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Block 4 Ellen > Cellular components of blood development and function L1 > Flashcards

Cellular components of blood development and function L1 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 things blood is made of

A

blood cells and plasma

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2
Q

3 types of blood cell

A

red blood cell
innate immune cells
adaptive immune cells

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3
Q

Colour of blood plasma

A

pale yellow fluid

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4
Q

Percentage break down of plasma

A

90% water
8% protein
1% inorganic ions
1% organic substances

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5
Q

Methods of blood analysis (2)

A

spectrometry

Impedance

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6
Q

What is blood analysis impedance

A

blood analysed by passing an electric current through a dilute solution of blood .
Cells imped the current and this can be detected (different cells imped the current differently)

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7
Q

2 reasons cells imped a current differently

A

size and membrane composition

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8
Q

Haematopoesis=

A

blood formation

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9
Q

Haematopoesis follows 2 paths

A

common myeloid

common lymphoid

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10
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor produces

A

adaptive immune cells

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11
Q

3 adaptive immune cells

A

B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cells

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12
Q

2 non innate cells coming from common myeloid progenitor

A

megakaryocyte

Erythroblasts

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13
Q

5 innate cells

A 
neutrophil
mast cell
eosinophil
basophil 
monocyte
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14
Q

2 types of monocyte

A

macrophage

dendritic cell

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15
Q

Where do T cells develop

A

in the thymus

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16
Q

What are the peripheral tissues of the immune system (that haematopoietic cells migrate to) 3

A

spleen, lymph nodes and payer’s patch

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17
Q

up to 3 months in utero what is the main site of blood production

A

yolk sac

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18
Q

Between 3 and 7 weeks in utero what is the main blood supply

A

Liver

the spleen as well but less so

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19
Q

At birth what is the main blood supply

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

After birth what is the main blood supply

A

vertebrae and pelvis

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21
Q

What is the second main blood supply after birth

A

sternum

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22
Q

What is the third main blood supply after birth

A

rib

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23
Q

What are the two least main blood supply after birth

A 
Femur
 and tibia (the least)
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24
Q

When does the tibia stop producing blood cells

A

20 years old

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25
Q

What are the cells called that give rise to vascular endothelium cells and blood cells

A

Haemangioblasts

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26
Q

For the majority of fetal development what is the main site of haematopoiesis

A

liver

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27
Q

What is the cord rich in at birth

A

haematopoetic stem cells

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28
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells

A

multipotent stem cells that give rise to all blood types

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29
Q

Long term haematopoietic stem cells (LT HSC) =

A

very long lived and only divide very rarely

Give rise to Short term haematopoietic stem cells

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30
Q

When are LT HSC induced to divide

A

When short term haematopoietic stem cells are depleted

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31
Q

What are short term haematopoietic stem cells

A

cells divide more rapidly with limited capacity to self renew

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32
Q

What do short term haematopoietic stem cells give rise to

A

committed multipotent progenitor cells

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33
Q

What are multipotent progenitor cells

A

cells that are committed to either the lymphoid or myeloid lineages

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34
Q

Where is the site of blood formation

A

bone marrow

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35
Q

steatocyte is a

A

fat cell

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36
Q

what is the control of haematopoiesis mediated via

A

haematopoietic regulators produced by stroma and at secondary sites in the body

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37
Q

In a foetus what chains make up haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma

38
Q

after birth what chains make up haemoglobin

A

2 alpha 2 beta

39
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve plot

A

proportion of haemoglobin saturated form vs oxygen tension

40
Q

How many Oxygen can haemoglobin carry

A

4

41
Q

How many times more readily does haemoglobin bind to carbon monoxide

A

200x more

42
Q

What is the advantage of fetal haemoglobin

A

binds oxygen at lower levels of partial pressures to allow diffusion of oxygen to the foetus

43
Q

4 components of a RBC cell membrane

A

spectrin
Ankyrin
Band 4.1 protein
band 3 protein

44
Q

Spectrin=

A

cytoskeletal protein that forms a scaffold (maintains RBC shape)

45
Q

Ankyrin=

A

anchoring of ion channels to spectrin skeleton of RBC

46
Q

Band 4.1 protein=

A

regulates membrane stability

47
Q

What can mutations in band 4.1 protein lead to

A

anaemia and spherocytosis

48
Q

Band 3 proteins=

A

exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions across membrane (CO2 uptake) 25% of surface

49
Q

Name a site RBC are removed

A

Spleen

50
Q

What cell removes red blood cells

A

macrophages

51
Q

Life span of RBC

A

100-200 days

52
Q

What is erythropoiesis mediated by

A

erythropoietin

53
Q

What shape is a RBC

A

biconcave

54
Q

What is the main way RBC derive energy

A

Glucose–> lactate (anaerobic)

55
Q

what are the 2 blood groups

A

ABO and RH

56
Q

What is ABO a measure of

A

what combination on Antigen A and Antigen B people have on there RBC

57
Q

4 combinations of the ABO blood type

A

A
B
AB
O (neither A or B)

58
Q

What other factor do RBCs have

A

Rhesus factor (either + or -)

59
Q

have many total blood types

A

8

60
Q

Most common blood type

A

O+

61
Q

Least common blood type

A

AB-

62
Q

What happens in blood transfusion if someone gets the wrong blood type

A

agglutination

63
Q

What happens in Rhesus disease

A

mother is RH- fetus is RH+ —-> agglutinates fetal blood

64
Q

What antibodies would target non-present ABO antibodies

A

IgM

65
Q

Do platelets contain a nucleus

A

no

66
Q

What are platelets derived from

A

megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

67
Q

platelets lifespan in circulation

A

5-9

68
Q

what regulates platelet production

A

thrombopoietin

69
Q

Where is thrombopoietin produced

A

liver and kidney

70
Q

Where are old platelets destroyed

A

spleen and liver

71
Q

Where are platelet reserves found

A

spleen

72
Q

Where are megakaryocytes found

A

bone marrow

73
Q

what is megakaryocyte function

A

produce platelets

74
Q

How many copies of DNA can megakaryocytes carry

A

up to 64 copies

75
Q

How are platelets formed from megakaryocytes

A

thrombopoietin induces platelets in the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte to bud off,

76
Q

What is left of a megakaryocyte after platelet budding off

A

the nucleus

77
Q

WHat destroys the megakaryocyte nucleus and where

A

macrophages in the lung

78
Q

Function of platelets

A

wound repair

79
Q

3 types of platelet granules

A

dense
lambda
alpha

80
Q

What do dense granules contain (in platelets)

A

ADP/ATP, calcium, serotonin

81
Q

What do Lambda granules contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes

82
Q

What do alpha granule contain

A

Platelet factor 4, fibronectin, vWF, coagulation factors, ect ….

83
Q

What is polycythemia vera

A

an excess of RBC in the circulation

84
Q

What is essential thrombocythemia

A

An excess of platelets

85
Q

What is idiopathic myelofibrosis

A

too few RBC but too many platelets and white blood cells

86
Q

Clinical signs of of polycythemia (excess RBC) 4

A 
breathing difficulties 
dizziness 
excessive bleeding 
headache 
ect
87
Q

What causes primary polycythemia

A

genetic problems with RBC

88
Q

what causes secondary polycythemia

A

hypoxia (COPD ect)
EPO secreting tumours
neonatal polycythemia

89
Q

what is relative polycythemia

A

RBC normal but reduced plasma volume (e.g vomiting)

90
Q

JAK2 gene is a member of what family

A

janus kinases

Block 4 Ellen (10 decks)

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