167
What does ATP provide during photosynthesis?
Chemical Energy
168
Which reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO?
Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
169
Enzymes for light-dependent reactions are present in:
Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
170
The water splitting step of photosynthesis is called;
Photolysis
171
In photosynthesis dark reaction is called so because:
It does not require light energy
172
How much net gain of G3P is obtained after one Calvin Cycle?
1
173
Which one of these occurs in dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Synthesis of PGAL
174
The path of electrons in the two photosystems is called:
Z scheme
175
The G3P is the end product of:
Calvin cycle
176
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for ____.
Reduction of NADP
177
The part of chloroplast where CO2 is fixed to manufacture sugar is?
Stroma
178
NADPH2 provides one of the following?
Energized electron
179
The ATP synthesis in plants during the ETC is called:
Photophosphorylation
180
Which molecule passes the mitochondrial membrane to begin the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
181
The most important photosynthetic pigment is
Chlorophyll a
182
For every three molecules of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle how much G3P is produced?
6
183
Find out the correct sequence for movement of electrons during the light-dependent reaction;
Water, p680, p700, NADP
184
Photosystem I absorbs the maximum wavelength of light?
700
185
Which two reactions occur during photophosphorylation?
ATP is synthesized and NADP is reduced
186
Photosystems are located in:
Thylakoid membrane
187
What are the different stages of the Calvin cycle?
➡Carbon fixation
| ➡Reduction
188
Carbon dioxide is fixed in:
Dark reaction
189
The reaction of carbon dioxide and RUBP is catalyzed by:
RuBisCo
190
Chlorophylls are found embedded in the ____ membranes.
Thylakoid
191
Where do the light reactions take place?
Thylakoid membrane
| Light reaction
192
The final acceptor of electrons during the non-cyclic electron pathway is:
NADP+
193
Each photon of light excites how many electrons?
1
194
Water splits during photosynthesis in/on:
Interior space of thylakoid
195
NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from:
Ferredoxin to NADP+
196
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Water➡P680➡P700➡NADP+
197
Which statement is not true about the non-cyclic electron pathway?
Carbon dioxide fixation
198
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
199
Z-scheme is another name used for:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
200
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for:
Reduction of NADP+
201
It is the most energy-rich compound:
NADH
202
The synthesis of ATP in the presence o oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
203
Where does the molecular mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Mitochondria
204
Photosystem II has molecules which absorb maximum light o;
680nm
205
The point at which there are no net exchange o gases between leaves and the atmosphere is known as:
Compensation point
206
if more oxygen is present, the RuBisCO starts:
Photorespiration
207
Which type of light causes the highest rate of photosynthesis?
Red
208
About what % of photosynthesis is carried by terrestrial plants, while the rest occurs in ocean, lakes, and ponds
10
209
Which cells absorb carbon dioxide in lea?
Mesophyll cells
210
Bacteriochlorophylls do not include which of the following?
➡Chlorophyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Chlorophyll c
211
The part of chlorophyll molecule that is embedded in the core of the thylakoid membrane is:
Hydrophobic
212
The electrons from Ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ are transferred by which enzyme?
NADP reductase
213
The molecular formula for chlorophyll a is:
NADP reductase
214
The molecular formula of chlorophyll a is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
215
The wavelength of light that the plants mainly absorb:
Red
216
The first action spectrum was obtained by:
T.W Engelmann
217
The first action spectrum was obtained by using:
Spirogyra
218
Organisms used ___ as a source of hydrogen.
Hydrogen sulphide
219
Water insoluble photosynthetic pigment:
➡Chlorphyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Caretonids
220
Photosynthesis is absent in:
Mushrooms
221
What is the colour of xanthophyll pigment?
Yellow
222
What do two peaks in the action spectrum represent?
Consumption of Carbon Dioxide
223
These are all inorganic compounds except:
C6H12O6
224
What is generated during non-cyclic flow photosynthesis?
➡ATP
➡NADPH
➡Oxygen
225
What is the correct order of energy transfer from accessory pigments to main photosynthetic pigments:
Carotenoids, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a
226
What type of plant cells carry out photosynthesis?
