U8 Flashcards
acquaintance
/əˈkweɪnt ə ns/
1.sb you know 认识的人
[C] someone you know, but who is not a close friend
相识的人，泛泛之交，熟人
THESAURUS friend
•She was a casual acquaintance of my family in Vienna. 她是我们家在维也纳的一个交情不深的朋友。
•He heard about the job through a mutual acquaintance (= someone you and another person both know ) . 他是通过一个双方都认识的人知道有这份工作的。
2.relationship 关系
[singular , U,单数] a relationship with someone you know, but who is not a close friend认识，交情
•They developed an acquaintance over the Internet. 他们在因特网上相识。
•You can’t judge her on such short acquaintance (= when you have not known her long ) . 认识这么短时间，你无法对她作出评价。
•My uncle did not improve on further acquaintance (= when you knew him better ) . 深交之后我叔叔依然如故。
3.make sb’s acquaintance
formal to meet someone for the first time结识某人，认识某人
•I should be delighted to make Mrs McGough’s acquaintance. 我很高兴能认识麦高夫太太。
•At the hotel, I made the acquaintance of a young American actor. 在酒店里，我结识了一位年轻的美国演员。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say someone I know rather than an acquaintance
在日常英语中，人们一般说someone I know，而不说an acquaintance
•I got the job through someone I know . 我是通过一个熟人得到这份工作的。
appalling
/əˈpɔːlɪŋ/
1.very unpleasant and shocking骇人听闻的；令人震惊的；可怕的
SYN terrible
•She suffered appalling injuries. 她伤势非常严重。
•He was kept in appalling conditions in prison. 他被关在环境极其恶劣的监狱中。
•an appalling famine 骇人听闻的饥荒
2.very bad极坏的，糟透的
SYN atrocious
THESAURUS bad
•The weather was absolutely appalling . 天气极其恶劣。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
appallingly adv
•He behaved appallingly. 他的举止太不像话了。
•an appallingly difficult job 非常艰巨的工作
asbestos
n. 石棉
adj. 石棉的
ashes
n. 骨灰，灰烬（ash的复数）
v. 把…烧成灰烬（ash的第三人称单数形式）
assent
/əˈsent/
formal
approval or agreement from someone who has authority
同意，赞成
•a nod of assent 首肯
[+ of]
•the assent of the Board of Governors 董事会的认可
[+ to]
•Parliament gave its assent to war. 议会同意开战。
asse英 formal
to agree to a suggestion, idea etc after considering it carefully〔经审慎考虑后〕同意，赞成
[+ to]
•They assented to his request to work from home. 他们同意他在家上班的请求。
cessation
/se'seɪʃ ə n/ formal a pause or stop〔暂时〕休止，停止，中断 RELTD cease [+ of] •a cessation of hostilities (= when the fighting stops in a war ) 停止敌对行动
cog
/kɒɡ/
1.a wheel with small bits sticking out around the edge that fit together with the bits of another wheel as they turn in a machine齿轮
2.one of the small bits that stick out on a cog嵌齿，轮齿
3.a cog in the machine/wheel
someone who only has a small unimportant job in a large organization〔大机构中的〕无足轻重的人物，小人物
commerce
/’kɒmɜːs/
the buying and selling of goods and services
买卖，贸易；商务；商业
SYN trade
→ chamber of commerce → e-commerce
•measures promoting local commerce and industry 促进地方工商业发展的措施
concentrated
/’kɒnsəntreɪtɪd,’kɒnsəntreɪtəd/
1.a concentrated liquid or substance has been made stronger by removing water from it浓缩的
•concentrated orange juice 浓缩橙汁
•a concentrated cream detergent 浓缩洗涤膏
2.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] showing a lot of effort or determination全神贯注的；全力以赴的
•He made a concentrated effort to improve his work. 他集中精力把工作做得更好。
conquest
/’kɒŋkwest/
1.[singular, U,单数] the act of getting control of a country by fighting击败，征服
