UNIT#01 BIO-DIVERSITY Flashcards
Which one of the following is a double-stranded virus?
Poxvirus
HIV is classified as;
Retrovirus
The genome of the influenza virus is made up of:
(Influenza virus = Enveloped)
Single Stranded virus
Polio viruses are:
Spherical viruses
Which one is not RNA virus?
➡Small pox❌
➡Influenze Virus❌
➡Mupms and Measles virus❌
➡Polio virus✅
Phylogeny describes a species:
Evolutionary history
Of the following terms, which one includes all the others:
Class
Orders include related;
Families
The basic unit of classification is;
Species
Lions and tigers are different species. The result of the mating of a male tiger and female lion is offspring called Tiglions. They are:
Infertile
Some ranks of classification are listed below. In which group, would there be the greatest similarity between members in terms of structure and function:
Species
Poales is the taxonomic group to which corn (Zea mays) belongs. What is the rank of the taxon Poales?
Order
The biological name of Onion is:
Allium cepa
To accommodate euglena-like organisms and bacteria, Kingdom Protista was proposed by:
Ernst Hackel
An independent organism is discovered that does not contain a nucleus. In all likelihood, I would be classified in the kingdom:
Monera
Eukaryotic multicellular Autotrophs are included in the kingdom:
Plantae
Organelle of symbiotic origin is;
Mitochondrion
Where can viruses replicate?
➡Animals
➡Plants
➡Bacteria
These are the largest animal viruses:
Poxviruses
Viruses do not have:
Fossil record
In plants, tumours are induced due to:
➡Bacteria
➡Virus
➡Fungi
Cell theory does not explain:
Virus
Which of the following has no nucleic acid?
Prions
It is a biological weapon:
Virus
Virus transmission is affected by:
➡Biotic Factors
➡Physical Factors
Viruses are _____ entities between living and non-living.
Transitional
Virus when attacks an unfamiliar organism, it is mutated many times and comes as:
➡More virulent and dangerous
➡More mutated
➡More transmissible
Viruses are classified into many groups on the basis of:
Capsid symmetry
Viruses use which of the following enzyme for the break-down of the bacterial cell walls?
Lysosomes
Viral proteins and genome in the host cell are assembled at:
Cytoplasm
The virus can bud from:
➡RER
➡Golgi Complex
➡Nuclear Envelope
_____ refers to the removal or breakdown of the capsid.
Uncoating
Which viruses enter the host cell as a whole?
Animal Virus
The filterable agents were first purified in 1935 when Stanley was successful in crystallizing the ____
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Tobacco mosaic virus was discovered by:
Iwanowski
Viruses cannot replicate in:
Blood Plasma
Members of which of the following group are all parasites?
Viruses
The volume of bacteriophage is about ____ of the host.
1/1000
It is true for viruses:
No independent metabolic activities
Viruses cannot be grown on artificial cultural media because they are:
Obligate intracellular parasites
Cilia and flagella are absent in:
Viruses
The virus can only survive and reproduce inside a:
Living cells
The branch which deals with the study if the virus is called:
Virology
Viruses are the simplest organisms are:
Are only DNA or RNA particles without cellular
A scientist who first developed the technique of vaccination in 1795:
Edward Jenner
A virion is:
Virus
The capsid is made up of protein sub-units known as:
Capsomeres
Twort in 115 and D’Herelle in 1917 discovered:
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophage replicates only in _____ cell.
Bacterial
Mad cow infections and mysterious brain infections in man are caused:
Prions
The branch that deals with the study of viruses is known as?
Virology
Louis Pasteur made vaccines for:
➡Rabies
➡Anthrax
➡Fowl cholera
According to Iwanowski what are soluble living germs?
Viruses
When was the bacteriophage phenomena rediscovered by D’Herelle?
1917
When were bacteriophages discovered by Twort?
1915
Viruses that were discovered in 1901:
Yellow Fever
Which of the following is composed of nucleic acids only?
Viroid
In Prions, information is carried further through:
Proteins
(Misfolded)
It is present in all the viruses:
Capsid
The component responsible for determination of the shape o the virus is:
Protein sub-units
(Capsid gives shape)
Which of the following is not an essential part of the virus?
