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IB History 121 > Crimean War > Flashcards

Crimean War Flashcards

1
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

ruled S.E. Europe since the late 1400s - 1650, then began to recede

1853 Tzar Nich. I called it the “sick man of Europe”

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2
Q

catalyst for Crimean War

A

Ottoman sultan gives rights to France to protect Christan holy sites in middle East

Russian Tzar Nicholas I now feels like he is justified to declare war on Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Tzar Nicholas I loathed Napoleon III and felt that the Russians had a better claim to protect Christians in the Turkish Empire

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3
Q

pretext of Crimean War?

A

To protect orthodox Christians living under Muslim rule

Tzar believed no European nation would come to defence for a Muslim/Islamic Nation

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4
Q

1st Russian Attack?

A

Russian troops cross the Danulee River into Wallachia and Moldavia

(there’s probably more)

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5
Q

2nd Russian Attack?

A

Bomb Ottoman navy at the port of Sinope in November 1853

Puts wooden ships out of commission (they need to build steel ships)

is a short term victory for Russia, but brings Great Britain and France into the dispute

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6
Q

When did Great Britain and France bury 100+ years of rivalry and declare war on Russia?

A

March 1854

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7
Q

name of France’s naval ship (after declares war on Russia)

A

Charlemagne

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8
Q

Where is headquarter for attack against Russia?

A

Constantinople

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9
Q

When does GB set sail for Sebostopol?

A

July 1854

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10
Q

What did GB and France do in Constantinople?

A

Take over the city, hospitals, government sites

Look down upon Turks;
racist/arrogant attitude towards them

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11
Q

what did the lack of preparation for the trip of Constantinople do to GB?

A

led to loss of 10,000 soldiers due to disease and no medical care

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12
Q

who sourced/evidenced the aftermath of GB’s lack of preparation for trip to Constantinople?

A

Roger Fenton—photographer)

News correspondent—William Russell

Fanny Duberly (Jubilee)—Wife of GB army officer… wrote a journal about what happened on the ground

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13
Q

Why did GB send 2nd contingent of troops to Russia?

A

prevent Russian army from leaving

surround the capital city of St. Petersburg

attack Kronstadt naval base guarding the city

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14
Q

Battle of Fort Silistra (on Danube)

A

Ottoman Empire counterattack

Ottoman troops attack Moldavia/Wallachia led by Omar Pasha (a renegade Croat—converted to Muslim)

Leo Tolstoy fought as an artillery officer (former Russian writer)

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15
Q

what happened to GB prior to it attacking the Russian base in Sebastopol?

A

suffered greatly due to disease

July 1854 (4 months after arriving in Constantinople)

Cholera epidemic struck

10,000 men dead

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16
Q

what did GB do in response to the Cholera epidemic?

A

funded and sent 38 nurses, led by Florence Nightengale

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17
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

nurse sent by GB
great organizer and administrator
“Lady of the Lamp”

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18
Q

when did the Crimean War begin?

A

1853

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19
Q

who called the Ottoman Empire the “sick man of Europe”?

A

Tzar Nicholas I

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20
Q

which two Ottoman provinces did the Russian Army invade?

A

Walachia and Moldavia

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21
Q

The initial conflict between the Russians and the Ottoman Empire was over…

A

Christian Sites in Jerusalem

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22
Q

Russia’s biggest goal in starting the Crimean War was to?

A

Access the Dardenelles Strait

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23
Q

why did Russia want access to the Dardenelles Strait?

A

It (and Bosphorus) was the key maritime route between Central Europe and the Mediterranean

to have sea access to the west

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24
Q

This Ottoman naval headquarters was shelled by the Russians in 1853?

A

Sinope

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25
Which former Russian writer took part in the battle at Fort Silistra?
Leo Tolstoy
26
The Charge of the Light Brigade was memorialized in a poem by...
Lord Tennyson
27
A nation may chose a writer to compose literary pieces for special occasions. What's the title?
Poet Laureate
28
Which Russian Tzar took power in 1855, following the death of his father?
Tzar Alexander II
29
The British wanted to protect trade routes through the Mediterranean Sea to this nation?
India
30
This future nation sent 15,000 troops to the Crimean War to help with the attack on the Russians?
Piedmont Sardinia
31
This international agency was created following the Crimean War to send aid and supplies to war sites?
Red Cross
32
This award was introduced following the Crimean War by the British Govt. to commemorate bravery in battle?
Victoria Cross
33
Why did France and GB not want Russia to win?
France didn’t want Russia to have more influence in the Middle East bc it had interests there Britain opposed any access to the Mediterranean for the Russian Black Sea fleet that might challenge Britain’s naval supremacy
34
why did Austria remain neutral?
both Russia and Austria wanted the same portion of land also because war had 2 outcomes that it didn’t like: - Russian Domination of the Balkans or - UK and France dictate outcome according to their interest
35
when did Austrian neutrality end?
Neutrality ended when Russians evacuated the Danubian principalities, which Austria wanted to occupy (Led to Austria only having a limited say in Treaty of Paris)
36
what happened at the 2nd Russian attack?
Bomb Ottoman navy at the port of Sinope in November 1853 Russian commander Nakhimov uses a new devastating weapon—explosive shells 1.5 hours later, the Turkish fleet is wiped out Put wooden ships out of commission/made them obsolete/need to build steel ships Short term victory for Russia but brought GB/France into dispute
37
When did Nicholas I die?
1855, leaving the throne to his son, Tzar Alexander II
38
How did Britain, France, and Austria respond to the Russian occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia in July 1853?
The Vienna Note, instead of war. a draft peace plan.
39
Vienna Note
A draft peace plan drawn up by representatives of Britain, France, and Austria in July 1853 Was accepted by Russia, but dismissed by the Ottoman Empire bc it required them to make too many concessions to their rivals
40
Purpose of Constantinople in the Crimean War?
headquarter for a counterattack against Russia
41
What did GB do when it entered the war?
sends contingent of Naval ships to Constantinople and a 2nd contingent to Russia to prevent the Russian army from leaving: surround the capital city of St. Petersburg attack Kronstadt naval base guarding the city
42
What did GB/France do upon arriving in Constantinople?
Take over the city, hospitals, government sites Look down upon Turks, racist/arrogant attitude towards them (calling them lazy, dirty, unmotivated)
43
Was GB prepared for the trip to Constantinople?
No—led to loss of 10,000 soldiers due to disease and no good medical care
44
Battle for Sebastopol
1854-1855 GB troops depart Constantinople with one goal: Capture, destroy Russian naval base in the Black sea at Sebastopol Upside? Tons of men, resources, ships Downside? NO reconnaissance work done Sept 1854—Land in Crimean
45
Battle of Alma
September 1854 Gb troops land at alma, above Sebastopol Russian troops leave the naval fortress and engage at alma British victory—Russians retreat
46
What did GB do after the Battle of Alma?
Rather than following Russian retreat to Sebastopol, the GB troops are ordered to return to Balaclava to regroup and prep for proper way to take fortress like Sebastopol “seige attack” (do it by the book) This gives Russians 3 weeks to prepare for the upcoming GB assault on their naval fortress Lost GB opportunity will cost 10 000+ men
47
Charge of the Light Brigade
Oct 25, 1854 Fight at a spot called the “Valley of Death” Led by lord cardigan Russians attack GB British are moving troops, supplies, guns toward Sebastopol GB troops were told to recapture lost Turkish guns on hill above the valley Orders were sent from rear and miscommunicated 670 men rode into the valley...Russian guns attacked on 3 sides… SLAUGHTER! 50%+ casualty rate
48
What did William Russel do after the Charge of the Light Brigade?
William Russel sent a telegram home to the London Times shortly thereafter, GB Poet Laureate, Alfred Tennyson penned the poem, “The Charge of the Light Brigade” Goal? Trying to be factual, but at the same time put a positive spin on a military disaster and blunder
49
Siege of Sebastopol