THESAURUS victory
•the Norman Conquest (= the conquest of England by the Normans ) 诺曼征服
[+ of]
•the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 西班牙人对印加帝国的征服
2.[C] land that is won in a war占领地，征服的土地
•French conquests in Asia 法国在亚洲的占领地
3.[C] someone that you have persuaded to love you or to have sex with you – often used humorously
爱情的俘虏〔常为幽默用法〕
•He boasts about his many conquests. 他吹嘘自己征服了许多女孩的芳心。
couch
n. 睡椅，长沙发；床；卧榻
vi. 蹲伏，埋伏；躺着
vt. 使躺下；表达；弯下
crumbling
v. 破碎；崩溃（crumble的ing形式）
adj. 破碎的
n. 破碎；皱纹；岩块剥落
decay
/dɪ’keɪ/
1.[I,T] to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to make something do this
（使）腐烂；（使）变坏
•Her body was already starting to decay. 她的尸体已经开始腐烂。
•Most archaeological finds are broken, damaged, or decayed. 大部分考古发现物都已破裂、损坏或腐烂。
•decaying organic matter 腐烂的有机物
2.[I] if buildings, structures, or areas decay, their condition gradually becomes worse
〔建筑、结构或地区〕破败，毁坏
•Hundreds of historic buildings are being allowed to decay. 数百幢历史建筑被任由破败。
•Britain’s decaying inner cities 英国破败的旧城区
3.[I] if traditional beliefs, standards etc decay, people do not believe in them or support them any more
〔传统观念、标准等〕失去影响力，衰败，衰落
SYN decline
•In Orthodox Europe, mass religion seems to have decayed less. 在正教会流行的欧洲地区，集体宗教信仰的影响力似乎衰退得没那么严重。
register 语体
In everyday English, people usually say rot rather than decay when talking about food.
在日常英语中,人们谈论食物一般说 rot ,而不用 decay
•There was a smell of rotting vegetables. 有股蔬菜腐烂的味道。
decay 2 n. [U ]
1.the natural chemical change that causes the slow destruction of something腐烂，朽烂
•old cars in various stages of decay 损坏程度不等的旧车tooth decay
2.the gradual destruction of buildings, structures etc because they have not been cared for
〔疏于管理而造成建筑物等的〕破败，衰败
•poverty and urban decay 贫穷和市区的破败
fall into (a state of) decay
•During the war, the area fell into decay. 战争期间这个地区衰败了。
3.the gradual destruction of ideas, beliefs, social or political systems etc
〔观念、信仰、社会制度、政治制度等的〕衰退，没落
•moral decay 道德的败坏
decorative
/’dek ə rətɪv/
pretty or attractive, but not always necessary or useful
装饰（性）的，装饰用的
•a decorative panel above the door 门楣上的饰板
DERIVATIVE 派生词
decoratively adv
decrease
/dɪ’kriːs/
to become less or go down to a lower level, or to make something do this（使）变小，（使）减少
RELTD reduce
OPP increase
•The number of people who have the disease has decreased significantly in recent years. 近年来，这种病的患者人数明显下降。
•They want to decrease their reliance on oil. 他们想减少对石油的依赖。
[+ by]
•Average house prices decreased by 13% last year. 去年房屋均价下降了13%。
[+ to]
•By 1881, the population of Ireland had decreased to 5.2 million. 到1881年，爱尔兰的人口减少到了520万。
[+ from]
•The North’s share of the world’s energy consumption is expected to decrease from 70% to 60%. 北方发达国家所占的世界能源消耗比例有望从70%下降到60%。
[+ in]
•Attacks of asthma decrease in frequency through early adult life. 成年早期，哮喘的发病频率会降低。
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.decrease 减小；减少
to become less in number or amount
•The average rainfall has decreased by around 30 percent. 平均降雨量已减少30%左右。
2.go down 减小，减少〔与decrease相比不那么正式,常用于会话中〕
to decrease. Go down is less formal than decrease and is the usual word to use in conversation.
