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Block 4 Ellen > Understanding the immune system PT1 (L3) > Flashcards

Understanding the immune system PT1 (L3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 adaptive cells

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

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2
Q

4 innate cells

A

neutrophil,
mast cell
eosinophil
monocyte

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3
Q

monocyte–>

A

dendritic cell

macrophage

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4
Q

Pathogen=

A

an organism that causes disease

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5
Q

Are all bacteria pathogens

A

no

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6
Q

Commensalism=

A

one organism that benefits

other is unaffected

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7
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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8
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the others expense

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9
Q

Bacteria have an important role in the body in (3)

A

fermentation, digestion, absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

3 mechanisms of protecting the body

A

mucosal barrier
innate immune response
adaptive immune system

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11
Q

5 major immunological tissues

A

lymph nodes, payers patch, thymus, spleen, bone marrow

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12
Q

How do cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens

A

via germ line encoded receptors

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13
Q

example of a phagocytic cell (inflammatory)

A

macrophage

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14
Q

How do macrophages induce inflammation

A

through the release of soluble factors (cytokines and chemokines)

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15
Q

Role of macrophage

A

release soluble factors

engluf (phagocytose ) pathogen

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16
Q

Where do macrophages reside

A

all peripheral tissue

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17
Q

What do macrophages attract through the secretion of factors

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

4 white cells

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes

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19
Q

what type of cell are neutrophils

A

inflammatory cells

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20
Q

Most common white blood cell=

A

neutrophil

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21
Q

life span of neutrophil

A

5.4 days

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22
Q

activated role of neutrophil

A

phagocytic cell

release granules containing toxic components

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23
Q

3 steps for invasion of neutrophils

A
  1. bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines/ chemokines
  2. vasodilation and more vascular permeability cause; redness, heat and swelling
  3. inflammatory cells migrate into tissues, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
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24
Q

3 signs of inflammation

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain

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25
What is a neutrophil nucleus like
lobulated with thin chromatin connecting it
26
leucocytosis=
increases leukocyte (white cell) count in blood
27
reasons for neutrophil leucocytosis
``` bacterial infections pregnancy inflammatory disease downs smoking acute haemorrage ```
28
3 steps of innate
activation of macrophages phagocytosis attraction of neutrophils influx of neutrophils localized inflammation
29
3 steps adaptive
1. activation of dendritic cells 2. adaptive immune response 3. protective antibody response
30
3 facts about the adaptive response
takes days to develop high specific requiring sophisticated rearrangement of receptor genes generates memory
31
Which cells release antibodies
B cells
32
what cells express antigen specific receptors
B an T cells
33
where are antibodies found
B cell membrane or soluble
34
Where are T-cell receptors found (TCR)
on T cells
35
an antigen=
a molecule capable of inducing an immune response
36
Antibodies can react to
3 D structure of antigen (protein and carbohydrate)
37
TCR only recognize proteins when they are
in broken down form (e.g peptide)
38
What do antibodies bind to that is displayed on the surface of antigens
epitopes
39
Where is the epitope often found which T cells recognize
it is buried | hence antigen must be broken down
40
What does the epitope peptide bind to
An MHC molecule
41
How does the T cell receptor bind
via a complex of MHC molecule and epitope peptide
42
are dendritic cells phagocytic
yes
43
What characterizes the appearance of dendritic cells
long dendritic processes
44
What is the main role of dendritic cells
activation of the adaptive immune system
45
where do dendritic cells migrate from
peripheral tissue
46
Where do dendritic cells migrate to
lymph nodes
47
What kind of movement do dendritic cells use to survey the skin
random movement
48
When do dendritic cells move to the lymph nodes
once they are activated
49
Where does the thoracic duck drain into
subclavian vein
50
2 important roles of the lymphatic system
1. migration route of dendritic cells and lymphocytes | 2. Fluid drainage from peripheral tissues
51
What causes elephantiasis
parasitic worm blocks draining lymphatics
52
Most common surgery causing lymphodema
breast cancer surgery
53
Fluid enters the lymphatics via
afferent lymphatic vessels
54
fluid leaves the lymphatics via
efferent lymphatic vessels
55
What is the lymphatic system
drainage involved in fluid balance and returning to the blood
56
What do lymph capillaries normally originate as
closed tubes
57
Where don't lymph capillaries originate as closed tubes
CNS, epidermis and cartilage
58
What are lymph capillary walls made off
overlapping endothelial cells
59
What do superficial lymphatics follow
follow superficial veins
60
What do superficial lymphatics drain into
axillary (armpit) inguinal (groin) cervical (neck)
61
What do the axillary, inguinal and cervical drain into
deep lymphatics
62
What do deep lymphatics follow
main vessels
63
What happens in the B cell zone of lymph nodes
antibody responses are generated
64
what happens in the T cell paracortex of lymph nodes
T cell - dendritic cell interactions
65
Where do mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells
in lymphiod organs
66
key role of spleen
removal of damaged red blood cells

Block 4 Ellen (10 decks)

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