U9 Flashcards
adequate
ˈædɪkwɪt, ˈædɪkwət/
1.enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose
足够的，充分的；合乎需要的
OPP inadequate
SYN sufficient
THESAURUS enough
•Farmers have been slow to make adequate provision for their retirement. 农民们迟迟没有为退休做好适当安排。
•Some creams we tested failed to give adequate protection against UV light. 我们检测的有些防晒霜不能提供足够的防紫外线保护。
•The standard of his work is barely adequate . 他的工作水准勉强合格。
•The company has yet to provide an adequate explanation for its actions. 该公司对其行动仍未作出充分解释。
[+ for]
•Are the parking facilities adequate for 50 cars? 停车设施是否够50辆车停放？
adequate to do sth
•The lunchtime menu is more than adequate to satisfy the biggest appetite. 中午的菜给胃口最大的人吃都绰绰有余。
2.fairly good but not excellent
尚可的，过得去的
RELTD satisfactory
THESAURUS satisfactory
•Her performance was adequate but lacked originality. 她的表演还过得去，但缺乏独创性。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
adequately adv
•She wasn’t adequately insured. 她买的保险不够。
adequacy n [U]
anthropology
/ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi/
the scientific study of people, their societies, culture s etc人类学
RELTD ethnology sociology
DERIVATIVE 派生词
anthropologist n [C]
anthropological adj /͵ænθrəpəˋlɑdʒɪkḷ ; ˌænθrəpəˈlɒdʒɪk ə l◂ /
appreciation
/əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃ ə n/
1.[U] pleasure you feel when you realize something is good, useful, or well done
欣赏；赏识
[+ of]
•It helps children to develop an appreciation of poetry and literature. 这有助于培养小孩子对诗歌和文学作品的欣赏力。
2.[U] a feeling of being grateful for something someone has done感激
•He was presented with a watch in appreciation of his long service. 他获赠一块手表，作为对其长期服务的感谢。
show/express your appreciation
•The chairman asked me to express our appreciation of all your hard work. 主席要我对大家的努力表示感谢。
3.[C,U] an understanding of the importance or meaning of something理解，明白
[+ of]
•a realistic appreciation of the situation 对局势实事求是的理解
appreciation of beauty
对美的欣赏
bird’s-eye view
鸟瞰，俯视
bird’s-eye
adj. 鸟瞰的；鸟眼花纹的
n. 鸟瞰图；鸟眼花纹
bypass
vt. 绕开；忽视；设旁路；迂回
n. 旁路；[公路] 支路
1.to go around a town or other busy place rather than through it
避开；绕…而行
•Interstate 8 bypasses the town to the north. 八号州际公路绕城向北而行。
2.to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone in an official position
绕过〔规定、制度或某个官员〕
•Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director. 弗朗西斯绕过他的经理，直接写信给董事。
capacity
/kə’pæsɪti,kə’pæsəti/
pl: capacities
1.[singular,单数] the amount of space a container, room etc has to hold things or people容量，容积；容纳人数
THESAURUS size
•The room had seating capacity for about 80. 这房间能坐80个人左右。
•The orchestra played to a capacity crowd (= the largest number of people who can fit into a hall, theatre etc ) . 管弦乐队为满场的观众演奏。
•All the hotels were filled to capacity . 所有的宾馆都住满了。
[+ of]
•The fuel tank has a capacity of 40 litres. 这个油箱能装40升油。
2.[C,U] someone’s ability to do something
能力，才能
OPP incapacity
•an infinite capacity for love 无尽的爱心
[+ for]
•a child’s capacity for learning 孩子的学习能力
capacity to do sth
•a capacity to think in an original way 创造性的思维能力
3.[singular,单数] formal someone’s job, position, or duty
职位；地位；身份；职责
SYN role 【正式】
in a professional/official etc capacity
•Rollins will be working in an advisory capacity on this project. 罗林斯将担任这个项目的顾问。
(do sth) in your capacity as sth
•I attended the meeting in my capacity as chairman of the safety committee. 我是以安全委员会主席的身份参加这次会议的。
cause
/kɔːz/
1.
[C] a person, event, or thing that makes something happen
原因，起因
RELTD effect
•It’s our job to establish the cause of the fire. 查明起火原因是我们的责任。
Do not say 不要说 ‘the cause for something’. Say 而要说 the cause of something.
[+ of]
•Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their 40s. 乳癌是美国四十多岁妇女死亡的主要原因。
2.[U] a fact that makes it right or reasonable for you to feel or behave in a particular way
理由，缘由
SYN reason
•The patient’s condition is giving cause for concern . 病人的状况令人担忧。
•The present political climate gives little cause for optimism . 当前的政治气候不容乐观。
[+ for]
•There is no cause for alarm . 不必惊慌。
have (good) cause to do sth
•His father has good cause to be proud of him. 他父亲完全有理由为他感到骄傲。
with/without good cause
•Many people are worried about the economy, and with good cause. 许多人担心经济状况，这是有充分理由的。
3.[C] an aim, belief or organization that a group of people support or fight for
事业，理想，目标
•My father fought for the Nationalist cause. 我父亲为民族党的事业而奋斗。
•He has championed the cause of independence (= he has supported it publicly ) . 他声援独立事业。
•You can get fit, and at the same time raise money for a worthy cause . 你可以健身，同时又能为崇高的事业募捐。
•Please give generously – it’s all in a good cause (= done in order to help people ) . 请慷慨解囊，共襄善举。
[+ of]
•her lifelong devotion to the cause of women’s rights 她对女权事业终生的奉献
→ at 见 lost →lost cause at 见 lost12
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.ADJECTIVES 形容词
a common cause of sth 某事的常见原因
•Alcohol is the most common cause of road accidents. 饮酒是交通事故最常见的肇事原因。
the main/primary cause of sth 某事的主要原因
•Smoking is the main cause of lung disease. 吸烟是导致肺病的主要原因。
a major/leading cause of sth 某事的重要原因
•In this country, debt is a major cause of homelessness. 在这个国家，负债是造成无家可归的重要原因。
a direct/indirect cause 直接/间接原因
•Government policies are the direct cause of the problems facing the economy. 政府的政策是导致经济面临这些问题的直接原因。
the root cause(=the most basic cause) 根本原因
•People often deal with the symptoms rather than the root cause of a problem. 人们处理问题往往治标不治本。
the fundamental/underlying cause(=the root cause) 根本原因
the probable/likely cause 可能的原因
2.VERBS 动词
discover/find the cause 找出原因
•An investigation has failed to discover the cause of the epidemic. 调查没有找出流行病的病因。
determine/establish/identify the cause(=discover definitely what it is) 确定原因
investigate the cause 调查原因
3.PHRASES 短语
the cause of death 死因
•A snake bite was the cause of death. 遭到蛇咬是致死原因。
die of/from natural causes(=die of illness, old age etc, not because of an accident or crime) 自然死亡
cause and effect(=the idea that one thing directly causes another) 因果关系
cause 2 v. [T ] S1 W1
to make something happen, especially something bad导致，引起，使发生
•Heavy traffic is causing delays on the freeway. 交通拥挤使高速公路通行不畅。
•The fire caused £15,000 worth of damage. 这场火灾造成了价值1.5万英镑的损失。
•I’m sorry if I caused any confusion . 对不起，我可能给大家造成了混乱。
•Sorry, I didn’t mean to cause offence (= offend you ) . 对不起，我不是故意要冒犯你。
Do not say 不要说 ‘cause that someone does something’. Say 而要说 cause someone to do something.
cause sth for sb
•The oil spill is causing problems for coastal fisheries. 石油泄漏在给沿海渔场带来种种问题。
cause concern/uncertainty/embarrassment etc
•The policy changes have caused great uncertainty for the workforce. 政策上的改变给劳动人口带来了很多未知数。
cause sb trouble/problems etc
•You’ve caused us all a lot of unnecessary worry. 你给我们大家带来了不必要的担心。
cause sb/sth to do sth
•What caused you to change your mind? 是什么使你改变了主意？
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.cause 导致，造成〔尤指坏事〕
to make something happen, especially something bad
•Bad weather has caused a lot of problems on the roads. 恶劣的天气给交通造成了很多问题。
•The fault caused the whole computer system to shut down. 这个错误使整个电脑系统崩溃。
2.make sb/sth do sth 促使某人做某事/某事发生〔make不如cause正式，是日常英语的常用单词〕
to cause someone to do something, or cause something to happen. Make is less formal than cause , and is the usual word to use in everyday English.