•Unemployment has gone down in the past few months. 在过去几个月里,失业人数下降了。
3.decline 减小；减少〔与数字或数量连用,或用于描述某事物的程度或水平〕
to decrease – used with numbers or amounts, or about the level or standard of something
•The standard of living has declined. 生活水准下降了。
•Support for the government is steadily declining. 政府支持率持续下降。
•Salaries have declined by around 4.5%. 工资减少了4.5%左右。
de‧crease 2 /’diːkriːs,ˋdikris/ n. [C,U ]
英 /’diːkriːs/
the process of becoming less, or the amount by which something becomes less减少；减少的量
OPP increase
SYN reduction
[+ in]
•Teachers reported decreases in drug use and verbal abuse of teachers. 教师们反映说吸毒和对教师的言语侮辱减少了。
[+ of]
•There has been a steady decrease of temperature. 气温在持续下降。
desolation
n. 荒芜；忧伤；孤寂；废墟
destined
‘destɪnd,’destənd/
1.[not before noun,不用于名词前] seeming certain to happen at some time in the future注定的；必然的
[+ for]
•She seemed destined for a successful career. 她似乎注定能够事业成功。
destined to do sth
•We were destined never to meet again. 我们注定无缘再见。
2.destined for sth
to be travelling to a particular place, or intended to go there
前往某地的
•The flight was destined for Cairo. 本次航班飞往开罗。
3.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] literary a destined person or thing is one that you will have in the future
〔人或事物〕命中注定的
•the King’s destined bride 国王命中注定的新娘
dimly
adv. 朦胧地；微暗
downfall
/’daʊnfɔːl/
1.complete loss of your money, moral standards, social position etc, or the sudden failure of an organization
破产；堕落，衰败；〔组织的突然〕垮台
•the scandal that led to the president’s downfall 导致总统下台的丑闻
2.something that causes a complete failure or loss of someone’s money, moral standards, social position etc
造成破产[堕落，衰败，垮台等]的原因
be sb’s downfall
•an addiction to gambling that proved to be her downfall 最后导致她堕落的赌瘾
dreadful
/’dredf ə l/
1.extremely unpleasant糟糕透顶的，极其讨厌的
SYN terrible
THESAURUS bad horrible
•We’ve had some dreadful weather lately. 最近我们这里的天气糟透了。
•Michelle felt absolutely dreadful (= very ill ) . 米歇尔感觉病得很厉害。
2.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] used to emphasize how bad something or someone is
极糟的，可怕的〔用于强调〕
SYN terrible
•a dreadful mistake 可怕的错误
dreary
/'drɪ ə ri/ also 又作 drear dull and making you feel sad or bored沉闷的；令人沮丧的 •the same dreary routine 一成不变的、乏味的日常事务 •a dreary winter’s day 沉闷的冬日 DERIVATIVE 派生词 dreariness n [U]
ejaculate
/ɪ’dʒækjʊleɪt,ɪ’dʒækjəleɪt/
1.when a man ejaculates, semen comes out of his penis
射(精)
2.old-fashioned <i>or</i> literary to suddenly shout or say something, especially because you are surprised
〔尤指因惊奇而〕喊出；突然说出
DERIVATIVE 派生词
ejaculation n /ɪ͵dʒækjəˋleʃən ; ɪ‚dʒækjʊ’leɪʃən,ɪ‚dʒækjə’leɪʃən / [C,U]
eliminate
vt. 消除；排除
/ɪ’lɪmɪneɪt,ɪ’lɪməneɪt/
1.to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted消除，根除
RELTD eradicate
THESAURUS remove
eliminate a need/possibility/risk/problem etc
•The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques. 有了信用卡就不需要使用现金或支票了。
•There is no solution that will totally eliminate the possibility of theft. 没有办法可以完全杜绝盗窃案的发生。
eliminate sth/sb from sth
•Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet. 饮食中应该避免摄入高脂肪食物。
2.[usually passive,一般用被动态] to defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it
〔在比赛中〕淘汰
SYN knock out
•Our team was eliminated in the first round. 我们队第一轮就被淘汰了。
3.to kill someone in order to prevent them from causing trouble消灭，铲除
THESAURUS kill
•a ruthless dictator who eliminated all his rivals 铲除所有异己的残酷独裁者
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say get rid of rather than eliminate .