Envelope
A virion is a:
Virus
_____ capsomeres are present in the capsid of the herpes virus.
162
The genome of most animal viruses contains:
RNA
In viruses, a combined structure formed by core (Nucleic acid) and capsid is:
Nucleocapsid
The capsid, the protective coat of a virus is made up of sub-units known as capsomeres that are ____ in nature.
Protein
Among followings, ___-enzyme is naturally found in human immunodeficiency virus
Reverse Transcriptase
The genome of a virus is composed of:
➡DNA
➡RNA
Which of the following is not related to an enveloped virus?
➡They survive for a short time❌
➡They are tolerant to antibodies✅
➡Their envelope is sensitive to sunlight❌
➡Enveolpe is derived from host❌
The complete nature and infection virus particle is known as:
Virion
In the lytic cycle o bacteriophage, the phage is regarded as:
Master
The bacteriophage replicates only inside the:
Bacterial cell
The part of bacteriophage that enters the host cell is:
Genome
The bacteriophage attaches itself by its tail to the cell wall of the bacterium at:
Adhering surface
When a virus is in the lysogenic cycle, which of these will occur?
Viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host DNA
The enzyme that is present is present in a virus also:
Dehydrogenase
bacteriophages are:
Virus attacking bacteria
Bacteriophages exhibit life cycles that are:
➡Lytic
➡Lysogenic
Lytic cycle completion occurs about:
25 min
The process in which the phage is called a prophage is termed as:
Lysogeny
Temperate phage may exist as:
Prophage
The enzyme involved in viral replication is synthesized.
By the host cell
it is very stable and allows viruses to exist in water, air or and the ground:
Nucleocapsid
The complete, mature and infections particle is known as:
Virion
The virus is composed of:
➡Nucleic acid
➡Capsid
The protein coat of a virus enclosing nucleic acid is called:
Capsid
What molecule would you not expect to find in a retrovirus?
Thymine
(Because RNA is not present)
What is the size of Parvovirus?
20nm
The viral DNA or RNA is protected by:
Shell of proteins
What type of virus is the smallpox virus?
DNA enveloped virus
What is the viral nucleocapsid made up of?
➡Genome
➡Capsid
What types of viruses are the poliovirus?
RNA naked virus
Herpes simplexes are caused by which virus?
Herpes virus
What type of virus is the herpes simplex virus?
Herpes virus
The number of capsomeres found in adenovirus capsid is:
252
The number of capsomeres found in herpes virus capsid is;
162
The genome of the virus includes:
➡Deoxyribose acids
➡Ribonucleic acids
Viruses without nuclear envelopes are called:
Naked virus
Which of the following are the main functions of the capsid?
➡Determines the antigenic specificity of the virus
➡Protects genetic material from nuclease attack
Which of the following statements explains why viruses are only able to multiply in living cells?
Viruses do not possess the necessary components for self-replication
A chemical component that is not found in all viruses is;
Lipids
A common polyhedral capsid shape of viruses is:
Icosahedron
Identify the true statement about the virus:
➡Virus was discovered 2 billion years ago❌
➡Viruses came from outer space❌
➡Viruses evolved before bacteria❌
➡Viruses can infect all types of cells✅
The average diameter of large viruses is approximate:
100 to 200nm
What are the sub-units of capsids?
Capsomeres
A viral envelope is composed of:
➡Lipids
➡Proteins
It refers to the final changes within an immature virion that result in an infectious virus particle:
Assembly
All of the following descriptions regarding viral multiplication and nucleic acids are true except that:
➡Viruses contain DNA or RNA, not both❌
➡Viral mRNA, viral tRNA and viral ribosomes are used in viral replication✅
➡Viruses replicate only in living cells❌
➡Viruses use the cell’s biosynthetic machinery to synthesize copies of them❌
Which of the following is not true for a virion?
➡Rperoduce independently✅
➡Contain DNA❌
➡Contain RNA❌
➡Extracellular❌
The protein coat of a virus enclosing nucleic acid is called:
Capsid
What is the approximate diameter of retroviruses?
100 nm
When a virus enters a cell and incorporates its RNA or DNA into the host DNA, what is this stage called:
Lysogeny
Phage DNA incorporated into host DNA is referred as:
Prophage
Infectious RNA without capsid:
Viroid
What does the size range between?