•What made you decide to become a teacher? 你怎么会决定当教师的？
•I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to make you cry. 对不起，我并不是有意要惹你哭。
•Gravity is the force which makes the planets move round the Sun. 引力是行星绕太阳运行的动力。
3.be responsible for sth 是造成某事的原因〔指坏事〕
if someone or something is responsible for something bad, they caused it to happen
•The excessive heat was responsible for their deaths. 它们的死亡是气温超高所致。
•A small militant group was responsible for the bombing. 策动这次炸弹袭击的是一个激进的小团体。
citizenship
/’sɪtɪz ə nʃɪp,’sɪtəz ə nʃɪp/
1.the legal right of belonging to a particular country公民权利；公民身份，国籍
RELTD nationality
•McGuirk holds dual citizenship (= the legal right of being a citizen in two countries ) in Ireland and the US. 麦吉尔克拥有爱尔兰和美国的双重国籍。
French/US/Brazilian etc citizenship
•I have applied for French citizenship. 我已经申请了法国国籍。
2.the ways in which a good citizen behaves, for example being responsible and helping their community公民义务，公民责任
•The schools should be responsible for teaching our children good citizenship . 学校有责任培养儿童良好的公民责任感。
combination
/‚kɒmbɪ’neɪʃən,‚kɒmbə’neɪʃən/
1.[C,U] two or more different things that exist together or are used or put together
结合，联合；混合
RELTD combine
THESAURUS mixture
[+ of]
•A combination of factors may be responsible for the increase in cancer. 各种因素的综合作用可能导致了癌症发病率的上升。
•A combination of tact and authority was needed to deal with the situation. 处理这类情况需要策略，也需要威信。
•Certain combinations of sounds are not possible in English. 在英语中，某些音是不可能组合的。
in combination (with sth)
•Some drugs which are safe when taken separately are lethal in combination. 某些药品在分开服用时是安全的，但在混合服用时则会致命。
2.[C] the series of numbers or letters you need to open a combination lock
〔密码锁的〕号码组合，字码组合
3.winning combination
a mixture of different people or things that work successfully together
成功的搭档；取胜的组合
communicate
/kə’mjuːnɪkeɪt,kə’mjuːnəkeɪt/
1.EXCHANGE INFORMATION 交流信息
[I,T] to exchange information or conversation with other people, using words, signs, writing etc
与〔他人〕交流信息，沟通
•We communicated mostly by e-mail. 我们主要是用电子邮件沟通。
[+ with]
•People use more than words when they communicate with each other. 人们相互交流时不仅仅使用语言。
communicate sth to sb
•The decision was communicated to our staff late in 1998. 这一决定于1998年年末传达给了我们的员工。
2.TELL PEOPLE STH 告诉别人某事
[I,T] to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, so that other people understand them
表达，传达〔思想和感情〕
RELTD convey
•A baby communicates its needs by crying. 婴儿用哭来表达需要。
communicate sth to sb
•Without meaning to, she communicated her anxiety to her child. 她无意中向孩子传达了她的焦虑。
•His enthusiasm communicated itself to the voters. 他的热情传递给了选民。
•A teacher must be able to communicate effectively to students. 教师必须能够有效地对学生表达自己的意思。
3.UNDERSTAND 理解
[I] if two people communicate, they are able to talk about and understand each other’s feelings or desires
沟通〔感情或愿望〕
•Many couples make themselves miserable by not communicating. 许多夫妻因为缺乏沟通而生活得很痛苦。
[+ with]
•
Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate with their teenage children. 父母有时会发觉很难和十几岁的子女交流。
community
/kə’mjuːnɪti,kə’mjuːnəti/
pl: communities
1.[C, also + plural verb BrE,英国英语中亦用复数动词] the people who live in the same area, town etc〔同住一地的人所构成的〕社区
•The new arts centre will serve the whole community. 这座新的艺术中心将为整个社区服务。
•community education programmes
community relations/affairs/needs etc
•We meet once a month to discuss community problems. 我们一个月碰头一次讨论社区问题。
community groups/leaders etc
•Community leaders met to discuss the proposed golf course. 社区领导人见面讨论拟建高尔夫球场一事。
community spirit (=the desire to be friendly with and help other people who live in the same community)社区精神〔指同一社区内友好互助的精神〕
2.[C] a group of people who have the same interests, religion, race etc
〔由有着相同兴趣、宗教信仰等的人构成的〕群体，团体
•different ethnic communities 不同的少数民族团体
the gay/black/Asian etc community
•the gay community in San Francisco 旧金山的同性恋群体
the business/academic/scientific etc community 商业界/学术界/科学界等
3.the community
society and the people in it
社会；公众
•The trend is towards reintegrating mentally ill people into the community. 目前的趋势是将精神病人重新融入社会。
the international community (=all the countries of the world)国际社会
•The President appealed to the international community for aid for the flood victims. 总统呼吁国际社会向水灾灾民提供援助。
human community
人类社会
compare
/kəm’peə/
1.
[T] to consider two or more things or people, in order to show how they are similar or different
比较；对比
RELTD comparison
•The report compares the different types of home computer available. 这份报告比较了市场上不同类型的家用计算机。
compare sth/sb with sth/sb
•The police compared the suspect’s fingerprints with those found at the crime scene. 警方把疑犯的指纹和在犯罪现场发现的指纹作了对比。
compare sth/sb to sth/sb
•Davies’ style of writing has been compared to Dickens’. 戴维斯在写作风格上被比作狄更斯。
compare and contrast (=an expression used when telling students to write about the things that are similar or different in works of literature or art)比较对照〔用于要求学生论述文学或艺术作品之间的异同〕
•Compare and contrast the main characters of these two novels. 将这两本小说中的主人公进行比较对照。
2.compared to/with sth
used when considering the size, quality, or amount of something in relation to something similar〔尺寸、质量或数量〕与…相比
•a 20% reduction in burglary compared with last year 与去年相比入室盗窃案发率 20%的下降
•Compared to our small flat, Bill’s house seemed like a palace. 和我们的小公寓相比，比尔的房子就像是宫殿。
3.[I] to be better or worse than something else比…好[差]
•The imported fabric is 30% cheaper and compares favourably (= is as good ) in quality. 进口织物价格要便宜30%，质量也更好。
compare (favourably/unfavourably) with sth
•The quality of English wines can now compare with wines from Germany. 现在英国葡萄酒的质量可以和德国的葡萄酒相媲美。
•How does life in Britain compare with life in the States? 英国的生活和美国相比怎么样？
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.compare 比较,对比
to consider two or more things or people, in order to show how they are similar or different
•Scientists compared the results of both experiments. 科学家把两次实验的结果进行了比较。
2.make/draw a comparison 进行比较
to compare two or more things or people and say how they are similar
•In her article, she makes a comparison between people’s lives now and 50 years ago. 她在文章中把现在的生活和50年前的生活进行了比较。
•It is possible to draw a comparison between the two poets’ work. 这两位诗人的作品可以作一个比较。
3.draw an analogy 作类比〔相当正式的用法〕
to say that two situations are similar – a rather formal use
•Some people have attempted to draw an analogy between America’s invasion of Iraq and the war in Vietnam. 有些人试图以越南战争美化美国对伊拉克的入侵。
compare 2 n.