在日常英语中，人们一般说get rid of，而不说eliminate
•It is almost impossible to get rid of the problem. 要摆脱这个问题几乎是不可能的。
engraft
vt. 嫁接（树木等）；灌输（思想等）；使牢记
epoch
/'iːpɒk/ a period of history时代，纪元 SYN era THESAURUS period •the Victorian epoch 维多利亚时代 •The king’s death marked the end of an epoch. 这位国王的去世标志着一个时代的结束。 •the beginning of a new epoch 新纪元的开始
era
/’ɪərə/
a period of time in history that is known for a particular event, or for particular qualities
时代，年代
THESAURUS period
•His death marked the end of an era. 他的去世标志着一个时代的终结。
•the Victorian era 维多利亚时代
[+ of]
•We live in an era of instant communication. 我们生活在一个信息即时交流的时代。
•a new era of world peace 世界和平的新时代
evidently
/’evɪdəntli,’evədəntli/
1.[sentence adverb,句子副词] used to say that something is true because you can see that it is true明显地，显然
SYN clearly
•She was evidently a heavy smoker. 她显然烟瘾很大。
•He was evidently in pain. 他显然很痛。
•She was evidently upset by what she saw. 她显然对所见到的事情感到不快。
•Evidently, the builders had finished and gone home early. 很明显，建筑工人干完活后早早回家了。
2.used to say that you have been told that something is true据说
SYN apparently
He was evidently a rude, unpleasant child. 据说他是个粗鲁而讨厌的孩子。
•Evidently, the local authority are planning to close the school. 据说地方当局打算关闭该学校。
extravagant
/ɪk’strævəɡənt/
1.spending or costing a lot of money, especially more than is necessary or more than you can afford奢侈的；挥霍的
•Would it be too extravagant to buy both? 把两个都买下会不会太奢侈了？
•an extravagant lifestyle 奢侈的生活方式
2.doing or using something too much or more than is necessary
〔事情做得〕过度的；大手大脚的
•an extravagant display of loyalty 过分表露忠诚
[+ with]
•Don’t be too extravagant with the wine. 不要酗酒。
3.if someone makes extravagant claims, promises etc, they make big claims or promises that are not true or real
〔主张、承诺等〕不切实际的
•extravagant claims about the drug’s effectiveness 对该药疗效的夸张说法
DERIVATIVE 派生词
extravagantly adv
extravagance n [C,U]
•the extravagance of the Royal Palace 皇宫的富丽堂皇
•His only extravagance (= the only expensive thing he bought ) was fine wine. 他唯一的奢侈品是美酒。
faint
/feɪnt/
1.difficult to see, hear, smell etc
不清楚的，模糊的
THESAURUS quiet
•She gave a faint smile. 她淡淡一笑。
•a very faint noise 很微弱的声响
•the faint light of dawn 微弱的晨光
2.a faint hope/possibility/chance etc
a very small or slight hope etc
微弱的希望/很小的可能性/些微的可能等
•a faint hope that they might be alive 他们渺茫的生还希望
3.not have the faintest idea
to not know anything at all about something
完全不知道
•I don’t have the faintest idea what you’re talking about. 我一点都不知道你在说什么。
→ at 见 damn →damn sb/sth with faint praise at 见 damn6
DERIVATIVE 派生词
faintly adv
•Everyone looked faintly surprised. 每个人都显得有点吃惊。
•The sun shone faintly through the clouds. 微弱的阳光透过云层照射下来。
faintness n [U]
faint 2 v. [I ]
1.to suddenly become unconscious for a short time晕倒，昏厥
SYN pass out
•Several fans fainted in the blazing heat. 几个球迷在炽热高温下晕过去了。
2.I nearly/almost fainted
spoken used to say that you were very surprised by something
我差点昏过去〔表示很惊讶〕
•I nearly fainted when they told me the price. 他们告诉我价格时，我差点昏过去。
faint 3 n. [singular 单数]
an act of becoming unconscious昏厥
in a (dead) faint
•She fell down in a faint. 她昏倒了。
forbid
/fə’bɪd/
pt: forbade pp: forbidden pres part: forbidding
1.to tell someone that they are not allowed to do something, or that something is not allowed禁止，不许
OPP permit
forbid sb to do sth
•He was forbidden to leave the house, as a punishment. 作为惩罚，他被禁止离开家。
forbid sb from doing sth
•Women are forbidden from going out without a veil. 妇女不戴面纱禁止出门。
strictly/expressly/explicitly etc forbid
•The law strictly forbids racial or sexual discrimination. 法律严禁种族或性别歧视。
2.God/Heaven forbid
spoken used to emphasize that you hope that something will not happen
但愿不会发生这样的事
•‘Supposing I had an accident.’ ‘God forbid!’ “假设我出了意外事故呢。”“但愿不会发生这样的事！”
3.formal to make it impossible for someone to do something
阻止；妨碍，使〔某人〕不可能做某事
SYN prevent 【正式】
•Lack of space forbids listing the names of all those who contributed. 由于篇幅限制，无法列出所有捐款人的姓名。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say that someone is not allowed to do something rather than is forbidden to do something.
