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Clinical Interventions > Ultrasound and phosphophoresis > Flashcards

Ultrasound and phosphophoresis Flashcards

1
Q

definition: mechanical pressure waves that requires a medium and travels by deformation or vibration

A

sound waves

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2
Q

definition: water soluble gel

A

medium

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3
Q

(true/false) Sound waves at lower frequencies diverge in all directions

A

true

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4
Q

definition: When a crystal generates an electric voltage when mechanically compressed

A

piezoelectricity

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5
Q

definition: When a current is applied to a crystal generates and oscillatory deformation of the crystal

A

reverse piezoelectric effect

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6
Q

definition: the distance between the two peaks in a pressure wave

A

wavelength

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7
Q

The head of an ultrasound is a transducer that converts ___ energy into ___ energy.

A

electrical, sound

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8
Q

definition: the # of cycles per second

A

frequency

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9
Q

definition: the flow of energy in an uninterrupted wave (100% duty)

A

continuous

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10
Q

definition: the flow of energy with periodic interruptions

A

pulsed

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11
Q

What frequency due to use to target a structure >2 cm below the surface of the skin?

A

1 MHz

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12
Q

What frequency do you use if you are targeting a structure 1-2 cm from the surface of the skin?

A

3 MHz

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13
Q

definition: the acoustic power of the ultrasound beam at its highest point that usually occurs within the central 1/3 of the ERA

A

spatial peak

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14
Q

definition: a measure of the avg. acoustic power across the ERA (intensity)

A

spatial average intensity

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15
Q

definition: The surface area of the ultrasound head that is in contact with the skin

A

effective radiating area (ERA)

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16
Q

The ultrasound treatment area should be ___ times the size of the ultrasound head

A

2x

17
Q

When using an ultrasound, move in circles that are about ___ second each.

A

1

18
Q

spacial peak intensity : spatial avg. intensity

A

beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR)

19
Q

What is an acceptable BNR for an ultrasound machine?

A

6:1

20
Q

The (smaller/larger) the BNR, the more uniform the ultrasound beam will be.

A

smaller

21
Q

Duty cycle= _____ / _____

A

on time/off time

22
Q

definition: the material’s ability to transmit sound and is related to molecular density and the material’s structure

A

acoustical impedance

23
Q

(low/high) impedance is when the transmission of the Ultrasound beam is high and the material absorbs little energy/sound

A

low

24
Q

(low/high) impedance is when the ultrasound transmission is low and the material absorbs more of the energy

A

high

25
Q

definition: when the sound wave is bent as opposed to bounce back

A

refraction

26
Q

definition: when a reflected wave travels back its original path, it can interact with additional sound waves that are coming after it. This can cause an increased intensity

A

standing wave

27
Q

Standing waves can cause ____.

A

burns and tissue damage.

28
Q

definition: movements within the cell that alter the cell membrane permeability and cellular activity

A

microstreaming

29
Q

definition: gas bubbles that compress and expand during ultrasound exposure that contribute to cell membrane changes

A

cavitation

30
Q

definition: the violent collapse of gas bubbles

A

unstable cavitation

31
Q

What are the thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound?

A

microstreaming, cavitation, unstable cavitation

32
Q

What are contraindications for using ultrasound as a modality?

A
  • cardiac pacemakers
  • pregnancy
  • moving over epiphyseal plates on children
  • cancer
  • infection
33
Q

What are some precautions taken into consideration when using an ultrasound?

A
  • sensory/circulation deficits
  • communication issues/barriers
  • metal/plastic implants
34
Q

Bone heats up (slower/faster) than muscle and fat.

A

faster (DO NOT GO OVER BONE)

35
Q

(true/false) you want to use thermal effects in a patient with delayed tissue healing and prolonged inflammation

A

false (this will actually cause more inflammation)

36
Q

You should use an intensity of ___ W/cm when going over superficial tissues with an ultrasound

A

0.5

37
Q

definition: a type of modality that is used for irregular surfaces such as ankles and wrists

A

underwater ultrasound

38
Q

When using an underwater ultrasound, keep the ultrasound head about __-__ cm away from the body part

A

0.5-3

39
Q

definition: the use of ultrasound waves to deliver medications transdermally

A

phonophoresis

Clinical Interventions (25 decks)

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