20 nm to 250 nm
Which of the following statement is not true of viruses?
➡Viruses have been successfully grown in pure cultures in test tubes✅
➡All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites❌
➡All viruses have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material❌
➡Viruses probably arose from small fragments of cellular chromosomes❌
What is the shape of TMV?
Rod
In the nucleus, the ssDNA viral genome is converted to dsDNA by:
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase is a useful enzyme to have when:
RNA virus converts its RNA to DNA
What is a provirus?
Integrated viral genome
The function of a viral capsid is?
➡Prtoection against the viral genome from physical and enzymatic destruction
➡Provind binding sites that enable the virus to attach to specific receptor sites on the host cell
➡Serving as a vehicle of transmission from one host to other
➡
Which of the following virus is enveloped?
Herpes Virus
Which of the following is not a described type of virus?
Virus containing single-strand RNA and single-strand DNA
The size of viruses is usually measured in:
Nanometers
Icosahedral viruses have how many faces?
20
Viruses differ from bacteria by:
Having capsule
It is not true about viruses:
➡Capsid has capsomeres❌
➡Both DNA and RNA together as a genome✅
➡Some are enveloped❌
➡Many infect animals❌
The causative agent of smallpox is:
DNA enveloped virus
Which of the following statements are true about viruses:
Obligate parasites
Which factors may help to determine the antigenicity of a virus?
Capsoemers
Which of the following has the morphology of a helical virus?
TMV
HBV is:
DNA enveloped virus
A structure which is located between the nucleocapsid and the envelope:
Matrix protein
Viroids lack:
Protective protein coat
What type of viruses are the paramyxoviruses?
RNA enveloped viruses
Which of the following viruses possess an envelope?
Herpes virus
What does an icosahedral capsid consist of
HExagonal capsomeres
Viruses are limited in their host range because:
They can only enter cells that have specific receptors
Viruses replicate on their own:
Lack metabolic pathway
It is incorrect about viruses:
➡Acellular structure❌
➡DNA❌
➡RNA❌
➡Metabolism✅
Most commonly, lesions can be seen around the mount, lips and at other skin sites in:
Herpes
Viral inflammation of the parotid gland is commonly associated with:
Mumps
All of the following are viral diseases except:
Tetanus
Hepatitis A virus is:
ssRNA
HAV is transmitted through:
Faecal-Oral route
Viruses that attack the spinal cord are:
Poliovirus
Poliomyelitis affects:
Motor neuron
Smallpox is caused by the pox virus which is:
DNA enveloped virus
Mad cow disease is caused by:
Prion
Hepatitis C is also known as:
Infusion Hepatitis
Pigs are reservoirs for:
Hepatitis E
The enzyme involved in viral replication are synthesized:
By the host cell
Ribavirus is used to treat:
Hepatitis A
The virus that affects genital organs:
HSV
Which of the following pair of diseases is viral?
➡Rabies
➡Measels
Polio vaccine is given by:
Oral Drops
Which of the following are the simplest forms of pathogens causing disease?
Prions
Which is not a viral disease?
Malaria
Oral herpes is caused by:
HSV-1
Which of the following diseases is caused by a viroid?
Hepatitis D
____ is known to cause cancers in animals.
Rous sarcoma virus
All eukaryotes that did not fit the definition of plants, fungi or animals were included in Kingdom
Protista
Smallpox is caused by:
DNA enveloped virus
Which is not RNA virus?