在日常英语中，人们一般说someone is not allowed to do something，不说someone is forbidden to do something
•He was not allowed to leave the house. 他被禁止离开那幢房子。
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.forbid 禁止
to tell someone in a very strong way that they must not do something or that something is not allowed
•His doctor had strictly forbidden him to drink alcohol. 他的医生严禁他饮酒。
•It is forbidden to say such things. 此类话语是禁止的。
2.not allow 不允许
to say that someone must not do or have something, and stop them doing or having it
•The company does not allow smoking inside the building. 公司不准在大楼内吸烟。
•Mobile phones are not allowed in school. 校内禁用手机。
3.undefined
fro
adv. 向后；向那边
gasp
/ɡɑːsp/
1.[I,T] to breathe in suddenly in a way that can be heard, especially because you are surprised or in pain〔因惊讶或疼痛而〕大声吸气，倒抽气
•‘My leg!’ he gasped. ‘I think it’s broken!’ “我的腿！”他倒抽一口气喊道，“我觉得腿断了！”
[+ in/with]
•Ollie gasped with pain and slumped forward. 奥利疼得直抽气，往前栽倒下去。
[+ at]
•The audience gasped at the splendour of the costumes. 华丽的服装令观众惊叹。
2.[I] to breathe quickly in a way that can be heard because you are having difficulty breathing〔由于呼吸困难而〕急促吸气
RELTD pant
THESAURUS breathe
gasp for air/breath
•Brendan climbed slowly, gasping for breath. 布伦丹上气不接下气地缓慢攀爬。
3.be gasping (for sth)
spoken to feel that you urgently need something such as a drink or cigarette
渴望得到（某物）
•I’m gasping for a pint! 我好想喝一大杯啤酒啊！
gasp 2 n. [C ]
1.when you take in a breath suddenly in a way that can be heard, especially because you are surprised or in pain
〔尤指惊讶或疼痛引起的〕大声吸气，倒抽气
•She gave a little gasp and clutched George’s hand. 她轻轻地倒抽一口气，抓住了乔治的手。
[+ of]
•With a gasp of pure horror, Lewis jumped up and ran. 刘易斯吓得倒抽了一口气，跳起来就跑。
2.when you breathe in air quickly because you are having difficulty breathing
〔呼吸困难引起的〕急促吸气
•Her breath came in shallow gasps. 她的呼吸浅而急促。
3.sb’s/sth’s last gasp
the time when someone is about to die, or when something is about to stop happening or existing
某人/某物的最后一口气
•the last gasp of an industry in decline 一个没落行业的最后一口气
germ
/dʒɜːm/
1a very small living thing that can make you ill病菌，细菌
→ bacteria
•Put disinfectant down the toilet to kill any germs. 在抽水马桶里投放消毒剂杀菌。
2.the germ of an idea/theory/feeling etc
the early stage of an idea, feeling etc that may develop into something bigger and more important
观念/理论/感情等的萌芽
•The germ of a story began to form in his mind. 一个故事开始在他的头脑里成形。
3.technical the part of a plant or animal that can develop into a new plant or animal
胚原基，胚芽
→ wheatgerm → germ warfare
•germ cells containing DNA 含DNA的生殖细胞
harangue
/hə’ræŋ/
to speak in a loud angry way, often for a long time, in order to criticize someone or to persuade them that you are right
对…慷慨激昂地演说；高声训斥
harangue sb about sth
•He stood on the street corner, haranguing passers-by about the stupidity of the forthcoming war. 他站在街角向路人慷慨陈词，痛诉这场即将爆发的战争是如何荒唐。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
harangue n [C]
n. 长篇大论；高谈阔论；热烈的演说
vt. 向…滔滔不绝地演讲；大声训斥
vi. 高谈阔论；慷慨陈词
过去式 harangued过去分词 harangued现在分词 haranguing
hush
/hʌʃ/
1.hush
spoken used to tell people to be quiet, or to comfort a child who is crying or upset
嘘〔用于叫人别出声或哄小孩子〕
•Hush, now. Try to get to sleep. 嘘，别哭了。 好好睡吧。
2.[T] written to make someone stop shouting, talking, crying etc
使安静（下来）
•Ella asked them to hush their voices. 埃拉叫他们别作声。
3.[I] written to stop shouting, talking etc
安静（下来）
•The audience hushed as he stepped onto the stage. 他走上舞台，观众安静了下来。
PHRVB 短语动词
hush sth ←→ upphr v
to prevent people from knowing about something dishonest or immoral
隐瞒，遮掩〔不诚实或不道德之事〕
•The whole affair was hushed up by the government. 政府隐瞒了整个事件。
hush 2 n.
