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Toxicology > PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS > Flashcards

PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Dimethyl sulfide - plants

A

-mustards (Brassica)

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2
Q

Dimethyl sulfide - MOA

A
  • plant contains 5-methyl cysteine sulfide which is reduced by intestinal flora in monogastrics and rumen microflora to dimethyl sulfide
  • lots of dimethyl sulfide = oxidation of RBCs –> HEINZ BODIES
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3
Q

Dimethyl sulfide CS

A

-signs of anemia (Depression, icterus, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, cyanosis, icterus)

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4
Q

Diterpene esters - plants

A 
-Toxic spurges (Euphorbia):
Candelabra cactus
Christmas candle
Pointsettia
Croton
Crown of thorns
Physic nut
Coral tree
Cat tail
Peregrina
Cassava
Sandbox tree
Manchineel
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5
Q

Diterpene esters MOA

A
  • direct irritation of skin and mm

- activate protein kinase C, resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

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6
Q

Diterpene esters CS

A
  • irritation and blistering of skin and GIT mucosa –> salivation, vomiting, diarrhea
  • signs are usually mild in small animals but may be severe in large animals, especially horses
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7
Q

Grayanotoxins - plants

A 
-Heath family: common ornamental plants
Rhododendron / Azalea
Mountain laurel
Japanese pieris
Doghobble
Maleberry
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8
Q

Grayanotoxins MOA

A

*All body/organ systems
-Bind to sodium channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle,
cardiac muscle, CNS)
-Increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization
-Irritation of the GI mucosa

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9
Q

Grayanotoxins CS

A

-GI signs including excessive salivation, vomiting or regurgitation,
colic, and diarrhea
-Other signs include depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, and fever
-Death is usually due to aspiration pneumonia

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10
Q

Lectins: other names

A

phytotoxins

toxalbumins

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11
Q

Lectins: plants

A
  • Castor bean (Ricinus communis; seeds look like ticks; used as laxative)
  • Precatory bean (jumping bean, crab eye, devil’s eye)
  • Coral Plant
  • Sandbox tree
  • Black locust
  • Beans (soybeans, kidney, pinto, navy)
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12
Q

Lectins: MOA

A
  • ricin and abrin are glycoproteins
  • inhibit cellular protein synthesis –> cell death (GI mucosa, vascular endothelium, liver, cardiac, other tissue damage)
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13
Q

Lectins CS

A

-GIT signs; hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

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14
Q

Meliatoxins - plants

A

-Tetranortriterpenes (cytotoxic limonoid
concentrated in the fruit)
-Plant = Chinaberry (melia azedarach)

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15
Q

Meliatoxins MOA

A

enterotoxic, neurotoxic

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16
Q

Meliatoxins CS

A
  • GI signs with or without blood
  • CNS and peripheral neuronal signs generally similar to nicotine poisoning
  • Death is from respiratory failure
17
Q

Propyl disulfide - plants

A

onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek

Amaryllis family

18
Q

Propyl disulfide MOA

A
  • disulfides produce oxygen free radicals, which cause damage of RBC membranes and HEMOLYSIS
  • free radicals also cause denaturation of hemoglobin resulting in Heinz bodies
19
Q

Propyl disulfide CS

A

-anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion

20
Q

Tetradymol plants

A

horsebrush

21
Q

Tetradymol MOA

A

• Tetradymol from horsebrush causes liver damage that decreases elimination of phylloerythrin (a photodynamic metabolite of chlorophyll) –> damage in microcirculation areas exposed to ultraviolet light and photosensitization in white skin or lightly pigmented skin
*HEPATOGENIC PHOTOSENSITIZATION

22
Q

Tetradymol CS

A
  • Sheep are the most susceptible animals
  • sudden onset of anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, and probably icterus and head pressing
  • Skin swelling, erythema, necrosis,and sloughing
  • Secondary bacterial infections
23
Q

Thiaminase plants

A

horsetail

bracken fern

24
Q

Thiaminase MOA

A

thiaminase destroys thiamine in diet and produces signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency in monogastric animals (neurotoxic)

25
Q

Triterpenoid saponins plants

A
  • alfalfa
  • holly
  • ginseng family (English/common ivy)
  • pokeweed
26
Q

Triterpenoid saponins MOA

A

direct irritation of GIT mucosa

27
Q

Triterpenoid saponins CS

A

salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, hypothermia

Toxicology (8 decks)

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