beyond/without compare
literary a quality that is beyond compare is the best of its kind无可比拟，无与伦比
•a beauty and an elegance beyond compare 无与伦比的美丽与优雅
compare notes
与…交换 看法或意见
comprehend
/‚kɒmprɪ’hend/
to understand something that is complicated or difficult
理解，领悟〔复杂或困难的事物〕
RELTD comprehension
SYN understand,grasp
THESAURUS understand
•She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster. 她无法理解这场灾难的严重程度。
•I did not fully comprehend what had happened. 我没有完全理解发生了什么事。
comprehend what/how/why etc
•It may be hard to comprehend how much this gift means for my country. 可能很难想象上天的这个恩赐对我们国家来说意义有多大。
comprehend that
•Finally, she comprehended that he wanted his pay. 她终于明白了他是想要工钱。
Register 语体
In everyday English, people usually say understand rather than comprehend . 在日常英语中，人们一般说understand，而不说comprehend
•I could understand most of what she was saying. 她说的话我大部分都听懂了。
comprehension
/‚kɒmprɪ’henʃ ə n/
1.[U] the ability to understand something
理解（力）
RELTD comprehend
SYN understanding
•Why you let her talk you into doing such a foolish thing is beyond my comprehension (= impossible for me to understand ) . 你怎么会被她说服去做这种蠢事，我实在是无法理解。
[+ of]
•They don’t have the least comprehension of what I’m trying to do. 他们一点都不理解我想要干什么。
•The research project will focus on children’s comprehension of pretence. 这项研究将集中于儿童对假象的理解。
2.[C,U] an exercise given to students to test how well they understand written or spoken language阅读[听力]理解测试
•new methods of testing reading comprehension 测试阅读理解的新方法
•a comprehension task 阅读理解测试题
compression
n. 压缩，浓缩；压榨，压迫
confession
/kən’feʃ ə n/
1.[C] a statement that you have done something wrong, illegal, or embarras-sing, especially a formal statement
供词，供认，招供
•Sanchez’s confession was read out to the court. 桑切斯的供词在法庭上宣读了出来。
•At 3 a.m. Higgins broke down and made a full confession . 凌晨三点，希金斯崩溃了，交代了一切。
•I have a confession – I like Britney Spears’ music. 我得承认，我喜欢布兰妮•斯皮尔斯的音乐。
[+ of]
•a confession of adultery 承认通奸
2.[C,U] when you tell a priest or God about the bad things that you have done
〔对神父或上帝作的〕忏悔，告解
•You must go to confession . 你必须去忏悔。
•a priest who hears confession 聆听告解的神父
3.[C] formal a statement of what your religious beliefs are
（宗教）信仰声明
[+ of]
•a confession of faith 信仰声明
conscience
/’kɒnʃ ə ns/
1.the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong
良知，良心
•Well, at least I can face them all with a clear conscience (= the knowledge that you have done nothing wrong ) . 好吧，至少我可以问心无愧地面对他们所有人。
•I can’t tell you what to do – it’s a matter of conscience (= something that you must make a moral judgment about ) . 我不能告诉你怎么办——这是良心问题。
•a crisis of conscience among medical staff (= a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what is the right thing to do ) 医务人员中的良心危机
Do not confuse with consciousness (=the condition of being awake and aware of things) . 不要和 consciousness（神志清醒；意识）相混淆。
a guilty/troubled conscience 愧疚的内心/不安的良心
•It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help. 他是因为心中有愧才提出帮忙的。
prisoner of conscience (=someone in prison because of their beliefs)政治犯，思想犯
2.a guilty feeling that you have about something bad you have done
良心的责备，内疚，愧疚
twinge/pang of conscience
•Ian felt a pang of conscience at having misjudged her. 伊思因为错看了她而感到一阵良心上的愧疚。
have no conscience (about sth) (=not feel guilty about something)（对某事）不内疚
•They’ve no conscience at all about cheating. 他们对欺骗毫不内疚。
3.on your conscience
if you have something on your conscience, it makes you feel guilty
内疚，受到良心的谴责
•He didn’t want somebody’s death on his conscience. 他不愿某个人的死成为他良心上的负担。
•Could you live with that on your conscience? 你能背着那样的良心包袱生活吗？
destiny
/’destɪni,’destəni/
pl: destinies
1.[C usually singular,一般用单数] the things that will happen to someone in the future, especially those that cannot be changed or controlled
命运，天命，定数
SYN fate
THESAURUS future
sb’s destiny
•Nancy wondered whether it was her destiny to live in England and marry Melvyn. 南希想知道她生活在英格兰又嫁给梅尔文是不是命运的安排。
2.[U] the power that some people believe decides what will happen to them in the future天意，命运之神
•She always had a strong sense of destiny . 她向来很相信天意。
gung
gung-ho. very eager to do something dangerous or violentadj. 同心协力的；雄心壮志的；强烈的；起劲的，热心的
非常急切的，莽撞的，冒险的
•The sporting opportunities here should suit the most gung-ho of tourists. 这里的体育活动应该能满足那些极喜欢冒险的游客的口味。
gung ho 合作；同心协力
facial
/’feɪʃ ə l/
on your face or relating to your face
脸上的；面部的
→ see picture at 见 mask
•Victor’s facial expression didn’t change. 维克托脸上的表情没有变化。
•facial hair 脸部的汗毛
DERIVATIVE 派生词
facially adv
•Facially the boys are similar. 这些男孩长相相似。
facial 2 n. [C ]
if you have a facial, you have a beauty treatment in which your face is cleaned and creams are rubbed into it面部护理，美容
faculty
/'fæk ə lti/ pl: faculties 1.[C] a department or group of related departments within a university 〔大学的〕系，部，院 RELTD school •the Engineering Faculty 工程学院 [+ of] •the Faculty of Law 法学院 2.[C,U] all the teachers in a university 〔大学的〕全体教员 •Both faculty and students oppose the measures. 教师和学生都反对这些措施。 3.[C usually plural,一般用复数] a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly官能；天赋 •the patient’s mental faculties 病人的神志 in full possession of all your faculties (=able to see, hear, think etc in the normal way)各官能正常的 [+ of] •the faculty of sight 视觉官能
far-flung
/’fɑ:’flʌŋ/
‚far-‘flung adj.