Parenchymatous cells
227
Which chemical reactions occur during the process of photosynthesis?
➡Oxidation
| ➡Reduction
228
Photosytnhteissi is a process in which ___ compounds of carbon and hydrogen are reduced to carbohydrate (Glucose) using light energy.
Energy Poor
229
Magnesium is important for the synthesis of which the following?
Chlorophyll
230
Va Neil's hypothesis about the production o oxygen during photosynthesis was based on the study and investigation on?
Bacteria
231
The rate of photosynthesis does not depend upon:
Quality of light
232
Quantitive study of energy relationships in biological systems obeys:
Laws of thermodynamics
233
The graph that shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths in photosynthesis is?
Action spectrum
234
The percentage of light absorbed by the leaf is:
0.01
235
Which of the following statement about the head of the chlorophyll molecule is incorrect?
➡It is a porphyrin ring or tetrapyrrole ring❌
➡It is lat, square and light absorbing❌
➡Composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms with magnesium as a central metal ion❌
➡It is hydrophobic✅
236
What does NADPH2 provide during photosynthesis?
Energized electron
237
Carotenoids perform a protective function in which of the following organisms?
Plants
238
Chlorophyll molecule contains which of the following as a central metal ion?
Mg+2
239
In all plants the major sites for photosynthesis are:
Leaf
240
The organisms able to use sunlight directly as a source o energy are:
Plants
241
Which one is not an energy-releasing process?
Photosynthesis
242
Which pair of areas within a chloroplast will show the steepest pH gradient between them?
➡Stroma
| ➡Thylakoid interior space
243
Excretory products of autotrophic plants:
O2
244
Autotrophs live best in ___ in the environment
Inorganic
245
It is false about ATP
It is false about ATP
246
Breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about KCal of energy:
7.3 KCal
247
The primary function of ATP is:
Energy source
248
One o the most important molecules found in living organisms is ATP. What is its major function?
The energy source of cell
249
Which one is a dollar of the cell?
ATP
250
A spectrophotometer is used to measure:
Absorption of different wavelengths
251
Which shows the effectiveness of wavelengths of light during photosynthesis?
Action Spectrum
| reported by T.W Engelmann
252
The conversion of light energy into chemical energy is a function of;
Grana
| Light-dependent phase of photosynthesis
253
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is:
Water
| reported by Van Neils hypothesis
254
Van Neil's hypothesis about the production of oxygen during photosynthesis was based on the study and investigations on:
Bacteria
255
The wavelength of blue light that is absorbed maximum by pigments:
430 nm➡Blue
| 670 nm➡Red
256
Which of the following groups does not use water as a proton donor?
Cyanobacteria
| bacteria use H2S only as proton donor
257
Air contains ___ percentage of carbon dioxide
0.03-0.04
258
Carotenoids absorb strongly:
Blue-violet (absorb this range)
| ➡Carotenoids are Yellow and Red to Orange pigments
259
Magnesium is a central part of:
Porphyrin ring
260
Chlorophyll consists of:
A head of four pyrrole rings and a phytol tail
261
The following is the correct sequence of energy transfer between photosynthetic pigments:
Carotenoids ➡Chl.b ➡Chl.a
262
All of the followings are differences between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b except:
➡Chlorophyll a has different types while Chlorophyll b has a single type❌
➡Chlorophyll a have a functional group -CH3 but Chlorophyll b has -CHO❌
➡Chlorophyll a is a necessary pigment but Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment❌
➡Chlorophyll a is present in the antenna complex while Chlorophyll b is in the reaction centre✅
263
The location of the phytol tail of chlorophyll b is:
Thylakoid membrane
| Hydrohpobic core
264
Which one of the following is not a function of carotenoids?
