Cellular components of blood development and function L1 Flashcards by Ellen Moore

2 things blood is made of

blood cells and plasma

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3 types of blood cell

red blood cell
innate immune cells
adaptive immune cells

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Colour of blood plasma

pale yellow fluid

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Percentage break down of plasma

90% water
8% protein
1% inorganic ions
1% organic substances

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Methods of blood analysis (2)

spectrometry

Impedance

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What is blood analysis impedance

blood analysed by passing an electric current through a dilute solution of blood .
Cells imped the current and this can be detected (different cells imped the current differently)

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2 reasons cells imped a current differently

size and membrane composition

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Haematopoesis=

blood formation

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Haematopoesis follows 2 paths

common myeloid

common lymphoid

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Common lymphoid progenitor produces

adaptive immune cells

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3 adaptive immune cells

B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cells

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2 non innate cells coming from common myeloid progenitor

megakaryocyte

Erythroblasts

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5 innate cells

neutrophil
mast cell
eosinophil
basophil 
monocyte

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2 types of monocyte

macrophage

dendritic cell

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Where do T cells develop

in the thymus

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What are the peripheral tissues of the immune system (that haematopoietic cells migrate to) 3

spleen, lymph nodes and payer’s patch

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up to 3 months in utero what is the main site of blood production

yolk sac

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Between 3 and 7 weeks in utero what is the main blood supply

Liver

the spleen as well but less so

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At birth what is the main blood supply

bone marrow

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After birth what is the main blood supply

vertebrae and pelvis

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What is the second main blood supply after birth

sternum

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What is the third main blood supply after birth

rib

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What are the two least main blood supply after birth

Femur
 and tibia (the least)

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When does the tibia stop producing blood cells

20 years old

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What are the cells called that give rise to vascular endothelium cells and blood cells

Haemangioblasts

For the majority of fetal development what is the main site of haematopoiesis

liver

What is the cord rich in at birth

haematopoetic stem cells

Haematopoietic stem cells

multipotent stem cells that give rise to all blood types

Long term haematopoietic stem cells (LT HSC) =

very long lived and only divide very rarely | Give rise to Short term haematopoietic stem cells

When are LT HSC induced to divide

When short term haematopoietic stem cells are depleted

What are short term haematopoietic stem cells

cells divide more rapidly with limited capacity to self renew

What do short term haematopoietic stem cells give rise to

committed multipotent progenitor cells

What are multipotent progenitor cells

cells that are committed to either the lymphoid or myeloid lineages

Where is the site of blood formation

bone marrow

steatocyte is a

fat cell

what is the control of haematopoiesis mediated via

haematopoietic regulators produced by stroma and at secondary sites in the body

In a foetus what chains make up haemoglobin

2 alpha and 2 gamma

after birth what chains make up haemoglobin

2 alpha 2 beta

What does the oxygen dissociation curve plot

proportion of haemoglobin saturated form vs oxygen tension

How many Oxygen can haemoglobin carry

How many times more readily does haemoglobin bind to carbon monoxide

200x more

What is the advantage of fetal haemoglobin

binds oxygen at lower levels of partial pressures to allow diffusion of oxygen to the foetus

4 components of a RBC cell membrane

spectrin Ankyrin Band 4.1 protein band 3 protein

Spectrin=

cytoskeletal protein that forms a scaffold (maintains RBC shape)

Ankyrin=

anchoring of ion channels to spectrin skeleton of RBC

Band 4.1 protein=

regulates membrane stability

What can mutations in band 4.1 protein lead to

anaemia and spherocytosis

Band 3 proteins=

exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions across membrane (CO2 uptake) 25% of surface

Name a site RBC are removed

Spleen

What cell removes red blood cells

macrophages

Life span of RBC

100-200 days

What is erythropoiesis mediated by

erythropoietin

What shape is a RBC

biconcave

What is the main way RBC derive energy

Glucose--> lactate (anaerobic)

what are the 2 blood groups

ABO and RH

What is ABO a measure of

what combination on Antigen A and Antigen B people have on there RBC

4 combinations of the ABO blood type

A B AB O (neither A or B)

What other factor do RBCs have

Rhesus factor (either + or -)

have many total blood types

Most common blood type

O+

Least common blood type

AB-

What happens in blood transfusion if someone gets the wrong blood type

agglutination

What happens in Rhesus disease

mother is RH- fetus is RH+ ----> agglutinates fetal blood

What antibodies would target non-present ABO antibodies

IgM

Do platelets contain a nucleus

What are platelets derived from

megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

platelets lifespan in circulation

5-9

what regulates platelet production

thrombopoietin

Where is thrombopoietin produced

liver and kidney

Where are old platelets destroyed

spleen and liver

Where are platelet reserves found

spleen

Where are megakaryocytes found

bone marrow

what is megakaryocyte function

produce platelets

How many copies of DNA can megakaryocytes carry

up to 64 copies

How are platelets formed from megakaryocytes

thrombopoietin induces platelets in the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte to bud off,

What is left of a megakaryocyte after platelet budding off

the nucleus

WHat destroys the megakaryocyte nucleus and where

macrophages in the lung

Function of platelets

wound repair

3 types of platelet granules

dense lambda alpha

What do dense granules contain (in platelets)

ADP/ATP, calcium, serotonin

What do Lambda granules contain

hydrolytic enzymes

What do alpha granule contain

Platelet factor 4, fibronectin, vWF, coagulation factors, ect ....

What is polycythemia vera

an excess of RBC in the circulation

What is essential thrombocythemia

An excess of platelets

What is idiopathic myelofibrosis

too few RBC but too many platelets and white blood cells

Clinical signs of of polycythemia (excess RBC) 4

``` breathing difficulties dizziness excessive bleeding headache ect ```

What causes primary polycythemia

genetic problems with RBC

what causes secondary polycythemia

hypoxia (COPD ect) EPO secreting tumours neonatal polycythemia

what is relative polycythemia

RBC normal but reduced plasma volume (e.g vomiting)

JAK2 gene is a member of what family

janus kinases