very distant遥远的
far-flung corners/ places/regions etc
•expeditions to far-flung corners of the globe 前往世界边隅的探险
•people flying to far-flung destinations 远途飞行的人们
2.spread out over a very large area
分布广泛的
•Email enables far-flung friends to keep in touch. 电子邮件让天各一方的朋友保持联络。
five-note scale
:五色音阶（如中国古代的官、商、角、徵、羽
far-flung area
远隔地；遥远的地方
foresee
/fɔː’siː/
pt: foresaw pp: foreseen
to think or know that something is going to happen in the future
预知；预见，预料
RELTD predict
THESAURUS predict
•I’ve put your name on the list and I don’t foresee any problems. 我把你的名字写在名单上了，估计不会有什么问题。
•The disaster could not have been foreseen. 这场灾难是始料未及的。
foresee that
•Few analysts foresaw that oil prices would rise so steeply. 分析家大多没有预料到油价会如此大幅度地上涨。
foresee what/how etc
•No one foresaw what he was planning. 没有人事先知道他有什么打算。
fuel
/’fjuːəl/
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy
燃料
•Coal is one of the cheapest fuels. 煤是最廉价的燃料之一。
→ at 见 add →add fuel to the fire/flames at 见 add9
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.ADJECTIVES/NOUN 形容词/名词 + fuel
a fossil fuel(=a fuel such as coal or oil, produced by the gradual decaying of plants and animals) 化石燃料
•Global warming may be caused by burning fossil fuels. 全球变暖可能是燃烧化石燃料引起的。
nuclear fuel 核燃料
•What do we do with the spent nuclear fuel? 我们要如何处理用过的核燃料？
solid fuel(=a solid substance, such as coal, that is used as a fuel) 固体燃料
domestic/household fuel(=used in a house) 民用/家用燃料
smokeless fuel(=that burns without producing smoke) 无烟燃料
unleaded fuel(=that does not contain lead) 无铅燃料
a green fuel(=a fuel that harms the environment as little as possible) 绿色燃料
2.VERBS 动词
use fuel 使用燃料
•People need to learn how to use fuel more efficiently. 人们得学会如何更有效地使用燃料。
run on fuel(=use fuel as the source of power) 消耗燃料
•Will this engine run on unleaded fuel? 这种发动机用无铅燃料吗？
run out of fuel(=use all the fuel available and have none left) 耗尽燃料
fill up with fuel(=put fuel in a vehicle’s fuel tank) 加燃料
save fuel 节约燃料
waste fuel 浪费燃料
3.fuel + NOUN 名词
fuel costs/prices 燃料费用/价格
•The increase in fuel costs is severely affecting pensioners. 燃料费用上涨严重影响了领取退休金的人。
a fuel bill 燃料费
•Insulating your house will cut your fuel bill. 给房子装上隔热材料可降低燃料费。
a fuel tank(=a container for storing fuel) 燃料箱
a fuel gauge(=an instrument for measuring fuel) 燃料表
a fuel pump(=a machine that forces fuel into an engine) 燃料泵
fuel consumption(=amount used) 燃料消耗量
fuel economy/efficiency(=how well a vehicle uses fuel, without wasting any) 燃料经济性/效率
fuel 2 v.
pp: fuelled fuelled pt: fuelled fuelled pres part: fuelling fueling
1.[T] to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger
使恶化；使更强烈
SYN provoke
•His words fuelled her anger still more. 他的话火上浇油，使她更愤怒了。
fuel speculation/rumours/controversy etc
•Progress was slow, fueling concerns that the stadium would not be finished on time. 进度很慢，人们越来越担心体育馆能否按时完工。
2.[I,T] if you fuel a vehicle, or if it fuels up, fuel is put into it〔给车辆〕加油，加燃料
SYN fill up
•We’d better fuel up at the next town. 我们最好在下个小镇加油。
•The van was fuelled and waiting in the basement car park. 小货车加好了油，在地下停车场等着。
galaxy
/’ɡæləksi/
pl: galaxies
1.[C] one of the large groups of stars that make up the universe星系
2.the Galaxy
the large group of stars which our Sun and its planets belong to银河，银河系
3.[singular,单数] a large number of things that are similar一大批〔相似的东西〕
[+ of]
•a galaxy of British artistic talent 灿若星汉的英国艺术人才
hostile
/’hɒstaɪl/
1.angry and deliberately unfriendly towards someone, and ready to argue with them
怀有敌意的，敌对的，不友善的
THESAURUS unfriendly
•Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception . 南安普敦队的球迷对球队的前任教练很不友善。
•Carr wouldn’t meet Feng’s stare, which was openly hostile . 卡尔不愿意面对冯公然敌视的目光。
•his hostile attitude 他敌对的态度
[+ to/towards]
•The boy feels hostile towards his father. 那个男孩对父亲怀有敌意。
2.opposing a plan or idea very strongly
强烈反对的
[+ to/towards]
•Senator Lydon was hostile to our proposals. 莱登参议员强烈反对我们的议案。
3.belonging to an enemy
敌人的，敌方的
•hostile territory 敌方领土
impose
/ɪm’pəʊz/
1.[T] if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it强制推行；强制实行
•The court can impose a fine. 法庭可以强制执行罚款。
impose sth on sth/sb
•The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory. 政府禁止出售象牙。
2.[T] to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you
将〔想法、信仰等〕强加于〔某人〕
impose sth on sb
•parents who impose their own moral values on their children 把自己的道德观强加给孩子的父母
3.[I] formal to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them打扰，麻烦
[+ on/upon]
•We could ask to stay the night, but I don’t want to impose on them. 我们可以要求留下来过夜，但我不想给他们添麻烦。
显示更多
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say put a ban/tax/burden/strain on something rather than impose a ban/tax/burden/strain on something. 在日常英语中，人们一般说put a ban/tax/burden/strain on something，而不说impose a ban/tax/burden/strain on something
•The government put a higher tax on cigarettes. 政府提高了香烟税。
•This puts a lot of strain on families. 这给家庭带来了巨大的压力。
inspiration
/‚ɪnspɪ’reɪʃən,‚ɪnspə’reɪʃən/
1.a good idea about what you should do, write, say etc, especially one which you get suddenly灵感
THESAURUS idea
•The Malvern Hills have provided inspiration for many artists and musicians over the decades. 几十年来，莫尔文丘陵为很多艺术家和音乐家提供了灵感。
•He raised his eyes to the altar as if seeking inspiration. 他抬头看看祭坛，似乎在寻求灵感。
•He draws inspiration from ordinary scenes. 他从日常生活中得到灵感。
•Mary Quant’s inspiration comes from the glam style of the seventies. 玛莉·官的灵感来自70年代的魅惑风格。
•He had a sudden flash of inspiration. 他突然灵感闪现。
•He has always been a source of inspiration for me. 他一直是我灵感的源泉。
2.a person, experience, place etc that gives you new ideas for something you do
给人以灵感的人物[经历，地点等]
•The seascapes of Cape Cod were her inspiration. 科德角的海景给她灵感。
[+ for/behind]
•He was the inspiration for Wordsworth’s poem ‘The Old Huntsman’. 他是华兹华斯诗作《老猎人》的原型。
3.be an inspiration to sb
to make someone feel encouraged to be as good, successful etc as possible给某人以鼓舞
•People like Tara are an inspiration to us all. 像塔拉这样的人鼓舞着我们大家。
issue
/’ɪʃuː, ‘ɪsjuː/
1.SUBJECT/PROBLEM 话题/问题
[C] a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people
尤指社会或政治方面的〕议题；争论的问题
•Abortion is a highly controversial issue. 堕胎是个很有争议的话题。
•We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council. 我们应提请市政会讨论歧视的问题。
•The key issue is whether workers should be classified as ‘employees’. 关键问题是工人是否应该界定为“雇员”。
2.MAGAZINE 杂志
[C] a magazine or newspaper printed for a particular day, week, or month
〔杂志或报纸的〕期，号
[+ of]
•the January issue of Newsweek 《新闻周刊》1月号
the current/latest issue
•Have you seen the latest issue? 你看过最新的那一期吗？
3.take issue with sb/sth
to disagree or argue with someone about something
不同意某人/某事；与某人争论
•It is difficult to take issue with his analysis. 对他的分析很难有不同看法。
take issue with sb over sth
•I must take issue with you over what you said yesterday. 我必须对你昨天所说的提出异议。
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.VERBS 动词
discuss/debate an issue 讨论问题
•They met to discuss the issue of working conditions at the factory. 他们碰头讨论厂里工作条件的问题。
