Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > GLYCOSIDES > Flashcards

GLYCOSIDES Flashcards

1
Q

Anthraquinones plants

A
  • cascara sagrada
  • buckthorn
  • coffeeweed/senna
  • aloe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anthraquinones MOA

A

-purgatives
-coffeeweed: also has unknown prinicple that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and coffee colored urine d/t myoglobinuria (which may cause kidney damage)
(horses die from liver failure and not muscle degeneration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Calcinogenic glycosides plants

A

-day-blooming Jessamine (flowers live 1-2 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Calcinogenic glycosides MOA

A
  • hypercalcemia (VitD analogue)
  • calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, and ligaments, as well as generalized increased density of bones causing lameness
  • looks like VitD poisoning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycosides) plants

A

cocklebur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sulfated glycoside MOA

A
  • hepatotoxicity (liver is primary target)
  • excessive salivation (mechanical injury to mouth)
  • may be renal damage and hypoglycemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiac glycosides plants

A 
-foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• oleander* (most common)
• yellow oleander, Lucky nut, Be‐still tree
 • Periwinkle 
• squill 
• lily‐of‐the‐valley 
• milkweed
-butterfly weed
-plumeria
-christmas kallanchoe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cardiac glycosides MOA

A

-IDENTICAL TO DIGITALIS
*clinically important!
-cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase pump –> increases intracellular Na and Ca –> arrhythmias
-also GIT signs!
(Pimobendan increases sensitivity to Ca, but Digitalis increases Ca)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Coumarin glycosides plants

A

sweet clover (Melilotus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coumarin MOA

A

-forms dicoumerol in spoiled plants
-hemorrhage d/t antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K reductase, resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors 1972
(like warfarin)
*cattle!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides plants

A

• wild cherries (Prunus spp.)
• Sorghum/johnsongrass/sudan
• Elderberry
-hydrangea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides MOA

A
  • Release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged/stressed plants (plants that are frosted or stunted)
  • HCN is metabolized in the liver to thiocyanates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cyanogenic: ACUTE vs CHRONIC

A
  • Acute poisoning:
  • Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Inhibition of glycolysis, citric acid cycle
  • Irritation of the mucous membranes

*Chronic:
neuronal degeneration, antithyroid effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cycasin plants (2 families)

A

• Cycad family
– Sago palm
– Japanese cycad

• Zamiaceae
– Cardboard palm
– Coontie (Zamia pumila)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cycasin plant MOA

A

• Cycad palms have three toxins:

1) Cycasin is a glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage and it is also teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic
2) β‐methylamino‐L‐alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic amino acid
3) Unknown toxin that may cause axonal degeneration in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cycasin CS

A
  • Signs depend on the amount and duration of exposure
  • may show GI and liver disease syndrome OR ataxia and CNS syndrome
  • Dogs show GI and liver damage signs including vomiting with or without blood, anorexia, diarrhea, depression, and sometimes seizures
  • Sheep show mainly GI signs and weight loss
  • Cattle show neuronal signs (ZAMIA STAGGERS) including ataxia, weakness, and weight loss
17
Q

Glycosinate (thiocyanate glycosides = SCN) plants

A
  • rape seed, kale, broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, turnip, and cauliflower
  • soybean
  • flax (also can cause cyanide)
18
Q

Glycosinate MOA

A
  • antithyroid (inferferes w/ iodine transport to thyroid gland)
  • -> goiterogenic
  • REPEATED exposure to plants = CHRONIC
19
Q

Nitropropanol glycoside - plants

A

-milkvetch (legume family)

20
Q

Nitropropanol MOA

A

-lack of energy (inhibits enzymes of Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) –> peripheral neuronal degeneration –> locomotor degeneration

21
Q

Nitropropanol CS

A
  • Cattle and sheep: respiratory and neurological signs

- horses and rodents: neuro signs

22
Q

Phytoestrogens plants

A
  • white clover
  • subterranean clover
  • alfalfa
23
Q

Phytoestrogen MOA

A

plant has estrogens –> binds to estrogen receptors –> infertility in females and males

24
Q

Phytoestrogen CS

A
  • infertility in females

- decreased libido and feminization in males

25
Q

Protoanemonin - plants

A

buttercup family (Anemone, Helleborus/Christmas rose, Clematis, Lenten rose)

26
Q

Protoanemonin MOA

A
  • protoanemonin is a VOLATILE OIL released by hydrolysis of the glycoside
  • causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis (GIT AND SKIN)
27
Q

Ptaquiloside - plants

A

bracken fern

28
Q

Ptaquiloside MOA

A
  • death in precursor cells in bone marrow, causing aplastic anemia in sheep and cattle
  • neoplasm in urinary tract –> enzootic bovine hematuria
  • tumors of upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep (bright blindness)
29
Q

Ptaquiloside CS

A
  • aplastic anemia in cattle: acute onset, anorexia, hemorrhage
  • enzootic hematuria: blood in urine, anemia, tachycardia, death
30
Q

Steroidal saponins - plants

A

-agave lechugilla

nolina, panicum

31
Q

Steroidal saponins MOA

A

-liver damage –> hepatogenic photosensitization –> can’t eliminate phylloerythrin (photodynamic metabolite of chlorophyll)

32
Q

Steroidal saponins CS

A

-signs of photosensitization and liver damage

Toxicology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions