Unclassified toxins Flashcards
Alsike clover, red clover MOA
- hepatotoxicity, secondary photosensitization
- HORSES ONLY
- hepatic encephalopathy in large amounts
Alsike clover CS
Lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritis, edema, necrosis and sloughing of skin
Avocado MOA
- cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds
- noninfectous mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
- species differences
Black walnut MOA
-ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (used as bedding) causes LAMINITIS
Forage-induced photosensitization plants
- alfalfa
- red clover
- moldy wheat
Grapes and raisins - plant
grapevine
Grapes and raisins MOA
- unknown toxin causes acute renal failure in dogs only
- 9oz-2lb / dog
Grapes and raisins CS
-GI signs including vomiting followed by signs of acute renal failure
Lily: plants
- easter lily
- day lily (lots of colors)
- tiger lily
Lily MOA
- unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity in CATS ONLY
- GIT irritation in cats and dogs
- 2 leaves can cause poisoning in cats
Lily CS
- initially, GIT signs including salivation, vomiting, depression, complete anorexia
- PU followed by anuria and death by renal failure
Pigweed MOA
1) Acute Nitrate poisoning causing methemoglobinemia; chronic nitrate poisoning causing abortion
2) soluble oxalates: hypocalcemia and kidney damage
3) unknown toxin causes renal tubular nephrosis in pigs, horses, ruminants
Pigweed CS
- signs of hypocalcemia: depression, weakness, incoordination
- signs of renal failure
Red maple MOA
- HORSES
- unknown toxin in dried leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation
- May be due to oxidation of the membranes of RBCs and hemolysis
- Oxidized hemoglobin forms Heinz bodies that damage cell membranes
- Hemoglobin may precipitate in the renal tubules causing renal failure
Red maple CS
Anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown discoloration of mucous membranes, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, and death
Senna plants
coffeeweed / coffee senna
sicklepod
Senna MOA
- unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
- Seeds are most toxic
- Anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic
Senna CS
Diarrhea (or constipation), muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria and coffee colored urine, tachycardia and death
Yellow starthistle / Russian Knappweed MOA
-disease in horses is called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or CHEWING DISEASE
-Toxins may be sesquiterpene lactones, aspartic acid and glutamic acid
-Toxins interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain especially substantia nigra and globus pallidus
Yellow starthistle CS
Sudden onset of inability to eat or drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down, and dehydration
Macademia nuts MOA
-MOA and toxin are both unknown
Macademianuts CS
- DOGS ingest 3‐6‐ g/kg nuts show clinical signs within 12 hours which include weakness especially in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, plae mucous membranes
- Full recovery is within 2 days (good prognosis)