raise an issue/bring up an issue(=say an issue should be discussed) 提出问题
•Some important issues were raised at the meeting. 会上提出了一些重要的问题。
deal with/tackle an issue 处理/解决问题
•The government must deal with the issue of gun crime. 政府必须解决枪械犯罪的问题。
decide/settle/resolve an issue(=solve it) 解决问题
•The issue was settled after some tough negotiations. 经过几轮激烈的谈判之后这个问题得到了解决。
face an issue(=accept that an issue exists and deal with it) 面对问题
•Politicians seem to be reluctant to face the issue. 政治家们好像不愿面对这个问题。
avoid/evade an issue(=avoid discussing an issue) 回避问题
•There is no point in evading the issue any longer. 没理由再对这个问题避而不谈了。
confuse/cloud/muddy the issue(=make an issue more difficult to understand or deal with than it needs to be) 使问题复杂化
•You must not let your feelings cloud the issue. 你决不要让个人感情把这个问题复杂化。
highlight an issue(=bring attention to it) 突出问题
•The minister used his speech to highlight the issue of global warming. 那位部长通过演讲强调全球变暖问题。
an issue comes up(=people started to discuss it) 开始讨论某问题
•
The issue arose during a meeting of the Budget Committee. 在预算委员会的一次会议上这个问题被提起讨论。
the issues surrounding sth 有关某事物的问题
•
This chapter discusses the ethical issues surrounding genetically modified foods. 本章讨论转基因食品在道德方面的问题。
2.ADJECTIVES 形容词
a political/social/economic etc issue 政治/社会/经济等问题
•They discussed a number of political issues. 他们讨论了一些政治问题。
an important issue 重要问题
•The committee met several times to discuss this important issue. 委员会开了好几次会来讨论这一重要问题。
a key/major/big issue(=very important) 关键/重要/大问题
•For me, the big issue is cost. 对我来说,最大的问题是费用。
a difficult/complex issue 困难的/复杂的问题
•He was able to grasp complex issues quickly. 他能迅速搞懂复杂的问题。
a controversial/sensitive issue(=an issue that causes strong feelings and arguments) 有争议的/敏感的问题
•Abortion is a controversial issue. 堕胎是一个有争议的问题。
a thorny issue(=a difficult one that causes disagreement) 棘手的问题
•Illegal immigration is always a thorny issue. 非法移民一直是个棘手的问题。
a burning issue(=a very important and urgent issue) 亟待解决的重要问题
•For country-dwellers, transport is a burning issue. 对乡村居民来说,交通问题是当务之急。
wider issues(=more general issues, that affect more people or things) 涉及面广泛的问题
•This is a question that raises much wider issues. 这件事引发了更为广泛的问题。
a topical issue(=an issue that is important at the present time) 热门话题
•The magazine discusses topical issues in science. 该杂志讨论热门的科学话题。
the underlying issue(=the cause, or a more important problem that is related to something) 根本的问题
a fundamental issue(=a basic and important issue) 基本的问题,重要的问题
an unresolved issue(=that has not been dealt with) 未解决的问题
3.PHRASES 短语
a range of issues 一系列问题
•A range of issues were debated at the meeting. 会上就一系列问题进行了讨论。
sth is not the issue(=something is not the most important problem or part) 某事物不是关键所在
•Price alone is not the issue. 单价格一项并非问题所在。
issue 2 v. [T ] AC S3 W2
1.to officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc发表〔声明〕；颁布，发出〔命令、警告等〕
•Silva issued a statement denying all knowledge of the affair. 西尔瓦发表声明，宣称对此事一无所知。
•a warning issued by the Surgeon General （美国）卫生局局长发出的警告
2.if an organization or someone in an official position issues something such as documents or equipment, they give these things to people who need them
〔组织或官员〕发给，分发〔文件、设备等所需之物〕
issue a passport/permit/visa etc
•The US State Department issues millions of passports each year. 每年美国国务院都签发数百万份护照。
issue sb with sth
•All the workers were issued with protective clothing. 所有工人都配发了防护服。
issue sth to sb
•The policy document will be issued to all employees. 政策文件会发给所有的雇员。
3.to officially produce something such as new stamps, coins, or shares and make them available to buy正式发行〔新邮票、硬币或股票〕
PHRVB 短语动词
issue forthphr v
1.if something issues forth, it comes out of a place or thing〔从某处〕发出
A low grunt issued forth from his throat.他喉咙里发出一阵低沉的咕哝声。
issue from sthphr v
1.if something issues from a place or thing, it comes out of it来自，从…中出来
•Smoke issued from the factory chimneys. 烟从工厂烟囱中冒出。
kinship
/’kɪnʃɪp/
1.[U] literary a family relationship
亲属关系
•the ties of kinship 亲属关系
2.[singular,单数, U ] a strong connection between people
〔人与人之间的〕紧密联系
RELTD rapport
•He felt a kinship with the only other American on the base. 对于基地里仅有的另一名美国人，他有一种亲切感。
[+ between]
•The sense of kinship between the two men is surprising. 这两个男人之间的密切关系令人吃惊。
loyalty
/’lɔɪəlti/
pl: loyalties
1.[U] the quality of remaining faithful to your friends, principles, country etc
忠诚，忠实，忠贞
[+ to/towards]
•Elizabeth understood her husband’s loyalty to his sister. 伊丽莎白理解丈夫对他姐姐的一片忠心。
2.[C usually plural,一般用复数] a feeling of support for someone or something
忠心，忠于…的感情
•the agony of divided loyalties (= loyalty to two different or opposing people ) for the children in a divorce 父母离婚过程中孩子两面都要依顺的痛苦
local/regional/tribal/family etc loyalty/loyalties
•In the rural areas, family and tribal loyalties continue to be important. 在乡村地区，对家庭和部落的忠心依然很重要。
misty
/’mɪsti/
misty weather is weather with a lot of mist
多雾的
•a cold, misty morning 一个雾蒙蒙的寒冷早晨
2.literary if your eyes are misty, they are full of tears, especially because you are remembering a time in the past
〔尤因回忆起过去而〕眼睛充满泪水的，泪眼模糊的
•He paused, his eyes growing misty. 他停顿了一下，双眼变得模糊起来。
•Whenever Maria sees a picture of her mother, she gets misty-eyed . 玛丽亚每次看到她母亲的照片都会泪眼模糊。
3.not clear or bright
不清楚的，蒙眬的，模糊的
SYN vague
•Without my glasses everything is just a misty blur. 我如果不戴眼镜，看什么都是模模糊糊的。
mutuality
n. 相互关系，相关；亲密
occupy
vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌
occurrence
/ə’kʌrəns/
1.[C] something that happens
发生的事，事件
RELTD occur
THESAURUS event
frequent/rare/common occurrence
•Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom. 他的课堂上难得有笑声。
•Flooding in the area is a common occurrence. 该地区经常发生水灾。
2.[singular,单数] the fact of something happening发生，出现
[+ of]
•The frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the area means that the buildings must be specially designed to withstand the force. 该地区地震频发，这意味着建筑物必须有专门的抗震设计。
oxygen
n. [化学] 氧气，[化学] 氧
persist
/pə’sɪst/
1.[I,T] to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it
坚持；执意
•‘I don’t think it’s right,’ John persisted. “我认为那不对。”约翰坚持说道。
persist in (doing) sth
•He persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility. 他坚持不承认负有责任。
[+ with]
•She persisted with her studies in spite of financial problems. 尽管经济拮据，她还是坚持学业。
2.[I] if something bad persists, it continues to exist or happen
继续存在[发生]
THESAURUS continue
•If the pain persists, you must see a doctor. 如果一直痛，你就必须去看医生了。
precarious
/prɪ’keəriəs/
1.a precarious situation or state is one which may very easily or quickly become worse
〔局势或状态〕不稳定的，不安全的，危险的
•Her health remained precarious, despite the treatment. 她尽管接受了治疗，但健康状况还是不稳定。
•the company’s precarious financial position 公司岌岌可危的财务状况
2.likely to fall, or likely to cause someone to fall可能倒的，不稳的，不牢靠的
•a precarious mountain trail 危险的山间小路
DERIVATIVE 派生词
precariously adv
•a cup of tea balanced precariously on her knee 她膝盖上晃晃悠悠放着的一杯茶
precariousness n [U]