Convert light energy into chemical energy
265
Location of photosynthetic pigments in purple sulphur bacteria:
Cytoplasm
266
PS-I is named as it:
Discovered earlier than PS-II
267
Photosystem II has a reaction centre of:
P680
| Chlorophyll a
268
During cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons pass from all except:
Photosystem II
269
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the "lack of photosystem II" in these organisms would be:
To do experiments to generate an action spectrum
270
The number of chloroplast in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-100
271
Red corpuscles to haemoglobin as chloroplasts are to:
Palisade cells
272
The instrument used to measure the relative abilities of different pigments to absorb different wavelengths of light are:
Spectrophotometer
273
Which of the following is not an Accessory pigment
Chlorophyll a
274
Light wavelength least absorbed by chlorophyll is:
Yellow
275
One of the accessory pigments carotenes are mostly:
Red to Orange
276
Accessory Photosyntheticp pigments Xanthopylls are:
Yellow in colour
277
The accessory photosynthetic pigments found in chloroplasts are:
➡Chlorphyll b
| ➡Carotenes
278
The head of the chlorophyll molecule is a complex molecule of:
Porphyrin Ring
279
The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is made up of a few joined smaller:
Pyrrole rings
280
The long hydrocarbon tail of chlorophyll attached to the pyrrole ring is called:
Phytol
281
Hamee portion o haemoglobin contains:
Fe++
282
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
Iron
283
Chlorophyll molecule contains except:
Iron
284
Which metal atom is present in chlorophyll?
Mg
285
The molecular formula of chlorophyll "a" is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
286
The molecular formula of chlorophyll "a" is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
287
Chlorophyll "a" is:
Blue Green
288
Chlorophyll absorbs mainly wavelength :
Violet-Blue
289
Chlorophylls absorb mainly wavelength :
Violet-BLue
290
A graph plotting absorption of light of different wavelengths by a pigment is called:
Absorption Spectrum
291
The maximum absorption peaks of light are:
430-670
292
The first action spectrum was obtained by ____ 1883
T.W.Engelmann
293
The amount of Carbon dioxide present in the air is about:
0.03 to 0.04
294
The area of leaf surface covered by stomata is only:
1-2%
295
The percentage of photosynthesis carried out by terrestrial pants is about:
10
296
Photosynthetic pigments are organized into clusters, called:
Photosystems
297
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll which absorbs best the light of:
680 nm
298
ATP synthesis in the presence of light is called:
Photophosphorylation
299
At which times there is no net gaseous exchange between leaves and the atmosphere?
➡Dawn
| ➡Dusk
300
Which of the following is a compensation point?
Photosynthesis and respiration occur at the same rate.
301
Photosynthetic pigments are organized in form of?
Photosystems
302
The number of chloroplasts in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-100
303
A quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called:
BIoenergetics
304
Important sources of atmospheric oxygen released during photoysthenis are:
Water
305
Accessory photosynthetic pigments xanthophylls are:
Yellow in colour
306
The area of leaf surface covered by stomata is only:
1-2%
307
The first action spectrum was obtained by;
T.W. Engelmann
308
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through::
Stomata
309
Photosynthetic pigments are the substances that absorb visible light having a wavelength
380-750 nm
310
Chlorophyll "a" is:
Blue-green
311
Hame portion of haemoglobin is the same as the porphyrin ring with a difference of:
Iron atom
312
The number of chloroplast in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-200
313
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
iron
314
Total photosynthesis is carried out by the terrestrial plants in about:
20%
315
Each mesophyll cell of a leaf has chloroplasts about:
2-100
316
Which wavelength of light is least absorbed by chorohpylls?