1.[singular,单数] a period of silence, especially when people are expecting something to happen
寂静，安静〔尤在人们期待某事发生时〕
•A sudden hush fell over the crowd. 人群突然变得鸦雀无声。
2.a bit of hush
spoken used to ask people, especially noisy children, to be quiet
安静一点〔尤用于要求吵闹的小孩〕
•Let’s have a bit of hush, please, gentlemen. 先生们，请大家安静 一点。
immeasurable
ɪ’meʒərəbəl/
adj. 无限的；[数] 不可计量的；不能测量的
used to emphasize that something is too big or too extreme to be measured
无法计量的
•
The refugee problem has now reached immeasurable proportions. 难民问题现在已经到了无法估量的程度。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
immeasurably adv
•
Your Spanish has improved immeasurably. 你的西班牙语进步极大。
infinite
/'ɪnfɪnɪt,'ɪnfənɪt,'ɪnfɪnət,'ɪnfənət/ 1.very great in amount or degree 〔数量或程度上〕极大的 •a woman of infinite patience 极有耐心的女子 an infinite number/variety of sth •There was an infinite variety of drinks to choose from. 有各种各样的饮料可以选择。 2.without limits in space or time 〔空间或时间〕无限的，无穷无尽的 OPP finite •The universe is infinite. 宇宙是无限的。 → at 见 wisdom →in sb’s (infinite) wisdom at 见 wisdom4 → non-finite
insane
/ɪn’seɪn/
1.informal completely stupid or crazy, often in a way that is dangerous愚蠢的；疯狂的
•That’s an insane risk. 那是疯狂的冒险之举。
•The whole idea sounds absolutely insane to me. 整个主意在我看来荒谬至极。
•Why did you do that? Have you gone insane? 为什么这么做？你疯了吗？
2.someone who is insane is permanently and seriously mentally ill so that they cannot live in normal society
精神错乱的；精神失常的；疯癫的
•The killer was declared criminally insane. 这名杀人犯被判定为精神失常犯罪。
3.the insane
people who are mentally ill
精神病患者
•a hospital for the insane 精神病院
DERIVATIVE 派生词
insanely adv
•insanely jealous 疯狂地妒忌
•She giggled insanely. 她傻乎乎地咯咯笑了。
以上来源于《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
ion
/’aɪən/
technical
an atom which has been given a positive or negative force by adding or taking away an electron离子
jealousy
/’dʒeləsi/
pl: jealousies
a feeling of being jealous妒忌，嫉妒
RELTD envy
•Sexual jealousy is a common motive for murder. 性嫉妒是常见的谋杀动机。
•feelings of professional jealousy 职业上的嫉妒感
•He quickly discovered the petty jealousies and gossip of village life. 他很快就发现，在乡村生活中，人们狭隘善妒，喜欢传播流言蜚语。
a pang/stab/twinge of jealousy (=a sudden feeling of jealousy)一阵嫉妒
•Polly felt a sharp pang of jealousy when she saw Paul with Suzanne. 波莉看到保罗和苏珊娜在一起时，一阵强烈的妒意涌上心头。
launch
/lɔːntʃ/
1.START STH 开始做某事
to start something, usually something big or important
发动，发起，开始从事〔大型或重要活动〕
•The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000. 为了筹集15万美元，该组织发起了一场募捐活动。
•The Canadian police plan to launch an investigation into the deal. 加拿大警方计划对这宗交易进行调查。
•The book launched his career as a novelist. 这本书开启了他的小说创作生涯。
launch an attack/assault/offensive
•The press launched a vicious attack on the President. 新闻界开始对总统进行恶毒攻击。
2.PRODUCT 产品
to make a new product, book etc available for sale for the first time
把〔新产品、新书等〕投放市场；出版，发行
•The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October. 公司希望于明年10月前推出这种新药。
3.BOAT 船
to put a boat or ship into the water
使〔船〕下水
PHRVB 短语动词
launch into sthphr v
1.to suddenly start a description or story, or suddenly start criticizing something
突然开始〔描述、叙述或抨击〕，发起
•Nelson launched into a blistering criticism of greedy lawyers. 纳尔逊开始对贪心不足的律师予以猛烈抨击。
2.to suddenly start doing something