preference
/’pref ə rəns/
1.[C,U] if you have a preference for something, you like it more than another thing and will choose it if you can
偏爱，偏好
RELTD prefer
•Do you have a colour preference ? 你有什么颜色上的偏好吗？
•Parents may be able to express a preference as to the school their child will attend. 家长也许可以表明愿意让孩子就读哪所学校。
•The amount of sugar you add will depend on personal preference . 加多少糖取决于个人的喜好。
•Many elderly people expressed a strong preference to live in their own homes. 许多老年人强烈表示喜欢住在自己的家里。
[+ for]
•a cultural preference for boy babies 喜欢生男孩的文化观念
in preference to sth (=rather than something)而不是某事物
•Use clear English in preference to technical language. 要用简明的英语，而不是专业术语。
2.[C,U] when someone is treated more favourably than other people, often when he or she has been treated unfairly in the past优待，优惠，优先（权）
•Racial preferences are a way to make up for years of discrimination against minorities. 种族优待政策是对多年来少数族裔所受歧视的一种补偿。
give/show preference (to sb)
•In allocating housing, preference is given to families with young children. 房屋优先分配给有年幼孩子的家庭。
3.sexual preference
someone’s sexual preference is whether they want to have sex with men or women
性取向，性偏好
principal
/’prɪnsɪp ə l,’prɪnsəp ə l/
most important
最重要的，首要的；主要的
SYN main
THESAURUS important main
→ principally
•
His principal reason for making the journey was to visit his family. 他那次旅程的首要目的是探访家人。
•
Teaching is her principal source of income. 教书是她主要的收入来源。
•
the principal character in the book 书里的主人公
principal 2 n.
英
MEANINGS 义项
1. SCHOOL 学校 [C] someone who is in charge of a school 〔中小学的〕校长 SYN headteacher AmE,BrE 【美】,【英】
THESAURUS teacher
•
a small school with just three teachers and the principal 只有三位老师和一位校长的小型学校
2.
UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE 大学/学院
[C] someone who is in charge of a university or college
大学校长，学院院长
3.
BUSINESS 商业
[C] the main person in a business or organization, who can make important business decisions and is legally responsible for them
〔企业或机构的〕负责人
•
The principal of the business has an office in New York. 这家公司的负责人在纽约有一处办公室。
productivity
/‚prɒdʌk’tɪvɪti, -dək-,‚prɒdʌk’tɪvəti, -dək-/
MEANINGS 义项
the rate at which goods are produced, and the amount produced, especially in relation to the work, time, and money needed to produce them
生产率，生产效率；生产量，生产力
•
high productivity levels in manufacturing 制造业中的高生产率
•
It cost the country $4 million in lost productivity . 它对该国造成了400万美元的生产力损失。
increase/improve/raise productivity
•
ways of increasing productivity 提高生产率的方法
propaganda
/‚prɒpə’ɡændə/
MEANINGS 义项
information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political group to make people agree with them
〔政府或政党为了影响民意而进行的〕宣传
•
the spreading of political propaganda 政治宣传的开展
•
the government propaganda machine 政府的宣传机器
Nazi/environmentalist etc propaganda 纳粹/环保主义者等的宣传
propaganda exercise/campaign (=something done to show one political opinion)宣传活动/运动
•
They have mounted a propaganda campaign against Western governments. 他们发起了一场反西方政府的宣传运动。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
propagandize v [I,T]
propagandist n [C]
reference
/’ref ə rəns/
MEANINGS 义项
1.
[C,U] part of something you say or write in which you mention a person or thing
提及，谈到
[+ to]
•
There is no direct reference to her own childhood in the novel. 小说里没有直接提及她自己的童年。
•
The article made no reference to previous research on the subject. 文章没有提及此前对该课题的研究情况。
•
The governor made only a passing reference to the problem of unemployment (= he mentioned it quickly ) . 州长对失业问题只是一语带过。
2.
[U] the act of looking at something for information
查阅，查看
•
Keep their price list on file for future reference (= so that it can be looked at in the future ) . 将他们的价目表存档，以供日后参考。
•
The book will become a standard work of reference (= a book that people look at for information ) . 这本书将成为权威参考书。
for easy/quick reference
•
A vocabulary index is included for easy reference. 附有词汇索引以便查阅。
3.
reference point
an idea, fact, event etc that you already know, which helps you understand or make a judgment about another situation 〔帮助理解或判断的〕参照标准，参考依据
•
Lee’s case will be the reference point for lawyers in tomorrow’s trial. 李的判例将成为律师在明天庭审时的参考依据。
•
She used her work experience as a frame of reference for her teaching. 她把自己的工作经历作为教学的参考依据。
something that you can see that helps you to know where you are when you are travelling in an area 〔用于识别方位的〕参照物
显示更多
→ cross-reference → at 见 term →terms of reference at 见 term11
reference 2 v. [T ]
英
written
MEANINGS 义项
to mention another book, article etc that contains information connected with the subject you are writing about
查阅；参考
•
The book does not reference anything written in the last 10 years. 该书并未参考过去十年中的任何作品。
refined
/rɪ’faɪnd/
MEANINGS 义项
1. [usually before noun,一般用于名词前] a substance that is refined has been made pure by an industrial process 精炼的；精制的 RELTD raw crude OPP unrefined
refined sugar/oil/petroleum 精制糖/精炼油/精炼石油 2. someone who is refined is polite and seems to be well-educated or to belong to a high social class – sometimes used humorously 优雅的，有教养的〔有时为幽默用法〕 • a refined way of speaking 优雅的谈吐 3. a method or process that is refined has been improved to make it more effective 〔方法或程序〕精妙的；完善的 RELTD sophisticated • Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade. 在过去十年间，激光手术已日臻完善。
reflect
rɪ’flekt/
1.IMAGE 影像
[T usually passive,一般用被动态] if a person or a thing is reflected in a mirror, glass, or water, you can see an image of the person or thing on the surface of the mirror, glass, or water反映，照出〔影像〕
be reflected in sth
•She could see her face reflected in the car’s windshield. 她看到自己的脸映照在汽车的挡风玻璃上。
2.BE A SIGN OF STH 是某事物的标志
[T not usually in progressive,一般不用进行式] to show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling显示；反映
•The drop in consumer spending reflects concern about the economy. 消费支出的下降反映出人们对经济的担忧。
be reflected in sth
•The increasing racial diversity of the US is reflected in the latest census statistics. 美国社会种族越来越多元化的现象反映在最新的人口统计数据中。
reflect who/what/how etc
•How much you’re paid reflects how important you are to the company you work for. 你报酬的高低反映你在所供职的公司里的重要性。
3.LIGHT/HEAT/SOUND 光/热/声音
[T] if a surface reflects light, heat, or sound, it sends back the light etc that reaches it 反射〔光、热或声音〕
Wear something white – it reflects the heat. 穿件白色的衣服——它能反射热。
[I always + adv/prep] if light, heat, or sound reflects off something it reaches, it comes back from it 〔光、热或声音从某处〕反射
显示更多
PHRVB 短语动词
reflect on/upon sb/sthphr v
to influence people’s opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way
给…带来影响〔尤指坏影响〕
•If my children are rude, that reflects on me as a parent. 假如我的孩子没有礼貌，那会使我这个做家长的丢脸。THINK ABOUT STH 思考某事
[I,T] to think carefully about something, or to say something that you have been thinking about
仔细思考；表达（意见）
THESAURUS think
[+ on]
•
He had time to reflect on his successes and failures. 他有时间反思他的成功和失败。
reflect that
•
Moe reflected that he had never seen Sherry so happy. 莫说他从未见过谢里这么高兴。
religion
/rɪ’lɪdʒ ə n/
MEANINGS 义项
1.