➡Small pox virus✅
➡Influenza virus❌
➡Mumps and Measles virus❌
➡Polio virus❌
Herpes simplex is caused by
DNA virus
Influenza viruses are:
RNA enveloped
Paramyxoviruses are:
➡Mumps
➡Measels
Measles and mumps are caused by a virus belonging to a group called as:
Paramyxoviruses
All of the following are developed from embryo except
Protists
Amoeba belongs to which Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom protoctista includes
Eukaryotic organisms
Organisms of which of the following Kingdom has absorptive mode of nutrition
Fungi
It is believed that all Complex animal forms evolved from
Protista
Viruses may not replicate in
Blood plasma
Nucleic acid is the only component of
Viroid
It is false for viruses
Viruses contain both DNA and RNA
The component responsible for determination of shape of virus is
Protein sub units
In Prions information is carried further through
Proteins
______ capsomeres are present in capsid of Herpes virus
162
Major cells that are infected by HIV are
T-helper cells
It acts as a template strand for reverse transcriptase
Viral RNA
The phenomenon of transcription in HIV life cycle occurs in
Nucleus
Attachment of HIV DNA with host DNA is done via action of
Integrase
HIV can be transmitted by all of the following sources except
Saliva
Uncoating of HIV virion occurs
In cytoplasm
What is common to bacteria, Mosses and fungus
presence of cell wall
Kingdom Protista contains
Unicellular eukaryotes
Which of the following is incorrect about Protista
Members of Protista are primarily terrestrial
Sleeping sickness is caused by
Trypanosoma
The protist which possess flagella is
Trypanosoma
Which of the following is not example of fungus
Slime molds
The following features belongs to
1. body consists of long, Slender thread like structures called hyphae.
2. cell wall consists of chitin
3. cosmopolitan
Fungi
Life cycle in plant has generally two distinct phase the ______ sporophytic and the _____ gametophytic that alternate with each other. This phenomenon is called as alternation of generation
Diploid, haploid
Plant cells have all except
Centriole
Organisms referred to as amphibians of plant Kingdom are
Bryophytes
When the body of an animal can be divided into equal left and right halves by one plane symmetry. It is known as
Bilateral
Mammalia means organism with possess
Mammary gland
The growth and the reproduction are mutually exclusive events in
Higher animals and plants
Growth by cell division occurs _____ in plants and ______ in animals
Continuously, only up to a certain age
Virus is
Inert crystalline structure outside the living cell
viruses can be seen through
Electron microscope
Bacteriophages generally have
Double standard RNA
Capsomeres maybe arranged in
Helical or polyhedral
Viroids are
Free RNA
Infectious proteins are present in
Prions
In a bacteriophage DNA is present in
Head
AIDS virus contains
RNA and protein
Reverse transcriptase is
DNA dependent DNA polymerase
Enzyme needed for production of DNA from RNA is
Reverse transcriptase
HIV can be transmitted by all of the following sources except
Saliva
Uncoating of HIV virion occurs
In cytoplasm
HIV genome contains
Two identical RNA strands
Major cells infected by HIV are
Lymphocytes
Virus can detects its specific host cell by
Specific receptors
The smallest knwon viruses they contain RNA in spherical capsid are the:
Polio
Infectious hepatitis is caused by:
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis B is also called:
Serum Hepatitis
Name the enveloped RNA virus that causes infusion hepatitis:
HCV
Which of these diseases is not caused by a virus:
Cholera
The long chain of HIV-Protein is cut down by proteases of:
HIV
Whenever a virus encounters an unfamiliar organism, the virus may undergo multiple mutations and emerge as a variant that produces:
Novel Diseases
In which year causative agent of AIDS was named?
1986
The Herpes virus is responsible for which of the following types of Herpes?
Simplex
Edward Jenner prepared a vaccine against:
Smallpox
A major cell infected by HIV:
T Helper lymphocytes
Which of the following molecule facilitates the entry of HIV into the human body?
Glycoprotein
Prominent symptoms of AIDS:
➡Pneumonia
➡Rapid Weight Loss
➡Extremet and unexplained tiredness
For the synthesis o mRNA, HIV uses:
Host RNA polymerase
A person with a viral load of HIV 1 untreated leads to:
AIDS
Which o the following is more virulent?
HIV-1
There is no vaccine against HIV. What is the possible reason for this
Virus mutates rapidly
HIV mainly attacks:
CD4 site of T cells
Chimpanzee has _____ instead of HIV
SIV
AIDS is caused:
Human Immunodeecicecy virus
What is meant by HIV-positive?
A person has AIDS
The replication of the HIV nucleic acid depends on:
Reverse transcriptase
The viral genome is integrated into the host genome by which of the following enzymes?
Integrase
Three stages of HIV infection are:
Acute infection➡Chronic Infection
➡AIDS
Mumps and measles are caused by which o the following?
