Perineum Flashcards
why would an android or platypelloid shaped pelvis be detrimental to a woman during delivery?
these shapes are typical for men and they aren’t as wide as the gynecoid shape
fractures of the pubic rami typically result from?
trauma from crush accidents
the perineal body is important especially in women for?
final support of pelvic viscera; links muscles that extend across pelvic outlet
prolapse of pelvic viscera occurs from?
childbirth causing tear of attachments of perineal muscles from perineal body
cystocele, rectocele, & enterocele are?
- hernial protrusions of bladder, rectum, or rectovaginal pouch into vaginal wall
- due to diastasis of puborectalis and pubococcygeus parts of levator ani
what is an episiotomy?
surgical incision of perineum and inferoposterior vaginal wall to enlarge vaginal orifice
rupture of the intermediate part of the urethra causes?
extravasation of urine and blood into deep perineal pouch
if the ischio-anal fat disappears, what can happen?
rectal prolapse
what does the pectinate line denote?
approximates level of important anatomical changes such as transition from visceral to parietal; direction of cancer growth
where do ischio-anal abscesses usually form?
ischio-anal fossa
what is cryptitis?
inflammation of anal sinuses
why is an anal fissure painful?
located inferior to anal valves which are supplied by sensory fibers of inferior rectal nerves
an anal fistula can result from?
spread of anal infection and cryptitis
what is an internal hemorrhoid?
prolapse of rectal mucosa/anal cushions containing internal rectal venous plexus
what is an external hemorrhoid?
thromboses in the external rectal venous plexus & covered by skin
where do the superior rectal veins drain?
inferior mesenteric vein–>portal vein –> IVC
where do the middle and inferior rectal veins drain?
internal pudendal–>internal iliac–>common iliac –> IVC
what disorder is related to the anastomoses between the superior, middle, and inferior rectal veins?
portal hypertension can cause varicoceles in these veins
which kind of hemorrhoid can you treat without anesthesia and why?
internal because they occur above the pectinate line and are innervated by visceral afferent pain fibers
stretching of the pudendal nerve during traumatic childbirth can cause?
pudendal nerve damage and anorectal incontinence
what does micturation mean?
to urinate
if a person can’t urinate, what procedure is done?
urethral catheterization
what is inflammation of the testis?
orchitis
chronic lymphatic obstruction of the testes is also called?
elephantiasis
what is hypospadias?
congenital anomly when the urethra opens in a different area of the penis than its normal opening
why do hypospadias occur?
- failure of the urogenital folds to fuse
- inadequate production of androgens
what is phimosis?
adhesion of the prepuce on the glans penis in an uncircumcised individual
what is paraphimosis?
- when the prepuce constricts the glans so much that blood and tissue fluid cannot drain properly
- treat with circumcision
what is circumcision?
surgical excision of the prepuce
what is impotence?
inability to obtain an erection
why does impotence occur?
lesion of the prostatic plexus or cavernous nerves
what is erectile dysfunction?
- occurs in the absence of nerve damage
- occurs from hypothalamic and endocrine disorders or failure of autonomics
what is female circumcision?
- surgical removal of prepuce of clitoris, all or part of clitoris, & labia minora
- illegal; done to inhibit sexual arousal/satisfaction
what is a vulvar hematoma?
localized collection of blood in the labia majora from athletic injuries, sexual assult, or obstetrical injury
infection of the greater vestibular gland occurs from?
occlusion of the vestibular gland duct
where do most vulvar adenocarcinomas occur?
greater vestibular gland
what is Bartholinitis?
inflammation of the greater vestibular glands
occlusion of the greater vestibular gland duct without infection can cause?
bartholin gland cyst (accumulation of mucin)
what is used to relieve perineal pain during childbirth?
pudendal nerve block
where is a pudendal nerve block injected?
where the pudendal nerve crosses lateral aspect of sacrospinous ligament, near its attachment at the ischial spine
what is vaginismus?
- involuntary spasms of perivaginal and levator ani muscles
- emotional (psychosomatic) disorder
mild vaginismus causes?
dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
severe vaginismus causes?
prevention of vaginal entry