[U] a belief in one or more gods
宗教信仰
•
The U.S. Constitution promises freedom of religion. 美国宪法保证宗教信仰自由。
•
a course on philosophy and religion 关于哲学和宗教的课程
2.
[C] a particular system of this belief and all the ceremonies and duties that are related to it
宗教
•
people of different religions 宗教信仰不同的人
•
the Islamic religion 伊斯兰教
•
The tribe practised a religion that mixed native beliefs and Christianity. 这个部落信奉一种融合本地信仰和基督教信仰的宗教。
3.
find/get religion
to suddenly become interested in religion in a way that seems strange to other people
突然对宗教感兴趣；突然皈依
•
Miller found religion in prison. 米勒在监狱里突然信教了。
remoteness
n. 遥远；偏僻；细微；时间久远
respect
/rɪ’spekt/
MEANINGS 义项
1. ADMIRATION 钦佩 [U] a feeling of admiring someone or what they do, especially because of their personal qualities, knowledge, or skills 尊敬；敬重 RELTD admiration [+ for] • I have the greatest respect for Jane’s work. 我非常钦佩简的工作成绩。 2. CONSIDERATION 考虑 [U] the belief that something or someone is important and should not be harmed, treated rudely etc 重视；顾及 OPP disrespect
•
The boys showed a complete lack of respect for authority. 这些男孩子根本无视权威。
[+ for]
•
Out of respect for the wishes of her family, the affair was not reported in the media. 基于对她家人意愿的尊重，媒体没有报道这件事。
with respect
•
Your mother should be treated with respect. 理应尊重你的母亲。
3.
with (the greatest) respect/with (all) due respect
spoken,formal say this before disagreeing with someone when you want to be polite
不是我不尊敬你〔用于礼貌地表示不同意见〕
•
With respect, I think you’re wrong. 恕我冒昧，我想您是错了。
显示更多
→ self-respect
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.VERBS 动词
have respect for sb 尊敬某人
•I have a lot of respect for my boss. 我对老板十分敬重。
win/earn/gain respect(=start to be respected) 赢得/获得尊敬
•Morris eventually won the respect of his fellow workers. 莫里斯最终赢得了同事们的尊敬。
command respect(=be respected) 获得尊敬
•Lady Thatcher commanded huge respect from everyone she worked with. 撒切尔夫人赢得了与她共事的每一个人的敬重。
deserve respect 值得尊敬
lose respect for sb(=no longer respect them) 不再尊敬某人
lose sb’s respect(=no longer be respected by them) 失去某人的尊敬
2.ADJECTIVES 形容词
great respect 相当的尊敬
•Rex and Joe had great respect for his judgement. 雷克斯和乔相当尊重他的意见。
the utmost respect 极度的尊敬
•I have the utmost respect for the prime minister. 我对总理极其尊敬。
mutual respect(=when two people respect each other) 相互的尊敬
grudging respect(=when you respect someone or something unwillingly) 勉强的尊敬
respect 2 v. [T ]
1.[not in progressive,不用进行式] to admire someone because they have high standards and good qualities such as fairness and honesty尊敬，敬佩，敬重
RELTD admire
THESAURUS admire
•I respect his views, although I do not agree with them. 我尊重他的观点，虽然我不敢苟同。
respect sb for (doing) sth
•She respected him for his honesty. 她敬佩他的诚实。
2.to be careful not to do anything against someone’s wishes, rights etc
尊重；顾及〔某人的意愿、权利等〕
THESAURUS obey
•She said she wanted to leave, and her father respected her wishes . 她说她想离开，她父亲尊重她的意愿。
•I would like you to respect my privacy. 我希望你尊重我的隐私。
•the need to respect human rights 尊重人权的必要性
3.to not break a rule or law
遵守，尊重〔规定或法律〕
•The President is expected to respect the constitution. 总统应该尊重宪法。
respond
/rɪ’spɒnd/
1.[I] to do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done
作出反应，回应
SYN react
[+ to]
•
Responding to the news, Mr Watt appealed for calm. 面对这个消息，瓦特先生呼吁要保持冷静。
respond by doing sth
•
The US responded by sending troops into Laos. 美国的反应是派遣军队进入老挝。
[+ with]
•
Villagers responded with offers of help. 村民纷纷伸出援手。
2.
[I,T] to say or write something as a reply
答复，回答，回复
THESAURUS answer
respond that
•
He responded that he didn’t want to see anyone. 他回答说不想见任何人。
[+ to]
•
Dave didn’t respond to any of her emails. 戴夫没有回过她一封电子邮件。
3.
[I] to improve as a result of a particular kind of treatment
〔对某种治疗〕有良好反应
[+ to]
•
She has responded well to treatment. 她经过治疗大有起色。
•
Colds do not respond to antibiotics. 感冒使用抗生素无效。
rounded
/’raʊndɪd,’raʊndəd/
1.having a round shape圆形的
SYN curved
2.having a wide range of qualities that make someone or something pleasant, balanced, and complete全面的；一应俱全的；完善的
•Psychology tests found me to be thoroughly rounded in skills and attitudes. 心理测试表明我能力全面，心态正常。
→ round → well-rounded
scarcely
/’skeəsli/
1.almost not or almost none at all
几乎不，几乎没有
SYN hardly
•The city had scarcely changed in 20 years. 这座城市20年中几乎没有什么改变。
•The country had scarcely any industry. 该国几乎没有工业。
•He scarcely ever left the region. 他几乎没有离开过这个地区。
can/could scarcely do sth
•It was getting dark and she could scarcely see in front of her. 天色越来越黑，她几乎看不见眼前的东西。
scarcely a day/year/moment etc
•Scarcely a day goes by when I don’t think of him. 我几乎没有一天不想到他。
2.only a moment ago仅仅，刚刚
SYN hardly,barely
•He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door. 他刚坐下就有人敲门。
3.definitely not or almost certainly not
决不，一定不
SYN hardly
•Early March is scarcely the time of year for sailing. 三月初可不是帆船运动的季节。
secure
/sɪ’kjʊə/
MEANINGS 义项
1. PERMANENT/CERTAIN 永久的/确定的 a situation that is secure is one that you can depend on because it is not likely to change 稳固的，可靠的，稳定的 OPP insecure
•
There are no secure jobs these days. 如今已经没有铁饭碗了。
•
We want a secure future for our children. 我们希望我们的孩子未来生活无虞。
•
United’s position at the top of the league seems relatively secure. 联队在联赛中的头名位置似乎相对稳固。
2.
