ACIDS

Question 1

Arum family (14)

Answer 1

*INSOLUBLE CA OXALATES: these are often house plants because they do well in the shade; they have pretty flowers that do not last long
-Chinese evergreen
– Alocacia, elephant’s ear
– Flamingo plant
– Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit
– Cuckoo‐pint
– Caladium varieties
– Dumbcane varieties / Diffenbachia
– Pothos, Dvil’s ivy
– Cutleaf philodendron, Swiss cheese plant
– Philodendron varieties
– Peace lily
– Skunk cabbage
– Arrowhead vine
-Calla lily, arum lily

Question 2

Aralia family (1)

Answer 2

*INSOLUBLE CA OXALATES

Umbrella tree

Question 3

Palm family

Answer 3

*INSOLUBLE CA OXALATES

Fishtail palm

Question 4

MOA of INSOLUBLE CA OXALATES

Answer 4

-all parts of the plant are toxic

-the insoluble Ca oxalates are NOT absorbed
-the animal must chew on the plant to be affected
-plant cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate CRYSTALS that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irritation
(Can cause GI irritation if the crystals get further on in GIT)
-can die of asphyxiation d/t throat swelling

-some species such as Dieffenbachia produce proteolytic enzymes which cause the release of HISTAMINE and kinins by the body increasing the mechanical damage and causing inflammation

Question 5

Plant families of insoluble Ca oxalates

Answer 5

Arum (14)
Aralia (1)
Palm (1)

Question 6

Soluble oxalates

Answer 6

• HALOGETON
• GREASEWOOD
• PIGWEED (Amaranthus retroflexus) –> invasive and hard to get rid of world-wide
• beet (Beta vulgaris)
• lamb’s quarters
• rhubarb
• sorrel and soursop
• purslane

Question 7

MOA of soluble oxalates

Answer 7

• hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
• recumbency and renal failure

Question 8

Isocupressic acid plants

Answer 8

ponderosa pine

monterey cypress

Question 9

Isocupressic acid MOA

Answer 9

vasoconstriction and decreased uterine blood flow stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion
*NEEDLES of ponderosa pine can cause cattle abortion d/t vasoconstriction in uterus

Question 10

Isocupressic acid CS

Answer 10

abortion in cattle

Question 11

Quinones plants

Answer 11

• St. John’s Wort (ONLY hypericum perforatum)

- Buckwheat

Question 12

Quinones MOA

Answer 12

-primary photosensitization
(photodynamic substance comes directly from the plant)
-photosensitivity is due to the presence of a photodynamic substance in the blood of the animal and exposure to sun light in genetically predisposed animals
-photosensitivity reactions are only in areas of lightly pigmented or unpigmented areas of the skin

Question 13

CS of quinones

Answer 13

erythema and pruritis, edema, necrosis of skin

-leads to secondary bacT infections

Question 14

Tannic acid plants

Answer 14

• Oak tree

- Pride of Barbados (seed most toxic)

Question 15

Tannic acid MOA

Answer 15

• tissue damaging, including GI lesions and kidney damage (*all organ system damaging)
• Ruminants: GI and kidney
• Monogastrics: GI only
• used to precipitate proteins

Question 16

Tannic acid CS

Ruminants vs Monogastrics

Answer 16

• Ruminants: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony
• Monogastrics: GI signs mainly (colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, Hemoglobinuria, icterus

Question 17

Triterpene acids plants

Answer 17

Lantana/yellow sage

Question 18

Triterpene acids MOA

Answer 18

• liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
• damage of bile canaliculi and cholestasis
• decreased eliminating of phylloerythrin (metabolite of chlorophyll that causes photosensitization)

Question 19

Triterpene acids CS

Answer 19

• Ruminants susceptible, horses resistant
• depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea
• icterus, photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis, sloughing

Question 20

3 things needed for photosensitization

Answer 20

1 - photodynamic substance
2 - exposure to sunlight
3 - white/un-pigmented skin