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clinical interventions > electrotherapy foundations > Flashcards

electrotherapy foundations Flashcards

1
Q

definition: loss/gain of electrons

A

charge (C or mC)

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2
Q

definition: attraction/repulsion forces that create an electric field

A

polarity (cathode or anode)

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3
Q

definition: driving force that moves electrons; a measure of potential energy

A

voltage (volt or millivolt)

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4
Q

What are examples of conductors?

A

water, metal, nerves

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5
Q

What are examples of insulators?

A

rubber, plastic fat

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6
Q

definition: movement of ions/electrons in response to voltage force that is directly proportional to the magnitude of voltage

A

current (amp or A)

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7
Q

According to Ohm’s law, increased current will (decrease/increase) the strength of the contraction and (decrease/increase) the strength of sensation

A

increase, increase

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8
Q

The current will always follow the path of (least/most) resistance

A

least

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9
Q

definition: the degree to which an electrical charge is stored in a system containing conductors and insulators

A

capacitance

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10
Q

definition: resistance to the flow of alternating current

A

impedance
(gels and adhesives work to decrease impedance by improving the connection between the electrode and the skin)

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11
Q

definition: continuous undirectional flow of electrons for at least 1 second

  • flow from positive to negative or negative to positive
A

direct current

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12
Q

definition: the direction of flow stops after 1 second and then resumes in the SAME direction for 1 second

A

interrupted direct current

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13
Q

definition: when flow stops after 1 second and resumes in the OPPOSITE direction for at least 1 second

A

reversed direct current

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14
Q

definition: uninterrupted, bi-directional flow of electrons, that change direction at least one time per second

A

alternating current

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15
Q

Alternating current (is/is not) interrupted

A

is not

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16
Q

Direct current (is/is not) interrupted

A

is

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17
Q

definition: uni-directional or bi-directional flow of electrons that periodically ceases for a short time period

A

pulsed current

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18
Q

definition: pulsed current where all pulses are on the same side of the x-coordinate… produced from intermittently interrupting a direct current source

A

monophasic

19
Q

definition: pulsed current where pulses are on the opposite sides of the x-coordinate… produced from intermittently interrupting an alternating current source

A

biphasic

20
Q

The body is mostly ___ water

A

salt

21
Q

With E-stim, NaCl- (separates, attracts)… Na+ attracts to (cathodes/anodes) and Cl- attracts to (cathodes/anodes) and combine with water

A

separates into Na+ and Cl-, cathodes, anodes

22
Q

definition: energy is neither created nor destroyed but rather exchanged, and through the exchange, some energy is lost in the form of heat

A

law of thermodynamics

23
Q

What voltage are nerves depolarized at?

A

-70 mV

24
Q

What voltage are muscles depolarized at?

A

-90 mV

25
Q

Gate control theory:
Stimulation of the ___ fibers inhibits the substantia gelatinosa and results in the gate opening and the pain message traveling to the brain.

A

A-delta, C- fibers

26
Q

What therapeutic current is used for strengthening muscles?

A

russian current

27
Q

Russian current is a variation of ______ current.

A

alternating

28
Q

What therapeutic current is used for pain modulation, tissue repair, and wound healing?

A

high volt pulsed current (monophasic pulsed current)

29
Q

What therapeutic current is primarily used for pain modulation?

A

interferential current (IFC)

30
Q

definition: alternating biphasic current that is interrupted and delivered in short bursts

A

russian current

31
Q

What direct current is used for tissue repair and wound healing?

A

low intensity Direct current (microcurrent)

32
Q

(true/false) Low-intensity DC (microcurrent) stimulates sensory/motor nerves

A

false

33
Q

definition: any current with < 1 mA

A

microcurrent

34
Q

What pulsed current is used for muscle stimulation and pain modulation?

A

symmetrical/asymmetrical biphasic pulsed current

35
Q

Small electrodes are used for (less/more) current density compared to large electrodes

A

more

36
Q

(small/large) electrodes have a better selectivity.

A

small

37
Q

(small/large) electrodes provide a more painful contraction

A

small

38
Q

(small/large) electrodes provide a stronger contraction WITHOUT pain

A

larger

39
Q

A patient will get a greater current spread with the electrodes being placed (closer/further away) from each other

A

further away

40
Q

What electrode setup is commonly used for wound healing, edema, and iontophoresis?

A

monopolar (single electrode with dispersive electrode)

41
Q

What electrode set up is commonly used for muscle activation and pain modulation?

A

bipolar

42
Q

What electrode setup is used primarily for pain modulation?

A

quadripolar

43
Q

What are precautions for electrotherapy?

A
  • poor skin condition
  • excessive swelling
  • excessive adipose
  • avoid carotid artery
  • phrenic nerve
  • PVD
  • implanted devices
44
Q

What are contraindications for electrotherapy?

A
  • pacemakers
  • pregnancy
  • poorly controlled epilepsy
  • acute DVT
  • complete peripheral nerve lesion
  • Cancer
  • infection

clinical interventions (25 decks)

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