Paramyxovirus
HAV is transmitted by:
Faeces
____ is the usual causative agent of genital herpes.
HSV-1
When did experimental administration of the HIV virus begin?
2001
Pigs are reservoirs of:
HEV
Which of the following statement correctly describes the Tobacco Mosaic virus?
RNA virus
Pox virus is different from all others due to;
Size
A remarkable feature of the pox virus:
Largest in size
It is true about mumps
Widely spread
The genetically engineered vaccine is available for which of the following hepatitis virus?
➡HBV
➡HAV
Pox virus has:
Double-stranded DNA
For attachment rabies virus bind to:
Acetylcholine receptor
Where does the AIDS virus infect?
Leukocytes
Which specialized enzyme does retrovirus have?
Reverse transcriptase
Hepatitis D also known as:
Delta Hepatitis
How HIV is transmitted?
➡Sexual contact
➡Blodd
➡Breast Feeding
Which of the following is not a viral disease?
Tetanus
Which o the following is not a component of HIV?
Ribosomes
HIV differs from many viruses because it has high genetic?
Variability
Influenza virus protein HA binds with ____ residues found on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells.
Sialic acid
All are HIV symptoms except:
➡Cardiac arrest
➡Bloody stools
➡Chills
SIV is the abbreviation of;
Simian immunodeficiency virus
The enzyme which plays important role in HIV pathogenesis:
Reverse Transcrpitase
All o the following are the current preventive methods for HIV infection except:
Use of available vaccines
Influenza is caused by:
Influenza virus
The locks the HIV genome into capsid:
Gag protein
The genetically engineered vaccine is not available for which of the following?
HCV
n what year did WHO declare that smallpox was completely eradicated?
1980
AIDS was firstly reported in which types of individuals?
Homosexuals
Mad cow disease is caused by one of the following:
Prion
___ is associated with a number of tumours in humans:
Oncoviruses
Which virus causes the second major form of hepatitis?
Hepatitis B
Which can convert normal cells into cancer cells?
Retrovirus
People with chronic hepatitis are at risk o:
Liver damage
Viru for making viral DNA uses whose RNA polymerase:
Host
Retroviruses are characterized by:
Reverse transcriptase enzyme
Retroviruses contain:
Single-stranded RNA
Major cells that are infected by HIV are:
T-helper cells
It acts as a template strand for reverse transcriptase:
Viral RNA
The phenomenon of transcription in the HIV life cycle occurs in:
Nucleus
(Cytoplasm=Process of reverse transcription)
Attachment of HIV DNA with host DNA is done via the action of:
Integrase
HIV can be transmitted by all o the following sources except:
Saliva
Uncoating of HIV virion occurs:
In cytoplasm
The protein of HIV that helps in its fusion with T cell
gp-41
(gp-120 is needed to attach to the host cell)
Common among all viruses during their infection cycles:
Translation in cytoplasm
Receptors proteins present on T helper lymphocytes where an HIV particle binds:
CD4
Which of the following cells does HIV mainly infect:
T-helper lymphocytes
AIDS is caused by:
Virus
Which one is not an opportunistic disease related to HIV infection?The main target of HIV in AIDS is:
➡Destruction of the body’s immune system✅
➡recurrent pneumonia❌
➡Pulmonary tuberculosis❌
➡Toxoplasmosis❌
The main target of HIV in AIDS is:
Heper T-Lymphocytes
Numerous opportunistic diseases might attack a person suffering from which of the following disease:
AIDS
Which of the following is not true about the human immunodeficiency virus?
➡It is a retrovirus❌
➡It is surrounded by an envelope❌
➡It does not cause AIDS✅
➡It causes deficiency in o human immune system❌
Bacteriophages or phages are also known as:
Bacteria eater
The bacteriophage incorporates in the viral genome in which phase?
Lysogenic cycle
How many bacteriophages are formed after 25 minutes of initial infection?
200
What is the first step in the replication of bacteriophages?
Attachment
Viruses that attack bacteria are called:
Bacteriophage
Where the double-stranded DNA of the bacteriophage is found?
Head
The phage that causes the lytic cycle is called;
➡Virulent Phage
➡Lytic Phage
During the lytic cycle how many phages are released from the infected host cell:
100-200
Bacteriophages have been used widely in genetic research since they are the smallest and simplest biological entities capable of:
Multiplication in the host cell
Does binary fission occur in which stage of the bacteriophage lie cycle?
Lysogenic cycle
The structure of which bacteriophage resembles a tadpole?
T4
These viruses usually occur in two structural forms:
Bacteriophage
In which step is lysozyme released by the bacteriophage?
Penetration
What type of phage is a T2 phage?
dsDNA phage
Which type of virus infects E.coli bacteria?
T phages
What is the function of lysozyme released by bacteriophages?
Dissolve bacterial cell wall
Where does the bacteriophage replicate?
Bacteria
The phage that causes the lysogenic cycle is?
Temperate phage
When the tobacco mosaic virus was successfully crystallized?
1935
They show complexity
T4 virus
Viral DNA, incorporated into bacterial DNA, is called:
Prophage
What was the correct classification according to Linnaeus?
➡Similar genera in one family
➡Similar species in one genus
➡Similar families in one order
Pathogens inside the body are killed by:
➡Antibodies
➡Immune system cells
➡Interferon
Who discovered that the agents which caused tobacco mosaic disease were filterable?
Ivanowski
First vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner against:
Small pox
Chemically viruses are:
Nucleoprotien
All of the following viral components are synthesized in host cell by using its metabolic machinery except:
Envelope
It is the essential component of all the viruses:
Nucleopcapsid
A chemical component that is found in all viruses is:
Protein
Number of capsomeres in capsid of adenovirus is:
252
These are the largest known virus:
Pox virus
The msot common classification for viruses is on base of;
Nucleic acid properties
Tobacco mosaic virus is:
Rod shaped
The common host for T4 phage is;
Escherichia coli
Detachment of the prophage from bacterial chromosome and start of lytic cycle is:
Induction
Prophage is actually;
DNA of non-virulent phage
The first step in the replication of bacteriophage is its:
Absorption
It is also called as infusion hepatitis:
Hepatitis C
Virus that attacks on spinal cord in humans is;
Polio Virus
Up to 60% of adults are immune to;
➡Mumps
➡Measles
All of the following are related to retroviruses except:
Double stranded RNA
Viruses associated with tumor production in fowl, rodents and cats are;
Retroviruses
All of the following parts of HIV enter into host cell excpet:
Envelope
First virus which was purified and crystallized was;
Tobacco Mosaic virus
These are non-cellular infectious entities which contain either RNA or DNA;
Viruses
It gives definite shape to the virion:
Capsid
Viruses are;Number of capsomeres in capsid of herpes virus is;
Obligate intracellular parasites
Number of capsomeres in capsid of herpes virus is;
162
Viruses are resistant to al of the following except:
Interferon
Viruses are extremely infectious agents, which can only be seen by:
Electron microscope
Bacteriophages occur in two structural form having:
➡Cubical
➡Helical
In T4 bacteriophage, how many tail fibers are attached to end plate:
6
Receptor site for attachment of T4 phage is present on;
Cell wall of E.coli
The receptor site for attachment of T4 phage of bacterial cell is on;
Cell wall
Host biosynthetic machinery forms all components of phages under phage genomic information except:
Envelope of phages
The process by which viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial chromosome as prophage is called;
Lysogeny
Prophage is actually;
DNA of non-virulent phage
What are the sequences of steps in which a bacteriophage attacks bacterium and injects its DNA?
Landing➡ Tail Contraction➡ Penetration➡ DNA injection
It is also called as infusion hepatitis;
Hepatitis C
Viral inflammation of parotid gland is commonly associated with;
Mumps
It is less severe but often leads to chronic liver disease:
Hepatitis C
All of the following are associated with acute attacks if hepatitis except:
Liver Damage
All of the following are related to retroviruses except:
Double Stranded RNA
It is an example of retrovirus;
HIV
In HIV, reverse transcriptase coverts single stranded RNA into double stranded viral DNA. This process is also called;
Reverse Transcription
We can protect ourselves from HIV/AIDS thorugh;
Blood screening before transfusion
Which process or step in HIV life cycle does not occur in cytoplasm?
Transription
Part of HIV labeled at X is:
Envelope spikes
