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VET 409: Renal > Ultrasound of the Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Ultrasound of the Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

cortex appearance on US

A

moderate echogenicity and echo texture

(hypoechoic to liver and spleen)

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2
Q

medulla appearance on US

A

hypoechoic, mixed echotexture

(hypoechoic to cortex)

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3
Q

renal pelvis appearance on US

A

hyperechoic due to fat

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4
Q

what imaging planes are used in an US of the kidney

A

parasagittal (longitudinal)
transverse

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5
Q

what is transverse plane good for imaging

A

renal pelvis

can iD pelvic dilation, renal papillary necrosis, and disruptions to renal architecture

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6
Q

normal size of a kidney in cats

A

3-4.3 cm

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7
Q

normal size of a kidney in dogs

A

variable - depends on size of dog

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8
Q

ddx for large kidneys

A

acute nephritis (pyelonephritis)
hydronephrosis
polycystic disease
neoplasia (lymphoma)
compensatory hypertrophy

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9
Q

ddx for small kidneys

A

congenital dysplasia/aplasia
chronic nephritis
chronic pyelonephritis

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10
Q

normal kidney margins

A

smooth, kidney bean shaped

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11
Q

abnormal kidney margins

A

irregular, round, lumpy

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12
Q

mottled echotexture

A

indicates:
1. infiltration (inflammation or neoplasia)
2. ischemia/infarction

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13
Q

appearance of acute infarcts

A

hypoechoic and wedge-shaped

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14
Q

appearance of chronic infarcts

A

hyperechoic w/ fibrous striations

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15
Q

appearance of chronic pyelonephritis

A

fibrous striations
loss of CM junction
mottled parenchyma

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16
Q

in what patient signalment is it normal to have increased renal echogenicity

A

old, fat, male cats

dogs NEVER have hyperechoic kidneys in health

17
Q

ddx for hyperechoic kidneys

A

ethylene glycol toxicity
fibrosis (interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis)

18
Q

ddx for hypoechoic kidneys

A

edema

19
Q

uniform masses

A

simple masses
singular, well defined areas of cavitation

ddx: benign mass, usually cyst-like

20
Q

complex masses

A

multiple masses with striations and mottled texture

ddx: pyogranulomatous fungal infection or neoplasia

21
Q

retroperitoneal fluid

A

halo of hypoechoic/anechoic fluid around the renal capsule

ddx: acute kidney injury

22
Q

pyelectasia vs hydronephrosis

A

pyelectasia: low pressure dilation of pelvis, non obstructive and does not cause splitting of parenchyma

hydronephrosis: high pressure dilation of calyces/crest, obstructive and causes splitting of parenchyma

23
Q

renal papillary necrosis

A

loss of/shrunken renal papilla above renal pelvis

24
Q

urinary bladder appearance on US

A

hypoechoic
variable wall thickness depending on how full it is

25
Q

what classifies as a thickened bladder wall

A

> 3 mm

apical lesions: inflammation
trigone lesions: neoplasia
diffuse lesions: inflammatory, lymphoma

26
Q

cystic calculi

A

mineralizations on the bottom on the bladder

VET 409: Renal (21 decks)

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