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Block 4 Ellen > Understanding the immune system PT1 (L3) > Flashcards

Understanding the immune system PT1 (L3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 adaptive cells

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

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2
Q

4 innate cells

A

neutrophil,
mast cell
eosinophil
monocyte

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3
Q

monocyte–>

A

dendritic cell

macrophage

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4
Q

Pathogen=

A

an organism that causes disease

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5
Q

Are all bacteria pathogens

A

no

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6
Q

Commensalism=

A

one organism that benefits

other is unaffected

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7
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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8
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the others expense

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9
Q

Bacteria have an important role in the body in (3)

A

fermentation, digestion, absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

3 mechanisms of protecting the body

A

mucosal barrier
innate immune response
adaptive immune system

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11
Q

5 major immunological tissues

A

lymph nodes, payers patch, thymus, spleen, bone marrow

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12
Q

How do cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens

A

via germ line encoded receptors

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13
Q

example of a phagocytic cell (inflammatory)

A

macrophage

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14
Q

How do macrophages induce inflammation

A

through the release of soluble factors (cytokines and chemokines)

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15
Q

Role of macrophage

A

release soluble factors

engluf (phagocytose ) pathogen

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16
Q

Where do macrophages reside

A

all peripheral tissue

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17
Q

What do macrophages attract through the secretion of factors

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

4 white cells

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes

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19
Q

what type of cell are neutrophils

A

inflammatory cells

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20
Q

Most common white blood cell=

A

neutrophil

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21
Q

life span of neutrophil

A

5.4 days

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22
Q

activated role of neutrophil

A

phagocytic cell

release granules containing toxic components

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23
Q

3 steps for invasion of neutrophils

A
  1. bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines/ chemokines
  2. vasodilation and more vascular permeability cause; redness, heat and swelling
  3. inflammatory cells migrate into tissues, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
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24
Q

3 signs of inflammation

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain

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25
Q

What is a neutrophil nucleus like

A

lobulated with thin chromatin connecting it

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26
Q

leucocytosis=

A

increases leukocyte (white cell) count in blood

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27
Q

reasons for neutrophil leucocytosis

A 
bacterial infections 
pregnancy 
inflammatory disease
downs 
smoking 
acute haemorrage
28
Q

3 steps of innate

A

activation of macrophages
phagocytosis attraction of neutrophils
influx of neutrophils localized inflammation

29
Q

3 steps adaptive

A
  1. activation of dendritic cells
  2. adaptive immune response
  3. protective antibody response
30
Q

3 facts about the adaptive response

A

takes days to develop
high specific requiring sophisticated rearrangement of receptor genes
generates memory

31
Q

Which cells release antibodies

A

B cells

32
Q

what cells express antigen specific receptors

A

B an T cells

33
Q

where are antibodies found

A

B cell membrane or soluble

34
Q

Where are T-cell receptors found (TCR)

A

on T cells

35
Q

an antigen=

A

a molecule capable of inducing an immune response

36
Q

Antibodies can react to

A

3 D structure of antigen (protein and carbohydrate)

37
Q

TCR only recognize proteins when they are

A

in broken down form (e.g peptide)

38
Q

What do antibodies bind to that is displayed on the surface of antigens

A

epitopes

39
Q

Where is the epitope often found which T cells recognize

A

it is buried

hence antigen must be broken down

40
Q

What does the epitope peptide bind to

A

An MHC molecule

41
Q

How does the T cell receptor bind

A

via a complex of MHC molecule and epitope peptide

42
Q

are dendritic cells phagocytic

A

yes

43
Q

What characterizes the appearance of dendritic cells

A

long dendritic processes

44
Q

What is the main role of dendritic cells

A

activation of the adaptive immune system

45
Q

where do dendritic cells migrate from

A

peripheral tissue

46
Q

Where do dendritic cells migrate to

A

lymph nodes

47
Q

What kind of movement do dendritic cells use to survey the skin

A

random movement

48
Q

When do dendritic cells move to the lymph nodes

A

once they are activated

49
Q

Where does the thoracic duck drain into

A

subclavian vein

50
Q

2 important roles of the lymphatic system

A
  1. migration route of dendritic cells and lymphocytes

2. Fluid drainage from peripheral tissues

51
Q

What causes elephantiasis

A

parasitic worm blocks draining lymphatics

52
Q

Most common surgery causing lymphodema

A

breast cancer surgery

53
Q

Fluid enters the lymphatics via

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

54
Q

fluid leaves the lymphatics via

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

55
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

drainage involved in fluid balance and returning to the blood

56
Q

What do lymph capillaries normally originate as

A

closed tubes

57
Q

Where don’t lymph capillaries originate as closed tubes

A

CNS, epidermis and cartilage

58
Q

What are lymph capillary walls made off

A

overlapping endothelial cells

59
Q

What do superficial lymphatics follow

A

follow superficial veins

60
Q

What do superficial lymphatics drain into

A

axillary (armpit)
inguinal (groin)
cervical (neck)

61
Q

What do the axillary, inguinal and cervical drain into

A

deep lymphatics

62
Q

What do deep lymphatics follow

A

main vessels

63
Q

What happens in the B cell zone of lymph nodes

A

antibody responses are generated

64
Q

what happens in the T cell paracortex of lymph nodes

A

T cell - dendritic cell interactions

65
Q

Where do mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells

A

in lymphiod organs

66
Q

key role of spleen

A

removal of damaged red blood cells

Block 4 Ellen (10 decks)

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