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VET 409: Renal > LUT Pathology > Flashcards

LUT Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

components of the LUT

A

bladder - stores urine
urethra - controls bladder emptying

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2
Q

LUT histological layers

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia/serosa

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3
Q

LUT mucosa

A

transitional epithelium + lamina propria

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4
Q

transitional epithelium

A

non-keratinized, stratified epithelium lining the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra

distensible - stretches while remaining impermeable

variable cell layers depending on stretch/relaxation

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5
Q

is muscularis layer smooth or skeletal muscle

A

smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)

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6
Q

LUT muscularis

A

inner longitudinal
outer circular
outer longitudinal (only in bladder)

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7
Q

LUT adventitia vs serosa

A

fibrous connective tissue

adventitia: surrounds retroperitoneal structures

serosa: surrounds peritoneal structures

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8
Q

LUT developmental disorders

A
  • duplicated ureters
  • ectopic ureters
  • patent urachus
  • urethrorectal/rectovaginal fistula
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9
Q

duplicated ureters

A

ureters from the cranial and caudal pole of the kidney do not fuse into one

causes two ureters to exit a single kidney

cranial ureter often ectopic

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10
Q

ectopic ureters

A

congenital abnormality where the ureter doesn’t terminate at the trigone of the bladder

can be intra or extramural

ID’d in young (3-6 months) animals

clinical sign: urinary incontinence

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11
Q

intramural ectopic ureter

A

ureter enters at the trigone but tunnels through the bladder wall and terminates in the urethra

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12
Q

extramural ectopic ureter

A

ureter bypasses the trigone entirely and terminates directly into the urethra

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13
Q

patent urachus

A

urachus (the tube between the bladder and umbilicus during fetal development) does not close after birth, creating a channel between the bladder apex and the umbilicus

urine drains out of umbilicus

predisposes to infection and rupture (uroperitoneum)

partial closure –> urachal cysts w/ metaplasia

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14
Q

urethroectal/rectovaginal fistula

A

abnormal connection between the urethra and rectum or rectum and vagina causing urination from the rectum

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15
Q

urolithiasis

A

solid formations composed of organic and mineral matrix (calculi, stones, uroliths) along the urinary tract

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16
Q

risk factors for uroliths

A

diet
mineral accumulations in forage
infection
breeds
urine pH
water intake
anatomic barriers

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17
Q

what can urolithiasis and hydronephrosis predispose an animal to

A

pyelonephritis

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18
Q

urethral obstruction

A

blockage in the urethra

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19
Q

are urethral obstructions more common in males or females

A

males - longer urethra

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20
Q

what can urethral obstructions/uroliths cause

A
  • pressure necrosis leading to ischemia
  • ulceration of the mucosa
  • cystitis and pyelonephritis (due to urinary stasis)
  • hydronephrosis + hydroureter
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21
Q

vermiform appendage

A

narrowing of the distal urethra in small ruminants

frequent site of obstructions in goats

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22
Q

what are most common sites of obstruction in goats

A

vermiform appendage
sigmoid flexures

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23
Q

nephroliths

A

kidney stones

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24
Q

cystoliths

A

bladder stones

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25
Q

what are some consequences of UT obstruction

A
  • severe cystitis (necrotic, hemorrhagic, inflammation, ulceration)
  • ruptured bladder
  • uroabdomen
  • hydronephrosis (can be caused by any obstruction, not just uroliths)
  • progressive renal atrophy
26
Q

types of LUT inflammation

A

ureteritis
cystitis

27
Q

ureteritis

A

inflammation of the ureters
(rare w/o concurrent cystitis)

caused by calculi in bladder

28
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder (main site of LUT inflammation)

causes: bacterial, fungal, viral, drugs

29
Q

does cystitis occur more in males or females

A

females due to shorter urethra

30
Q

what type of cells predominate in acute cystitis

A

neutrophils

31
Q

what type of cells predominate in chronic cystitis

A

mononuclear cells

32
Q

follicular cystitis

A

proliferation of lymphoid tissue

33
Q

polypoid cystitis

A

overgrowth/folds of mucosa into bladder lumen

34
Q

emphysematous cystitis

A

gas filled inflammation of the bladder caused by gas production by glucose-consuming bacteria

occurs with diabetes mellitus (causes glucosuria)

35
Q

bladder defense against infection

A

micturition
hydro kinetic washout
peristalsis in ureters
urine pH
glycosaminoglycan coating
urothelial cell shedding
immunoglobulins

36
Q

what is the most common LUT neoplasia

A

transitional cell carcinoma

(epithelial)

37
Q

transitional cell carcinoma

A

urothelial cell carcinoma; proliferation of the transitional cell layer

can be infiltrative or non-infiltrative

38
Q

bracken fern toxicosis mechanism

A

bracken fern contains ptaquiloside toxin

chronic consumption of bracken fern –> hemorrhagic cystitis –> persistent hematuria, anemia, UT neoplasia

39
Q

ptaquiloside

A

glycoside toxin

myelodysplastic and carcinogenic

40
Q

what species does bracken fern toxicosis occur in

A

cattle

some sheep

41
Q

what type of calculus gives sabulous cystitis its sand-like texture

A

Calcium carbonate in horses

42
Q

most common site of LUT obstruction in cats

A

within penis

43
Q

most common site of LUT obstruction in cattle

A

sigmoid flexure
ischial arch

44
Q

most common site of LUT obstruction in dogs

A

proximal os penis

45
Q

most common site of LUT obstruction in horses

A

kidney
urinary bladder (sand-like cystitis)

46
Q

most common site of LUT obstruction in pigs

A

kidney

47
Q

most common site of LUT obstruction in sheep/goats

A

urethral process (vermiform appendage)
sigmoid flexure

48
Q

what type of epithelium lines the LUT

A

transitional epithelium

49
Q

urine dribbling from the umbilical remnant of a neonate likely has what developmental abnormality

A

patent urachus

50
Q

a neonate with urinary incontinence is likely to have what developmental abnormality

A

ectopic ureter

51
Q

where should the ureter enter the bladder

A

trigone

52
Q

LUT defense mechanisms

A

micturition
hydro kinetic washout
peristalsis in ureters
urine pH
shedding urothelial cells

53
Q

LUT risk factors

A

glycosuria
corticosteroid administration
obstruction
catheterization

54
Q

what lesions can cause hydronephrosis

A

urolithiasis
prostatic carcinoma
ureter ligation during spay
trigonitis
urethral stricture

all cause obstruction of the urethra –> hydronephrosis

55
Q

acute cystitis gross appearance

A

hemorrhagic, swollen

56
Q

follicular cystitis gross appearance

A

small, diffuse nodules

histology: dark blue lymph aggregate

57
Q

polypoid cystitis

A

white/suppurative discharge

histology: folds of mucosa into the lumen

58
Q

what renal function controls the amount of urea entering the proximal tubule

A

glomerular filtration rate

59
Q

what stain is used to detect amyloid

A

congo red

60
Q

what does basement membrane thickening cause

A

proteinuria

VET 409: Renal (21 decks)

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