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IB History 121 > Unification of Italy > Flashcards

Unification of Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the first time Italy was unified

A

It remained a group of independent city‐states UNTIL Napoleon unified them into the “Kingdom of Italy” with his step‐son (Eugene de Beauharnais) on the throne – 1805‐1814.

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2
Q

what did COV do to Italian Unification?

A

It dismantled the loose union of Italian city-states after Napoleon was defeated

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3
Q

who was Charles Albert’s successor after the 1848 revolutions?

A

Victor Emanuel II

worked with Cavour to modernize Piedmont-Sardinia

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4
Q

why was Piedmont-Sardinia guaranteed independence?

A

because Piedmont-Sardinia was a buffer between the potential rivals of France and Austria

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5
Q

when did Carvour become Prime Minister

A

In 1852, with goal to modernize Piedmont-Sardinia

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6
Q

what influenced Carvour’s goal to modernize Piedmont-Sardinia?

A

Saw how the industrial might of UK had allowed it freedom of action in foreign affairs, dependent on none of the other powers

Believed that Piedmont-Sardinia must first industrialize its economy and modernize its administration

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7
Q

Examples of industrialization that di Carvour oversaw:

Acronym: TRACT

A

(T)-Expansion of international Trade

(R)-Railway construction

(A)-Agricultural reforms (equipment and land)

(C)-lessened influence of the CC in daily life of the government

(T)-Textiles industries

TRACT

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8
Q

examples of Carvour’s pragmatism (8)

A

Never let the constitution hinder his actions

Used the parliament against the crown and the Crown against parliament

Ruled by executive order when it suited him

often sought permission from parliament for actions already taken

No champion of democracy but was never really impeded by Piedmont-Sardinia’s limited electorate

Was in favour of unimpeded free-market capitalism if it moved the economy in the direction that he wanted but was not above using government subsidies to push it in that direction

British classical liberals generally avoided military spending but Cavour did a lot of modernization and enlargement of Piedmont-Sardinia’s military

Did not hesitate to close down and censor radical publications

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9
Q

post-unification issues (7)

Acronym to help memorize:
Give PDF Under Violent Intentions

A

(G) Needing to choose a “proper fitting” Government system (constitutional monarchy was chosen)

(P) No successor to Cavour, Political instability

(D) In debt due to IR, Infrastructure, and war

(F) Fractured nation between North and South!

(U) Italy is not a unified nation yet, still some parts that aren’t part of the country (Venetia, Rome)

(V) 29,000/600,000 (3%) of people can vote

(I) North (manufacturing sector) has had IR, south is agricultural/backward

GPDFUVI
Give PDF Under Violent Intentions

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10
Q

realpolitik

A

politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

strategies:

  1. Caress or annihilate your enemy
  2. Isolate your enemies
  3. Make enemies seem like the aggressor
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11
Q

what were the first lands Carvour wanted to add to Italy?

A

those east, Lombardy and Venetia, occupied and controlled by the Austrian govt. of Franz Joseph I.

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12
Q

what did Carvour need to add Lombardy and Venetia to Italy?

A

the active support of at least one power

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13
Q

why was France the likely nation to support Italian unification

A

Napoleon III wanted to be able to decide issues in Europe

Pushed for a modern Europe against the old conservative version established at Vienna which were defended by Russia and Austria

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14
Q

the Pact of plombières plan

A

in July 1858

between Carvour and Napoleon

Provoke a war, defeat Austria in battle together, construct a federal Italian nation-state

Napoleon would attempt to isolate Austria diplomatically

Carvour would provoke Austria into war

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15
Q

what would each party obtain from the Pact of Plombieres

A

France:
Savoy and Nice

marriage of Napoleon’s cousin, Jerome, into the royal House of Savoy

Italy:
French military support in a war with Austria.

PS would add Austrian lands in the north of Italy

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16
Q

What did Carvour have to do, in regards to radicals and nationalists in Piedmont?

A

Di Carvour had to distance himself from Mazzini and other radical republican nationalists in piedmont because it was a conservative turn for Carvour

Press censorship was tightened

Most dangerous radicals were deported

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17
Q

How did Russia, Great Britain, and Prussia feel about the war Austria vs Italy and France? Why?

A

Russia: agreed to be neutral

Great Britain and Prussia: deeply opposed to the war

Believed it could easily escalate into a general European conflict

Only offered diplomatic disapproval

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18
Q

Initiating events of the 1859 war:

A

(teams notes:)
Cavour provoked Austria by allowing Crimean war draft dodgers into PS.

(reading notes:)
In March of 1859, Cavour mobilized Piedmont-Sardinia’s army, forcing Austria to do the same

Austria demanded that they demobilize

When Carvour refused, Austrians decided to cross the frontier into Piedmont

Napoleon then played the protector and entered the war

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19
Q

when did Franz Joseph (Austria) declare war against France and Italy?

A

April 1859

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20
Q

where did Austria lose to the French

A

at Magenta and Solférino in June

Austrians then evacuated Lombardy

Everything was going according to plan!

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21
Q

why did Napoleon back out of the Pact of Plombieres?

A

COV had given the Rhineland to Prussia

Put Prussian forces essentially on the French border

Was concerned that if Austria suffered a humiliating defeat, Prussia would have to come to Austria’s aid

Also apprehensive at idea of a stronger Piedmont on his south-eastern frontier

(teams notes:)
Under pressure from French Catholics @ home, who saw a unified Italy as a threat to Rome and the Papal states.

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22
Q

Treaty of Villafranca

A

July 1859→ Napoleon concluded a separate peace with the Austrians

Lombardy would be given to Piedmont

Venetia would remain in Austria

Central Duchies of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma would remain under their traditional leaders

Hapsburgs, Savoy and Nice would remain with Piedmont

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23
Q

what was Di Carvour forced to do in response to the Treaty of Villafranca?

A

to resign

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24
Q

what happen due to the war of 1859?

A

Revival of Italian nation-building appeared when the war of 1859 broke out

Rulers of the duchies fled to Austria and were replaced by nationalist governments

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25
Q

what did France do when the former rulers reached the duchies?

A

French troops occupied the Duchies to supervise plebiscites on the issue of annexation to Piedmont

26
Q

Results of the plebiscites supervised by France?

A

the duchies along with Bologna had voted to join Piedmont-Sardinia

27
Q

Garibaldi

A

Born in 1807, Nice.

Sea captain, freedom fighter who travelled the world around aiding those who fought oppression.

Known as the “Hero of Two Worlds”

dedicated himself to helping any nation overthrow corrupt rulers/kings/dictators.

Expert in guerilla warfare techniques.

Follower of Guiseppe Mazzini ‐ a republican, democrat.

28
Q

what was garibaldi known as?

A

the Hero of Two Worlds

29
Q

what City-state was Carvour looking to unify?

A

Venetia

Still in Austrian possession, due to the Treaty of Villafranca

30
Q

Revolt in Sicily

A

April 1860

revolting because of local class-based concerns, not nationalism

Led by radical republicans–> Franscico Crispi

catalyst: after hearing about the war with Austrians up North

31
Q

what were Garibaldi and Carvour’s views on the revolt in sicily?

A

Carvour kept his distance, wary of the radicals taking matters into their own hands (he favoured moderate nationalists)

Garibaldi liked the radicals

32
Q

what was Garibaldi’s plan

A

raise 1,000 volunteers from the north to join in the insurrection and liberate the island from its Neapolitan overlords

Garibaldi left PS in April 1860 with Cavour’s approval but with little real tangible support, with a band of 800+fighters ‐ patriots, his “Redshirts”, in two stolen steam ships,

33
Q

Redshirts

A

Garibaldi’s 1000 revolutionaries

34
Q

how did Carvour approach dealing with Garibaldi’s movements?

A

he did not actively support nor interfere with Garibaldi

35
Q

what did Garibaldi conquer?

A

Palermo, all of the Kingdom of Naples (Sept. 1860)

Conquered entire southern region known as the “Kingdom of the Two Sicily’s”

36
Q

Carvour’s dilemna, regarding Garibaldi (reading notes)

A

Either it would be Garibaldi who completed the unification

Or he would drag Italy into a war against France or Austria or both

37
Q

Carvour’s problem, regarding Garibaldi (Teams notes)

A

would Garibaldi enter Rome and try and obtain the Papal lands (therefore bring both France and Austria into the picture)?

would Garibaldi, a committed republican, fight a constitutional monarchy structure?

