Stomach & Intestines

Question 1

Where do submucosal veins of inferior esophagus drain to?

Answer 1

portal & systemic venous systems —>creates anastomoses

Question 2

what is esophageal varices?

Answer 2

enlargement of the submucosal veins from portal hypertension

Question 3

what kind of people are likely to have esophageal varices?

Answer 3

alcoholics

Question 4

what is pyrosis?

Answer 4

-heartburn -associated with hiatal hernia

Question 5

what is gastroesophageal reflux disorder?

Answer 5

regurgitation of small food or gastric fluid into lower esophagus

Question 6

displacement of the stomach indicates?

Answer 6

pancreatic pseudo-cysts or abscesses in omental bursa (pancreatitis)

Question 7

what is a hiatal hernia?

Answer 7

protrusion of stomach into mediastinum through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm

Question 8

what is pylorospasm & what does it cause?

Answer 8

-spasmodic contraction of pylorus -causes vomiting

Question 9

what is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Answer 9

thickening of smooth muscle in pylorus

Question 10

what is a gastrectomy? why can arteries in this area be ligated?

Answer 10

• removal of stomach
• large anastomoses in stomach/greater omentum, so arteries can be taken out with stomach without causing necrosis to greater omentum

Question 11

which lymph nodes are important to remove during gastrectomy because of stomach cancer?

Answer 11

pyloric lymph nodes & right gastro-omental lymph nodes

Question 12

what are gastric ulcers?

Answer 12

open lesions of mucosa of stomach

Question 13

what is a peptic ulcer?

Answer 13

lesions of the mucosa of pyloric canal or duodenum

Question 14

what can peptic ulcers develop from?

Answer 14

severe chronic anxiety

Question 15

what controls the secretion of acid from parietal cells of stomach?

Answer 15

vagus nerve

Question 16

what is done to reduce the amount of acid production in the stomach?

Answer 16

vagotomy

Question 17

referred back pain can indicate?

Answer 17

posterior gastric ulcer that has eroded through stomach wall into pancreas

Question 18

what’s important about the duodenum being secondarily retroperitoneal?

Answer 18

duodenum and pancreas can be separated from retroperitoneal viscera without damaging their blood supply

Question 19

why are the paraduodenal fold and fossa important?

Answer 19

places where intestine can be strangulated (paraduodenal hernia)

Question 20

what vessels must be watched for during a repair of a paraduodenal hernia?

Answer 20

• branches of inferior mesenteric artery/vein
• ascending branches of left colic artery

Question 21

what does occlusion of the vasa recta cause?

Answer 21

ischemia of the intestine–>necrosis–>ileus (obstruction of intestine)

Question 22

what is an ileal (Meckel) diverticulum?

Answer 22

• congenital, remnant of omphaloenteric duct
• may mimick appendicitis

Question 23

what is appendicitis?

Answer 23

• acute inflammation of the appendix
• sudden severe abdominal pain

Question 24

acute infection of appendix can result in?

Answer 24

• thrombosis in appendicular artery
• ischemia, gangrene, perforation of inflamed appendix

Question 25

rupture of appendix causes?

Answer 25

• peritonitis & abdominal rigidity
• fix pain by flexion of right thigh

Question 26

what is an appendectomy?

Answer 26

surgical removal of appendix @ McBurney’s Point

Question 27

what is volvulus of the colon & how does it occur?

Answer 27

• obstruction of colon from twisting
• occurs when inferior ascending colon has a mesentery

Question 28

what is a cecopexy?

Answer 28

fixation of a the tenia coli of cecum and proximal ascending colon to abdominal wall

Question 29

what is ulcerative colitis (Crohn’s Disease)?

Answer 29

chronic inflammation of colon

Question 30

what is a colectomy?

Answer 30

removal of terminal ileum, colon, rectum, & anal canal are removed

Question 31

what are ileostomy/colostomy?

Answer 31

procedure that makes an artificial opening of the ileum/colon through the anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 32

what is a colonoscopy?

Answer 32

way to observe interior of colon through anus/rectum

Question 33

what is diverticulosis?

Answer 33

• diverticula develop along outside of intestine
• common in sigmoid colon

Question 34

volvulus of the sigmoid colon causes?

Answer 34

• obstruction of descending colon
• constipation
• ischemia of descending colon –> fecal impaction
• necrosis