Nephron Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

nephron

A

basic functional unit of the kidney

balances what enters the body with what leaves the body

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2
Q

afferent arterioles

A

carries unfiltered blood to the glomerulus

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3
Q

glomerulus

A

site of plasma filtration

OVERprocesses the blood

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4
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

cup-like sac surrounding the glomerulus to collect filtrate

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5
Q

layers of Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. parietal
  2. visceral
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6
Q

parietal layer

A

outer cell layer

simple squamous epithelium with tight junctions

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7
Q

visceral layer

A

inner cell layer

leaky epithelial cells (podocytes)

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8
Q

renal tubules

A

site of reabsorption and secretion

proximal convoluted
distal convoluted
collecting tubules

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9
Q

mesangial cells

A

supportive cells that surround the capillaries

maintain shape and filtration flow

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10
Q

efferent artioles

A

carries blood out of glomerulus to peritubular capillaries/vasa recta for further exchange (reabsorption/secretion) with renal tubules

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11
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

site of gas exchange in the CORTEX
- surrounds PCT and DCT
- HIGH blood flow for reabsorption

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12
Q

vasa recta

A

site of gas exchange in the MEDULLA
- surrounds loop of Henle and collecting tubules
- SLOW blood flow to maintain ion gradients and retain water

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13
Q

cortical nephrons

A

located near peripheral edge of cortex
- has SHORT loops of Henle
- LESS concentrated urine due to less water reabsorption

MAJORITY OF NEPHRONS

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14
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

located near corticomedullary border
- has LONG loops of Henle
- MORE concentrated urine due to GREATER water reabsorption

More common in desert/low water availability habitats

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15
Q

steps of urine formation in the nephron

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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16
Q

glomerular filtration

A
  1. plasma from afferent arterioles enters capillary bed at the glomerulus
  2. water and small solutes/ions exit bloodstream through fenestrated capillary walls and enter Bowman’s space
17
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

filtrate travels through proximal convoluted tubule as water, glucose, amino acids, and some ions get reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries

18
Q

tubular secretion

A

filtrate travels through the PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, and collecting ducts as some ions/solutes exit peritubular capillaries and enter into the filtrate for excretion

19
Q

glomerulus

A

site of filtration
- fenestrated capillaries: allow small ions/solutes and water to filter out of plasma to form filtrate

20
Q

filtration barriers

A
  1. endothelium - fenestrated capillaries
  2. basement membrane - negatively charged
  3. podocytes - regulate flow through filtration slits
21
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

site of reabsorption
- simple cuboidal epithelium w/ BRUSH BORDER
- mitotically active
- reabsorbs majority of filtrate (all glucose and AA get reabsorbed)

22
Q

loop of Henle

A

regulates water and electrolyte balance

descending: water reabsorption
- simple cuboidal ep.

ascending: sodium reabsorption
- simple squamous ep.
- thin limb: inner medulla
- thick limb: outer medulla; simple cuboidal

23
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

fine-tunes ion and water reabsorption, pH regulation
- contains JGA, macula densa cells, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular cells

24
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

regulates blood pressure by sensing BP and NaCl levels

located at vascular pole on top of afferent arteriole to sense incoming flow

25
macula densa cells
sense NaCl levels signals for renin secretion in response to low NaCl or high BP
26
juxtaglomerular cells
sense BP and secrete renin into afferent arterioles innervated by sympathetic fibers
27
collecting tubules/ducts
regulates ion and water excretion - receive filtrate from MULTIPLE nephrons - fine-tunes urine concentration simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium tubules: smaller, cortical ducts: larger, cortical and medullary
28
papillary ducts (ducts of bellini)
transport urine into the renal pelvis collecting ducts join to form papillary ducts --> calyces/crest --> renal pelvis`
29
does renal function depend on innervation
NO - only juxtaglomerular cells that rely on sympathetic innervation for BP control
30
what component of ANS innervates kidney
sympathetic