GB drought in large guns, cannons, bombed, shelled the naval fortress at Sebastopol for a year GB Ships blocked off the harbour so no Russian supplies could be delivered When the seige ended, Alexander II immediately called an end to the war and agreed to peace terms
50
Effect of Siege of Sebastopol on GB?
GB was Ill supplied: -Lack food, provisions, supplies -Men died of cold, frostbite over the winter of 1854-55 -GB mismanagement of this war was evident Both for the fighting soldier and those injured As a result, through William Russel’s telegrams home, his reports to the London Times, the GB government PM fell PM Aberdeen is forced to resign, replaced by PM Palmerston in Jan 1855
51
Treaty/congress of Paris
1856 from reading: Russia lost the territory it had been granted at the mouth of Danube Russia was forced to abandon its claims to protect Christians in Turkey (as was France) Black sea was declared a neutral zone Russia lost its influence over the Romanian principalities tablet notes: Russian forces evacuate Crimea, lose Sebastopol as a naval base No Russian ships allowed in Black sea until 1871
52
Winners of Crimean War
``` Balance of Power Ottoman Empire Press Piedment-Sardinia France Great Britain ``` BOPPFG
53
Losers of Crimean War
``` Russia Austria Ottoman Empire Great Britain Concert of Europe ``` RAOGC
54
Mary Seacole
Nurse used vaccines, herbal medicines opened up a hospital in Constantinople named the British Hotel Government wouldn't take her along with the other 38 nurses, so she had to pay for her own way there
55
the Eastern Question (came up in reading)
About issues raised by decline and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century Which states would fill the power vacuum left by the decline of Turkish power in the Balkans? What would the impact be upon the Balance of Power in that part of the world?
56
Roger Fenton
1st wartime photographer
57
William Russel
1st wartime correspondent
58
Fanny Duberly (Jubilee)
Wife of GB army officer… wrote a journal about what happened on the ground
59
where was the Charge of the Light Brigade fought?
Fight at a spot called the “Valley of Death”
60
who led the Charge to the Light Brigade?
Led by lord cardigan
61
Who led the Battle of Fort Silistra
Ottoman troops attack Moldavia/Wallachia led by Omar Pasha (a renegade Croat—converted to Muslim)
62
How was GB a winner
Able to maintain the Balance of Power Maintain access to med sea and trade routes to Asia (India)
63
how was France a winner
Napoleon III on winning side France is now fully in the European club Napoleon III hosts peace conference (symbolically important) Now a major power once again Independence and integrity of the Turkish Empire were guaranteed Russias influence in the region was restricted by the ‘Black Sea Clauses’ which forbade it to build fortifications on the shores of the Black Sea, which reaffirmed the Straits Convention of 1841 The Sultan acknowledged that his Muslim and Christian subjects enjoyed equal rights Russias claim that it would protect Greek Orthodox subjects was rejected.
64
how was the Ottoman Empire a winner
Winning side, but continued to decline Needed outside help (GB and France) to defeat the enemy Continues to be the “sick man of europe” Maintained their own borders and those in southeast europe (Balkans)
65
how was the press a winner
Evidenced the power of the press William Russell Brought down a government Glorified the charge of hte light brigade (bias)
66
how was Italy (Piedment-Sardinia) a winner
Piedment-Sardinia and Northern Italy is now owed a favour! They had sent 15,000 PS troops to Crimea to help support GB-French Troops…
67
how was russia a loser
Lost prestige Lost status as a great power, tarnished image of men does not equate to victory as in previous years Tzar Niat I miscalculation 2nd act toward Russian revolution of 1917 Desperately in need of IR Lost Sebastopol as navy base (till 1871) Russia feared losing “Russian America” -Sold in 1869
68
how was austria a loser
Conservative Remains neutral, doesn’t ally with Russia Therefore it does not have an ally! Too many ethic groups, thats why is weak Remained neutral because both Russia and Austria wanted the same portion of land (Ottoman empire) Now an isolated power
69
how was the concert of Europe a loser
Diplomacy failed War replaced as a means to resolving conflict
70
how was the Ottoman Empire a loser
Weakened in europe even further, needed European allies to ensure victory Would lose Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria in 1877
71
How was GB a loser
Victorious but at a large human cost Poor management of war, planning supplies, nursing, onfield communication AAR→ there were calls for drastic reforms within military Parliamentary investigation into how this war was conducted

IB History 121 (10 decks)

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