Understanding the immune system P2 (L4)

Question 1

2 advantages of adaptive immune system

Answer 1

diversity

memory

Question 2

What is immunological memory

Answer 2

ability to respond more quickly and effectively on a second encounter with an antigen

Question 3

How is a lymphocyte activated

Answer 3

interaction between a antigen and a lymphocyte receptor

Question 4

what cells does the principles of clonal selection apply to

Answer 4

B and T cells

Question 5

What bonds are in the antibody

Answer 5

disulfide bonds

Question 6

What determines the antibodys function

Answer 6

Fc domain

Question 7

how is diversity obtained in antibody molecules

Answer 7

high amino acid variability in hyper variable regions

Question 8

During a second encounter with an antigen what 2 things increase

Answer 8

amount of antibody

specificity of the antibody

Question 9

what is affinity maturation

Answer 9

formation of higher affinity antibodies

Question 10

How does affinity maturation occur

Answer 10

somatic hyper-mutation

Question 11

What enzyme is used in somatic hyper-mutation

Answer 11

AID

Question 12

What does enzyme AID do

Answer 12

converts cytosine to uridine

transition mutation

Question 13

When is the only time somatic hyper-mutation occurs

Answer 13

secondary infection

Question 14

4 main types of Fc regions (constant region)

Answer 14

IgM
IgG
IgE
IgA

Question 15

3 types of mutation that can occur in affinity maturation

Answer 15

transition mutations
transversion mutation
gene conversion

Question 16

What is the IgG antibody

Answer 16

high affinity antibody, key role in memory immune response

Question 17

What is the structure of Ig antibody

Answer 17

2 heavy chains 1 light chains

Question 18

What is the most common immunoglobulin in serum

Answer 18

IgG

Question 19

Structure of IgM

Answer 19

Pentameric structure 5 antibody dimers held together by J chain protein

Question 20

WHat type of antibody is IgM

Answer 20

Low affinity antibody, key role in protection

Question 21

How many binding sites does IgM have

Answer 21

10

Question 22

What is structure of IgA

Answer 22

dimeric structure, 2 antibody dimers held together by J chain

Question 23

Where is IgA found

Answer 23

mucosal secretion (lots into intestine)

Question 24

What is IgE structure similar to

Answer 24

IgG

Question 25

What does IgE bind to

Answer 25

specific receptors on mast cells and eosinophils

Question 26

What does IgE have a key role in

Answer 26

the allergic response

Question 27

3 things antibodies do

Answer 27

neutralize toxins
Aid in phagocytosis of bacteria
destruction of bacteria

Question 28

How do antibodies aid phagocytosis

Answer 28

they make it more efficient by binding to special receptors on the macrophage–> Fc receptors

Question 29

ADCC=

Answer 29

antibody dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 30

How does ADCC occur

Answer 30

Fc receptors on NK cell recognises bound antigen and cross-linking of Fc receptors signals the Nk cell to kill the target cell

Question 31

What protein initiates complement mediated cell destruction

Answer 31

C1 protein

Question 32

Which antibody is most potent in inducing complement mediated destruction

Answer 32

IgM

Question 33

Myeloma cells are

Answer 33

immortal

Question 34

Monoclonal hybridoma are made from

Answer 34

myeloma cells and B cells