Yellow
317
Photosynthetic pigments organized into clusters are called:
Photosystems
318
The carotenes are mostly red to:
Orange
319
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll 'a" which absorb best the light of:
680 nm
320
Photosynthetic pigments in plants are organized into clusters called:
Photosystems
321
A quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called:
Bioenergetics
322
The hypothesis that plants split water as a source of hydrogen was given by:
Van Neil
323
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Glycolysis
324
Energy-poor inorganic oxidized compounds are reduced to energy-rich carbohydrates during:
Growth
325
The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast is:
Stroma
326
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
Iron
327
The first action spectrum was obtained by T.W Engelmann in 1883 working on:
Spirogyra
328
Chlorophyll is insoulbe in:
Water
329
The light falling on the leaf surface is absorbed about:
1%
330
haem portion of haemoglobin is also a porphyrin ring but contains an iron atom instead of:
Magnesium Ion
331
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
332
The dark reactions occur in:
Stroma
333
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
334
Iron contains protein is;
Ferredoxin
335
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drivers the formation of ATP is called:
Chemiosmosis
336
Which one is not the phase of the Calvin cycle?
Phosphorylation
337
FADH2 is produced during the following step of the Krebs cycle:
Succinate to fumarate
338
The water splitting step of photosynthesis that releases oxygen is called:
Photolysis
339
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation?
Isocitrate
340
The spitting of water and release of O2 during light reactions are:
Photolysis
341
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the synthesis of sugar is the:
Calvin cycle
342
Rubisco is the most abundant protein in:
Chloroplast
343
Rubisco is;
An enzyme
344
Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
345
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll which absorbs the best light of;
680 nm
346
Oxygen is released during photosynthesis comes from:
H2O
347
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of;
Glycolysis
348
Ferredoxin is a protein that contains;
Iron
349
The final product of glycolysis is:
Pyruvate
350
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
➡Ethyl Alcohol
| ➡CO2
351
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
7.3 KCal
352
Enzymes involved in cellular respiration are found in:
Mitochondria
353
The first step of the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
354
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondria unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
355
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
356
The end product of glucose breakdown during glycolysis is:
Pyruvic acid
357
The mount of glucose converted into ATP during anaerobic respiration is:
2%
358
Glycolysis is the breakdown o glucose up to the formation of:
Pyruvic acid
359
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme
360
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
361
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
362
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
363
The formula of lactic acid is:
C3H4O3
364
The amount of energy present within the chemical bonds of glucose is converted:
1%
365
The chemical inks between catabolism and anabolism is:
ATP
366
Glycolysis means the breakdown of:
Glucose
367
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb's cycle FADH2 molecules are formed:
1
368
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of;
Glycolysis
369
The process of glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
370
Cytochromes contains:
Iron
371
Kreb's cycle takes place in:
Mitochondria
372
Carotenoids absorb strongly
Blue violet
373
The most abundant protein in chloroplast is
Rubisco
374
Magnesium a central part of
Porphyrin ring
375
The products of photosynthes in green plants are
Glucose, Oxygen and water
376
Location of phytol tail of chlorophyll B is
Thylakoid membrane
377
PS-1 is named as it
Discovered earlier than PS-2
378
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is
Water
379
Which one of the following is not function of carotenoids
Convert light energy into chemical energy
380
Which of the following is correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non cycling photophosphorylation?
