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Anatomy Exam 2 Blue Boxes > UG system development > Flashcards

UG system development Flashcards

1
Q

an accessory renal artery to the inferior pole of the kidney can cause?

A

obstruction of ureter (artery crosses anterior) and hydronephrosis

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2
Q

what is hydronephrosis?

A

distention of renal pelvis an calices with urine

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3
Q

a single umbilical artery usually indicates?

A

unilateral renal agenesis

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4
Q

bilateral renal agensis is associated with?

A

oligohydramnios (no urine excreted into amniotic fluid)

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5
Q

what causes renal agenesis?

A

-failure of ureteric buds to develop

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6
Q

abnormal rotation of kidney is associated with?

A

ectopic kidneys

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7
Q

ectopic kidneys result from?

A

failure of kidneys to ascend

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8
Q

ascending of a horseshoe kidney is obstructed by?

A

IMA

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9
Q

incomplete division of metanephric diverticulum results in?

A

bifid ureter/divided kidney

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10
Q

complete division of metanephric diverticulum results in?

A

accessory kidney

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11
Q

accessory kidney with its own ureter results from?

A

formation of two ureteric buds

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12
Q

an ectopic ureter can insert in?

A

prostatic urethra in males or the urethra in females

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13
Q

a urachal fistula causes?

A

urine to be expelled through the umbilicus

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14
Q

what is congenital megacystis?

A

large urinary bladder; causes renal failure

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15
Q

extrophy of the bladder is caused by?

A

incomplete median closure

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16
Q

what is associated with extrophy of the bladder?

A
  • epispadias (urethral opening on dorsum of penis)
  • penis and scrotum divided into two parts
  • inferior rectus abdominus muscles missing
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17
Q

excessive androgen production is caused by?

A

abnormal increase in the cells of suprarenal cortex during development (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

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18
Q

mesonephric duct remnants in males results in?

A

appendix of epididymis or paradidymis

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19
Q

mesonephric duct remnants in femals results in?

A

appendix vesiculosa; persistant epoophoron or paroophoron; Gartner duct cysts

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20
Q

paramesonephric duct remnants in males results in?

A

appendix of the testis

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21
Q

paramesonephric duct remnants in females results in?

A

vesicular appendage called hydatid of Morgagni

22
Q

what is the most common birth defect of the penis?

A

hypospadias

23
Q

where is the external urethral orifice in a glanular hypospadia?

A

ventral surface of glans of penis

24
Q

where is the external urethral orifice in a penile hypospadia?

A

ventral surface of body of penis

25
Q

what is chordee?

A

underdeveloped and ventrally curved penis in hypospadias

26
Q

where is the external urethral orifice in a penoscrotal hypospadia?

A

junction of penis and scrotum

27
Q

what is perineal hypospadia?

A

failure of labioscrotal folds to fuse & urethra opens between unfused halves of scrotum

28
Q

if a person has perineal hypospadia and cryptochidism, what can be misdiagnosed?

A

disorder of sex development (46 XY)

29
Q

why do hypospadias occur?

A

inadequate production of androgens & failure of urethral folds to fuse

30
Q

what is epispadia?

A

external urethral orifice opens on the dorsal surface of the penis

31
Q

epispadia is associated with?

A

exstrophy of the bladder

32
Q

how does a double penis occur?

A

two genital tuberacles develop

33
Q

a bifid penis is associated with?

A

exstrophy of the bladder & imperforate anus

34
Q

agenesis of external genitalia results in?

A

absence of penis or clitoris & urethral opening into perineum near the anus

35
Q

why does micropenis occur?

A
  • fetal testicular failure

- associated with hypopituitarism

36
Q

how does a double uterus form?

A

failure of fusion of inferior parts of paramesonephric ducts

37
Q

what is a bicornate uterus?

A

a double uterus only in the superior aspect of the body of the uterus

38
Q

how does a bicornate uterus with rudimentory horn form?

A

one paramesonephric duct does not fuse with the other

39
Q

how does a unicornate uterus form?

A

failure of one paramesonephric duct to develop

40
Q

how does an absence of vagina form?

A

failure of sinovaginal bulbs to develop into vaginal plate (usually uterus is absent too)

41
Q

how does an imperforate hymen form?

A

failure of inferior end of vaginal plate to perforate

42
Q

normal ovarian development is dependent on?

A

two X chromosomes

43
Q

cryptorchism is associated with?

A

sterility & germ cell tumors

44
Q

where do testis reside in cryptorchism?

A

usually in inguinal canal

45
Q

ectopic testes usually reside where?

A

interstitial (external to aponeurosis of external oblique)

46
Q

how does ectopic testes occur?

A

gubernaculum passes to abnormal location

47
Q

how does a persistant processus vaginalis occur?

A

communication between tunica vaginalis and peritoneal cavity fails to close

48
Q

why is a persistant processus vaginalis important?

A

can cause congenital inguinal hernia

49
Q

if the abdominal end of the processus vaginalis remains open but is too small to permit herniation, what forms?

A

scrotal hydrocele from peritoneal fluid

50
Q

if the middle part of processus vaginalis remains open, what forms?

A

fluid accumulation –> hydrocele of spermatic cord

Anatomy Exam 2 Blue Boxes (11 decks)

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