38
Q

How did Carvour try to stop Garibaldi

A

by invading the Papal States of Umbria and the Marches

Explained to Napoleon that it was the only way to restore stability to the situation and to stop Garibaldi

39
Q

What was Garibaldi’s issue?

A

faced the prospect of civil war

40
Q

how did Garibaldi respond to the potential violence?

A

turned Naples and the Island of Sicily over to Victor Emanuel (King of Italy)

41
Q

Victor Emanuel

A

King of Italy

42
Q

When did the PS parliament agree to annex the southern region of Italy?

A

after plebisicites were held in both papal states and Two Sicilies.

43
Q

when was the Kingdom of Italy born?

A

March, 1861

a constitutional monarchy

44
Q

Where was Italy’s capital

A

on the mainland at Turin and then Florence.

45
Q

problem that still remained after unification?

A

Parts of Papal states and Austrian occupied lands still unredeemed

(Rome, Venetia)

46
Q

Italia Irredenta

A

unredeemed Italy

Rome, Venetia

47
Q

when did Carvour die and what problems did this cause?

A

1861

No other statesman of his ability

The new nation-state experienced a series of administrations over the course of the next five years

48
Q

economic Issues following unification in 1861

A

Economics of the individual Italian states had not been strong prior to unification

Piedmont (strongest of the economies) had paid for Carvours policies with deficit financing

Debts of Lombardy, Naples, Sicily

If Rome and Venice were to be redeemed, they would need to spend money to strengthen the military

Agriculture (especially in the south) was inefficient and heavily indebted

49
Q

why was Carvour opposed to an Italian federal system?

A

in the months before hid death he came to see a federal model as a stepping-stone to division and secession with an attendant civil war

50
Q

what government did Italy adopt after Carvour’s death

A

centralized system of government

Country was divided into administrative units controlled by prefects reporting to the central government

51
Q

challenges of a centralized system of government

A

Ignored the deeply localized nature of Italian society

Language, currency, legal codes, tax, etc… all varied from one end of the country to the other

52
Q

why was the South unhappy with the new government system?

A

he revolutionaries who flocked to Garibaldi’s banner fought for some form of independence

Now believed that they had traded Austrian domination for that of the Piedmontese

Resulted in some small civil wars between Sicily and Naples

53
Q

what were the circumstances that Venetia and Rome joined Italy?

A

Venetia:
Prussia and Austria drifted towards war between 1864-1866

In exchange for Italy’s military support, Prussia would support Italy’s claim to Venetia

Prussia won, so Venetia was given to Italy

(Otto von Bismarck)–> Prussia

Rome:
1870
following the French pull out troops
France was fighting in the Franco-Prussian war

54
Q

Issues with the Pope

A

Italian army occupied Rome, and had to come to an agreement with the Pope

Italy had to be careful because they could not risk their wrath

55
Q

Why did Pope Pius become a stubborn conservative?

A

due to revolutions, the rise and fall of radical revolutionaries, the growing tide of secularism in European society

As a result, it wasn’t until 1929 that the Vatican would recognize the legitimacy of the Italian state

56
Q

Concordat Agreement 1929

A

Italian government gave the Pope sovereignty over Vatican City and paid him a yearly allowance

57
Q

divisions between the North and South of Italy post 1861?

A

Perception in the south was that they were second-class residents compared to the North

The North felt that they had done all the hard work in the creation of Italy and had supported the inefficient and backward South

58
Q

what were the problems that led to disunity?

acronym:
VET Likes Sunscreen Not Cream

A

(V) The ongoing dispute with the Vatican—Dilemma for devout Catholics

(E) Italy’s economy was behind

(T) Still Italian-speaking territories outside Italy

(L) Loyalty to the United Kingdom of Italy often wasn’t first priority in the case of devout Catholics

(S) Stress on the state

(N) Nationalism in Italy was more of an idea, mostly of middle-class intellectuals and not of the majority of Italy

(C) Inadequate communication and transportation

VETLSNC
VET Likes Sunscreen Not Cream

59
Q

how many people were able to vote in Italy?

A

3% in total had the vote!

60
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

1866, Prussian leader, a “realpolitik” supporter, offered VENETIA to Italy in exchange for support in his war with Austria‐1866.

IB History 121 (10 decks)

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