Water------P680------P700-----NADP+
381
Chlorophyll consists of
A head of 4 by pyrole rings and a phytol tail
382
Following is correct sequence of energy transfer between photosynthetic pigments
Carotenoids----Chlorophyll B-----Chlorophyll A
383
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy is function of
Grana
384
All of the following are differences between chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B except
Chlorophyll A is present in antenna Complex while chlorophyll B is in reaction centre
385
Spectrophotometer is used to measure
Absorption of different wavelengths
386
Which shows the effectiveness of wavelength of light driving photosynthesis
Action spectrum
387
Incorrect statement for photosynthesis is
It uses oxygen
388
Which is not true for dark reaction
Also called Z-scheme
389
Where does the light reactions take place
Thylakoid membrane
390
Each photon of light excites how many electrons
1
391
Water splits during photosynthesis in
Interior space of thylakoid
392
During cyclic photophosphorylation electrons pass from all except
Photo system 2
393
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecule
Calvin cycle
394
Which statement is not true about the non cyclic electron pathway
Carbon dioxide fixation
395
Which is most necessary associated with Calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide fixation
396
The product of dark reaction is
G3P
397
The final acceptor of electrons during the noncyclic electron pathway is
NADP+
398
If 12 NADPH are used in Calvin cycle then how many glucose molecules will be formed
1
399
Calvin cycle is also known as C3 pathway due to
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
400
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
401
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9 ATP + 6 NADPH2
402
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves
Chemiosmosis
403
NADP+ reductase transfers electron from
Ferredoxin to NADP+
404
How much energy is released by breaking a terminal phosphate group of ATP
7.3 kilo calories
405
What happens in glycolysis when Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted into two 3 carbon compound
No ATP and NADH used
406
Water is released during conversion of
2-Phosphoglycerate-----PEP
407
The oxidation of succinate produces
F A D H 2
408
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during
Kreb's cycle
409
When products of glycolysis passes through Kreb's cycle, it will produce
6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
410
Acetyl-CoA formation is from
Pyruvate and Coenzyme
411
Which one of following give more ATP in ETC
NADH
412
Biological oxidation involves removal of hydrogen, linked with specific coenzymes and is catalyzed by
Dehydrogenases
413
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electron in respiratory chain
Oxygen
414
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidised and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A, carbon dioxide and one molecule of
NADH
415
Electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to
Create Proton gradient
416
The precursor of fumarate during Kreb's cycle require _____ for fumarate synthesis
Succinate dehydrogenase
417
Starting from end products of glycolysis, how many CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Kreb's cycle
3
418
In respiratory chain, FADH2 causes reduction of
Coenzyme Q
419
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP
Chemiosmosis
420
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by
Increase in NADH
421
Phosphorylation of ADP during glycolysis occurs via
Substrate level phosphorylation
422
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3bisphosphoglycerate ----3 phosphoglycerate
423
In cellular respiration, product formed as a result of release of energy
ATP
424
Which of the following process is used in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
425
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is
38 ATP
426
In yeast pyruvic acid is converted to
Ethyl alcohol
427
About 2% energy of chemical bonds of glucose is converted into ATP by
Fermentation
428
This process may has CO2 as it products
Fermentation
429
C3H6O3 formation relates to
Fermentation
430
Cellular respiration is essentially a/an _______ process
Oxidation
431
Which of the following types of mammalian cell does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation
Erythrocytes
432
The difference between respiration and combustion is related to respiration being
All of these
Multi step reactions
enzyme controlled
intracellular
433
In plants energy is released during the process of
Respiration
434
During process of lactic acid fermentation
NADH is oxidised
435
The molecule regenerated by fermentation
NAD+
436
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem2, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem2 in these organisms would be
To test for Liberation of O2 in the light
437
Z-scheme is another name used for
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
438
PS-|| has reaction centre of
P680
439
Which of the following is a molecule formed in a metabolic pathway by the equal splitting of phosphorylated hexose into two halves
Triose phosphate
440
What is a function of molecular Oxygen in cellular respiration
To combine with hydrogen from organic molecules to produce water
441
How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced by the complete oxidation of one mole of pyruvate
3
442
The reaction which occurs in thylakoid interior space
Photolysis
443
In photosynthetic prokaryotes which of the following might be absent
Grana
444
The wavelength of light least absorbed by carotenes are
Blue to green
445
What will be the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms respectively in the tail of chlorophyll B molecule
20,39
446
A plant shifts from cyclic to non cyclic flow of electrons when
Assimilating power is restored
447
Photo system 1 and 2 are differentiated on the basis of their
Chlorophyll A
448
In which of the following steps NADH is formed without decarboxylation
Malate-----oxaloacetate
449
The oxidation of which of the following will produce FADH2
Succinate
450
Light energy is converted into chemical energy through the formation of
ATP and NADPH2
451
Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis consists of
Cyclic and non cyclic phosphorylation
452
The by product of photosynthesis is
Oxygen
453
Stroma is ground matrix of
Chloroplast
454
In which wavelength of light photosynthes is maximum
Red light
455
Source of protons within the chloroplast is
Water
456
Dark reactions of carbon assimilation occur in
Chloroplast
457
The number of carbon atoms present in ribulose
5
458
ATP molecules required for synthesis of a glucose molecule in Benson-Kelvin cycle or
18
459
Photophosphorylation is synthesis of
ATP from ADP
460
When a molecule of pyruvic acid is subjected to anaerobic respiration and forms lactic acid then
No ATP is formed
461
Incomplete break down of Sugars in anaerobic respiration forms
Alcohol and CO2
462
Following is/are obtained during cyclic photophosphorylation
ATP
463
ATP formation occurs during all of the following steps of aerobic respiration except
Pyruvic acid oxidation
464
Action spectrum of photosynthes was described in 1883 by
T.W. Engelmann
465
Conversion of NAD+ into NADH requires
2 electrons 1 proton
466
Net equation of photosynthesis is exaclty oppte to the equation of;
Aerobic respiration
467
Which of the following colour is absorbed by carotenoids and reflected by chlorphylls?