PLACE/BUILDING 地方/建筑
locked or guarded so that people cannot get in or out or steal anything
锁牢的，关紧的，牢固的
•
The house isn’t very secure – we need some new locks. 这房子不是很安全——我们需要加几把新锁。
•
Keep your passport in a secure place . 把你的护照放在安全的地方。
secure accommodation (=a type of prison)管教所
•
In the last year, only three children under the age of 14 have had to be placed in secure accommodation. 去年，只有三名14岁以下儿童需要进管教所。
3.
SAFE FROM HARM 安全的
safe from and protected against damage or attack
安全的，受保护的
•
Companies can offer secure credit card transactions over the Internet. 公司可以提供安全的网上信用卡交易。
[+ from]
•
These elephants are relatively secure from poachers. 这些大象相对比较安全，不太会受到偷猎者的威胁。
显示更多
secure 2 v. [T ] AC W3
英
MEANINGS 义项
1.
GET/ACHIEVE 得到/获得
to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort
〔尤指经过大量努力〕获得，得到
•
Boyd’s goal secured his team’s place in the Cup Final. 博伊德的进球确保了球队进入足总杯决赛。
•
Negotiators are still working to secure the hostages’ release. 谈判人员仍在努力争取人质获释。
•
Redgrave won his third Olympic gold medal, and secured his place in history . 雷德格雷夫赢得了个人第三枚奥运会金牌，使自己的名字载入了史册。
secure a deal/contract
•
The company secured a $20 million contract. 这家公司争取到了一份2,000万美金的合同。
2.
SAFE FROM HARM 使安全
to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost
使安全，保护
•
Troops were sent to secure the border. 军队被派去保卫边境。
•
an agreement to secure the future of the rainforest 一份保护热带雨林未来的协议
secure sth against sb/sth
•
They built a ten-foot high fence to secure the house against intruders. 他们筑了一道十英尺高的围栏，防止人闯入房子。
3.
TIE FIRMLY 系紧
to fasten or tie something firmly in a particular position
缚牢，系紧，将〔某物〕固定
secure sth to sth
•
John secured the boat firmly to the jetty. 约翰把小船牢牢系泊在码头。
similarity
‚sɪmɪ’lærɪti,‚sɪmɪ’lærəti,‚sɪmə’lærɪti,‚sɪmə’lærəti/
pl: similarities
MEANINGS 义项
if there is a similarity between two things or people, they are similar in some way
相似之处
RELTD likeness
OPP difference
•
They are both blonde, but there the similarity ends . 他们俩都是金发，但相同之处也就仅此而已。
[+ between]
•
There are some striking similarities between the two plays. 这两出戏有一些异常相似之处。
[+ to]
•
the song’s close similarity to traditional Jewish music 这首歌曲和传统犹太音乐非常类似的地方
•
The present crisis bears some similarity to the oil crisis of the 1970s. 当前的危机和 20 世纪 70 年代的石油危机有些相似。
[+ of]
•
the similarity of their names 他们姓名的相似
[+ in]
•
I was struck by the similarities in their early lives. 他们早年生活的相似之处让我吃惊。
[+ with]
•
The police are checking for similarities with other recent attacks in the area. 警方在核查这与该地区最近发生的其他几起袭击事件是否有相似之处。
•
There are similarities with German, though Yiddish is a distinct language. 依地语和德语有相似之处，尽管它是一种不同的语言。
simplicity
/sɪm’plɪsɪti,sɪm’plɪsəti/
the quality of being simple and not complicated, especially when this is attractive or useful
朴素，简朴，简单〔尤指吸引人的或有用的〕
•Mona wrote with a beautiful simplicity of style. 莫娜的文笔朴实优美。
•For the sake of simplicity, the tax form is divided into three sections. 为简明起见，税单分成三个部分。
•James’ solution to this problem was simplicity itself (= very simple ) . 詹姆斯对这个问题的解决办法十分简单。
solar
/'səʊlə/ 1.relating to the sun 太阳的，和太阳有关的 RELTD lunar •a solar eclipse 日食 2.using the power of the sun’s light and heat 利用太阳光[能]的 •solar energy 太阳能
specific
/spɪ’sɪfɪk,spə’sɪfɪk/
1.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] a specific thing, person, or group is one particular thing, person, or group具体的，特定的，特有的
OPP non-specific
•games suitable for specific age groups 适合特定年龄组的游戏
•a specific example of alcohol’s effect on the body 酒精对身体影响的具体例子
2.detailed and exact
详细的；明确的，确切的
OPP non-specific
•Mr Howarth gave us very specific instructions. 豪沃思先生给了我们很明确的指示。
[+ about]
•
Could you be more specific about what you’re looking for? 你能否更详细地说说你要找什么？
3.specific to sth
formal limited to or affecting only one particular thing
仅限于某事物的，只对某事物有影响的
•a disease specific to horses 只有马才会得的病
specific 2 n. A
1.specifics
[plural,复数] particular details
细节，详情
[+ of]
•the specifics of the lawsuit 这件诉讼案的细节
give/go into/provide etc specifics
•Thurman was reluctant to go into specifics about the deal. 瑟曼不愿详谈交易的细节。
2.
[C] medical a drug that has an effect only on one particular disease
特效药
superficial
/‚suːpə’fɪʃ ə l◂/
1.NOT LOOKING/STUDYING CAREFULLY 不仔细察看的/研究的
not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things
肤浅的，浅薄的，不深入的
•They only have the most superficial understanding of prison life. 他们对监狱生活只有最粗浅的了解。
superficial examination/study etc
•Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws. 即使是粗略的检查都发现了严重的缺陷。
2.APPEARANCE 外表
seeming to have a particular quality, although this is not true or real
表面（上）的
•Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance lay something treacherous. 在他温文尔雅、貌似高贵的举止下隐藏着某种奸诈。
superficial resemblance/similarity
•Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are, in fact, very different. 这两本小说尽管表面上有相似之处，但实际上大不一样。
at/on a superficial level
•At a superficial level, things seem to have remained the same. 从表面上看，似乎一切都没变。
3.WOUND/DAMAGE 伤口/损伤
affecting only the surface of your skin or the outside part of something, and therefore not serious
表皮的，表面的
•She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises. 她侥幸躲过一劫，只受了点皮外伤。
•superficial damage 表面的损坏
DERIVATIVE 派生词
superficially adv
superficiality n /͵supɚ͵fɪʃɪˋælətɪ ; ‚suːpəfɪʃi’ælɪti,‚suːpəfɪʃi’æləti / [U]
supreme
/sʊ’priːm,sjuː-/
MEANINGS 义项
1.having the highest position of power, importance, or influence
〔权力、重要性或影响力〕最高的，至高无上的
•the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 欧洲盟军最高指挥官
•a country where the car reigns supreme 汽车占绝对优势地位的国家
2.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] the greatest possible
〔程度〕最大的，极度的
•
supreme courage in the face of terrible danger 面对可怕危险时的极大勇气
•It required a supreme effort to stay awake. 要保持清醒需要极大的努力。
•a matter of supreme importance 极其重要的事情
3.make the supreme sacrifice
to die for your country, for a principle etc
为国捐躯；〔为原则等〕作出牺牲
terrain
/te'reɪn, tɪ-,te'reɪn, tə-/ a particular type of land 地形，地势 THESAURUS ground •rocky terrain 多石的地形
supreme advantages over
最大的优势
precarious balance
不稳定的平衡
by preference
首先
最好
a rounded man
完美的人；全面发展的人
thundering propaganda
大力宣传
