Unclassified toxins

Question 1

Alsike clover, red clover MOA

Answer 1

• hepatotoxicity, secondary photosensitization
• HORSES ONLY
• hepatic encephalopathy in large amounts

Question 2

Alsike clover CS

Answer 2

Lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritis, edema, necrosis and sloughing of skin

Question 3

Avocado MOA

Answer 3

• cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds
• noninfectous mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
• species differences

Question 4

Black walnut MOA

Answer 4

-ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (used as bedding) causes LAMINITIS

Question 5

Forage-induced photosensitization plants

Answer 5

• alfalfa
• red clover
• moldy wheat

Question 6

Grapes and raisins - plant

Answer 6

grapevine

Question 7

Grapes and raisins MOA

Answer 7

• unknown toxin causes acute renal failure in dogs only

- 9oz-2lb / dog

Question 8

Grapes and raisins CS

Answer 8

-GI signs including vomiting followed by signs of acute renal failure

Question 9

Lily: plants

Answer 9

• easter lily
• day lily (lots of colors)
• tiger lily

Question 10

Lily MOA

Answer 10

• unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity in CATS ONLY
• GIT irritation in cats and dogs
• 2 leaves can cause poisoning in cats

Question 11

Lily CS

Answer 11

• initially, GIT signs including salivation, vomiting, depression, complete anorexia
• PU followed by anuria and death by renal failure

Question 12

Pigweed MOA

Answer 12

1) Acute Nitrate poisoning causing methemoglobinemia; chronic nitrate poisoning causing abortion
2) soluble oxalates: hypocalcemia and kidney damage
3) unknown toxin causes renal tubular nephrosis in pigs, horses, ruminants

Question 13

Pigweed CS

Answer 13

• signs of hypocalcemia: depression, weakness, incoordination
• signs of renal failure

Question 14

Red maple MOA

Answer 14

• HORSES
• unknown toxin in dried leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation
• May be due to oxidation of the membranes of RBCs and hemolysis
• Oxidized hemoglobin forms Heinz bodies that damage cell membranes
• Hemoglobin may precipitate in the renal tubules causing renal failure

Question 15

Red maple CS

Answer 15

Anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown discoloration of mucous membranes, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, and death

Question 16

Senna plants

Answer 16

coffeeweed / coffee senna

sicklepod

Question 17

Senna MOA

Answer 17

• unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
• Seeds are most toxic
• Anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic

Question 18

Senna CS

Answer 18

Diarrhea (or constipation), muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria and coffee colored urine, tachycardia and death

Question 19

Yellow starthistle / Russian Knappweed MOA

Answer 19

-disease in horses is called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or CHEWING DISEASE
-Toxins may be sesquiterpene lactones, aspartic acid and glutamic acid
-Toxins interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain especially substantia nigra and globus pallidus

Question 20

Yellow starthistle CS

Answer 20

Sudden onset of inability to eat or drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down, and dehydration

Question 21

Macademia nuts MOA

Answer 21

-MOA and toxin are both unknown

Question 22

Macademianuts CS

Answer 22

• DOGS ingest 3‐6‐ g/kg nuts show clinical signs within 12 hours which include weakness especially in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, plae mucous membranes
• Full recovery is within 2 days (good prognosis)