Green
468
Pyrrole rings of chlorphylls are composed of:
➡Carbon
| ➡Nitrogen
469
When equal intensities of light are given, there is more photosynthesis
Red
470
These are least abosorbed by chlorphylls:
Green-Yellow
471
Which two elements are common in porphyrin ring and phytol of chlorophyll?
➡Carbon
| ➡Hydrogen
472
All life on this planet Earth is powered direclty or indireclty by
Solar Energy
473
Most efficent wavelength to carry out photosynthesis is of;
Red Colour
474
The entry of CO2 in leaves mainly depends upon:How many photons are required to excite electron from chlorophyll molecule?
Opening of stomata
475
How many photons are required to excite electron from chlorophyll molecule?
1
476
First step in non-cyclic photophosphrlation is;
Photoexcitation of electrons
477
During chemiosmosis in photosyntheissi, protons are pumped from:
Stroma to thylakoid space
478
Photoexcited electrons pass from PS II to PS I via:
Electron Transport Chain
479
Mechanism of formaton of ATP during photosynthesis is called;
Chemiosmosis
480
NADPH provides ___ during light indepedent phase of photosynthesis:
➡Electrons
➡Energy
➡Protons
481
It is the final acceptor of electrons in light dependent phase of photosynthesis:
NADP+
482
In light independent stage of photosynthesis, the CO2 combines with RuBP to form;
Unstable 6-carbon intermediate
483
How many ATP are required to synthesize one glucose molecule through Calvin cycle?
18
484
Most of the enzymes required to produce carbohydrates molecules during photosynthesis are placed in:
Thylakoid
485
During aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized to:
➡H2O
➡CO2
➡Energy
486
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about ____ of energy.
7.3 K cal
486
it is step of cellular respiration where energy is utlizied instead of being released:
Fermentation
487
It involves complete breakdown of glucose molceule
Aerobic respiration
488
Both ATP production and consumption are the feature of only:
Glycolysis
489
It is an energy consuming conversion of glycolysis:
Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
490
End product of preparraotry phase of glycolysis is:
G3PWhich G3P
491
Which of the following finally produced as result of pyruvic acid oxidation before it enters Kreb's cycle?
Acetyl CoA
492
All of the following changes are associated with pyruvate during pyruvic acid oxidation except;
Phosphorylation
493
Normally oxidative phosphorylation is coupled with:
Respiratory chain
494
Last molecule of ATP in respiraotry chain is produced when :
Cytochrome a3 is oxidized
495
Considering following pairs of respiratory chain, first one is reduced and 2nd one is oxidized all except;
Cytochrome c- Cytochrome a
496
Out of 38 ATP molecuels produced per glucose, 32 molecules are from NADH2 and FADH2 via:
Respiratory chain
497
Phase of cellular respiration during which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized
Respiratory chain
498
In electron transport chain, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to;
Co-enzyme Q
499
The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is:
Oxygen
500
How many electrons are removed when one NADH is oxidized thorugh respiraotry chain?
