Joints of Lower Limb Flashcards
fractures of the femoral neck cause?
lateral rotation of lower limb
a fracture to the femoral neck can rupture which artery?
medial circumflex femoral artery
after a femoral neck fracture, which artery is the only likely source of blood for the head of the femur?
the artery to the ligament of the femoral head
the head of the femur can undergo what after a femoral neck fracture?
aseptic vascular necrosis
what is replaced during a hip replacement?
a metal prosthesis is anchored to the femur which replaces the femoral head and neck & a plastic socket replaces acetabulum
congenital dislocation of the hip presents as?
- inability to abduct the thigh
- shorter leg
- positive trendelenburg sign
which nerve is injured during a posterior dislocation of the hip joint?
the sciatic nerve
what is genu varum?
femur is abnormally vertical and Q angle is small; causes medial weight bearing (bowleg)
genu varum causes?
arthorsis of knee and overstress of fibular collateral ligament
what is genu valgum?
exaggerated knee angle; weight bearing lateral to knee
what does genu valgum cause?
- overstretching of tibial collateral ligament
- patella pulled laterally
- excess stress on lateral meniscus
which way does the patella dislocation usually?
laterally
what is patellofemoral compartment syndrome?
repetitive microtrauma from abnormal tracking of patella to patellar surface of femur
whats the most common knee injury in contact sports?
ligament sprain
ACL rupture causes?
free tibia slides anterior under fixed femur
meniscal tears usually involve?
medial meniscus
why does the lateral meniscus not usually tear?
its more mobile
pain on lateral rotation of tibia suggests?
injury of the lateral meniscus
pain on the medial rotation of the tibia suggests?
injury of the medial meniscus
what happens to synovial fluid when the knee joint is infected and inflamed?
it increases
what is joint effusion?
escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels that results in increased fluids in joint cavity
what causes prepatellar bursitis?
friction between skin and patella
what is housemaid’s knee?
chronic inflammation of prepatellar bursa which becomes distended with fluid and forms an anterior swelling
what is a popliteal cyst?
abnormal fluid filled sacs of synovial membrane in the popliteal fossa
how do popliteal cysts form?
complication of chronic knee effusion
how far can popliteal cysts extend?
mid calf
what is the most frequently injured major joint in the body?
ankle
what is an ankle sprain?
torn fibers of ankle ligaments
which ligament is most commonly torn during an ankle sprain?
anterior talofibular ligament
what is tarsal tunnel syndrome?
entrapment and compression of the tibial nerve between the medial malleolus and calcaneus in the flexor retinaculum
what is hallux valgus?
- foot deformity caused by pressure from footwear and degenerative joint disease
- lateral deviation of big toe
what is a bunion?
medial shift of D1 metatarsal and lateral shift of sesamoids –> swelling causes subcutaneous bursa to form —> inflammation causes bunion
what is hammer toe?
proximal phalanx is dorsiflexed, middle phalanx is plantarflexed, distal phalanx is dorsiflexed —> hammer appearance
what does hammer toe indicate?
weakness of lumbricals and interosseous muscles
what is claw toes?
hyperextension of metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of flexion of distal interphalangeal joints
why does flatfoot develop?
loose or degenerative intrinsic ligaments of the foot
acquired flat foot develops because?
dysfunction of tibialis posterior
what is clubfoot?
foot that is twisted out of position & weight is placed on the lateral side of the foot instead of the sole and heel
what is talipes equinovarus?
clubfoot involving the subtalar joint