2
501
During cellular respiration, increased level of ATP will inhibit most commonly:
Phosphofructokinase
502
Pick the correct order of respiratory chain:
Coenzyme Q➡ Cytochrome b➡ Cytochrome a➡ cytochrome a3➡
503
It is by product of photosynthesis
O2
504
It is true about peaks and valley of action spectrum:
➡Peaks - Broader
| ➡Valley - Narrower
505
All of the following are accessory pigments of photosynthesis except:
Chlorophyll b
506
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from;
H2O
507
Porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is made of how many pyrrols?
4
508
How many porphyrin rings are present in a haeme of hemoglobin
1 ring
509
Most efficent wavelength to carry out photosynthesis is of:
Red colour
510
The wavelength that is abosrbed by photosyntheticc pigments will be;
Disappeared
511
All of the following are related to head of chlorophyll except:
Anchoring part
512
Nitrogen is present in ___ of chlorophyll molecule
Hydrophilic region
513
Maximum range of wavelength absorbed by chlorophyll b is:
400-500 nm
514
entry of CO2 leaves mainly depends upon:
Opening of stomata
515
Source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is ___ not ___.
Water and CO2 respectively
516
NADP and CO2 both are reduced during photosynthesis by hydrogen. Their reduction occurs respectively in:
➡Light Reaction
| ➡Dark Reaction
517
It has main role in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy :
Reaction Cetre
518
First step in non-cyclic photophosphorylation is:
Photoexciation of electrons
519
Which of the following electron carrier of light reactions will be at lowest energy level:
Plastocyanin
520
Formation of NADPH during light dependent phase of photosynthesis is called:
Photoreduction
521
Which of the following is not involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?
Photosystem II
522
All of the following are requirements of non-cyclic photophosphrylation except:
Carbon dioxide
523
Chemical energy and energized electrons for dark reactions are provided by ____ and ____ respectively.
ATP & NADPH
524
During chemiosmosis in photosynthesis, protons pumped from ___ to ____.
Stroma to thylakoid lumen
525
ruing Calvin cycle, which of the folowing is formed as a result of dephosphorylation
G3P
526
How many water molecules are released during one Calvin cycle?
3
527
All of the following are required for Calvin cycle except:
Light energy
528
NADPH from light reactions are involved in ___ phase of Calvin cycle.
Reduction
529
Which of the following does not contain a five-carbon sugar?
Rubisco
530
What does carbon fixation refer in Calvin cycle?
Incorporation of CO2 in RuBP
531
It is the process by which energy is made available to cells in a step by step breakdwon o C-chain molecules in the cells
Cellular respiration
531
Formula for lactic acid is;
C3H6O3
532
Acetaldehyde is formed as an intermediate compound during:
Ethanol fermentation
533
The fate of pyruvic acid depnds upon:
Availability of O2
534
During anaerobic respiration, how much energy o glucose is converted into ATP?
2%
535
Both ATP production and consumption are the feature of only:
Glycolysis
536
Step of cellular respiration that does not depend upon availability of oxygen is;
Glycolysis
537
It is the product of preparatory phase of glycolysis
PGAL
538
It is the product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
539
ATPs are consumed during:
Glycolysis
540
It is true about preparatory phase of glycolysis:
ATP are consumed
541
Which of the following finally produced as result of pyruvic acid oxidation before it enters Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
542
During aerobic respiration, oxidation of glucose is completed in:
Krebs cycle
543
All of the following are formed when alpha-ketoglutarate is converted into succinate during Krebs cycle except:
FADH2
544
How many molecules of NADH are formed when one glucose molceuls passes thorugh Krebs cycle?
6
545
During Krebs cycle, conversion of succinate into fumarate give rise to:
FADH2
546
The chemical formula of pyruvic acid is:
C3H4O3
547
In aerobic respiration, H2O as a final product is generated during:
Oxidative phosphorylation
548
How many electrons are removed when one NADH is oxidized thorugh respiraotry chain?
2
549
Pyruvate decarboxylase (an enzyme of cellular respiration) can be inhibited by:
⬆NADH