投入，开始干
•Don’t just launch into exercise without warming up first. 没有热身不要立即开始做运动。
launch outphr vBrE
1.to start something new, especially something that involves risk
开始，着手〔新事情，尤指有风险的事〕
launch 2 n. [C ]
1.when a new product, book etc is made available or made known
〔新产品的〕投放市场；〔新书的〕发行
•a new product launch 新产品的推出
[+ of]
•the launch of a new women’s magazine 一本新女性杂志的发行
2.a large boat with a motor
游艇，汽艇
3.when a weapon or spacecraft is sent into the sky or into space
〔武器或航天器的〕发射
marvel
/’mɑːv ə l/
pp: marvelled marveled pt: marvelled marveled pres part: marvelling marveling
to feel or express great surprise or admiration at something, especially someone’s behaviour
〔尤指对某人的行为〕感到惊讶，钦佩；赞美
•‘The man is a genius,’ marvelled Claire. “这人是个天才。”克莱尔赞叹道。
[+ at/over]
•I marvelled at my mother’s ability to remain calm in a crisis. 我佩服母亲处变不惊的本领。
•Visitors to Rome marvel over the beauty of the city. 到罗马的游客都对这座城市的美丽赞叹不已。
marvel that
•I marvelled that anyone could be so stupid. 我感到惊讶，竟会有人如此愚蠢。
marvel 2 n. [C ]
something or someone that is extremely useful or skilful
十分有用[灵巧]的物[人]
SYN miracle,wonder
•an engineering marvel 工程上的一个奇迹
•I don’t know how he did it – he’s an absolute marvel! 我不知道他是怎么成功的——他真了不起！
[+ of]
•the marvels of modern science 现代科学的奇迹
mere
/mɪə/
superl: merest
1.used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is
仅仅，只不过〔用于强调小或微不足道〕
•She lost the election by a mere 20 votes. 她仅仅以20票之差落选。
•He’s a mere child. 他只是个孩子。
•It can’t be a mere coincidence that they left at the same time. 他们同时离开不可能仅仅是巧合。
2.used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important
极小的，极不重要的〔用于表示某物虽小或平常，却有很大的影响或重要性〕
•The merest little noise makes him nervous. 一丁点的响声也会使他紧张。
•The mere thought of food made her feel sick. 一想到食物她就恶心。
•The mere fact that the talks are continuing is a positive sign. 会谈仍在继续，单单这一点就是个好的征兆。
mere 2 n. [C ]literary
a lake
millennium
/mɪ’leniəm/
pl: millennia
1.a period of 1,000 years
一千年，千年期
•people who have inhabited this land for millennia 在这片土地上已经居住了数千年的人们
2.[usually singular,一般用单数] the time when a new 1,000-year period begins
新千年开始的时刻，新千年开始之际
•the beginning of a new millennium 新千年伊始
•events which took place at the turn of the last millennium 在上个千年之交发生的事件
DERIVATIVE 派生词
millennial adj
momentous
/məʊ’mentəs,mə-/
a momentous event, change, or decision is very important because it will have a great influence on the future
〔事件、变化或决定等〕重大的，重要的
THESAURUS important
•a momentous decision 重大决定
•Momentous events are taking place in the US. 美国正在发生重大事件。
•His colleagues all recognized that this was a momentous occasion . 他的同事都认识到这是一个重要时刻。
•one of the most momentous days in British sport 英国体育事业最重要的日子之一
monotony
/mə’nɒt ə ni/
the quality of being always the same, which makes something boring, especially someone’s life or work
〔尤指生活和工作的〕单调乏味，无变化，千篇一律
[+ of]
•She wanted to escape the monotony of her everyday life. 她想摆脱每天一成不变的单调生活。
relieve/break the monotony
•He suggested a card game to relieve the monotony of the journey. 他建议在旅途中打纸牌解闷。
moss
n. 苔藓；泥沼
vt. 使长满苔藓
motor
/’məʊtə/
MEANINGS 义项
1.the part of a machine that makes it work or move, by changing power, especially electrical power, into movement
马达；发动机；电动机
•an electric motor 电动马达
Motor is not generally used to refer to the part of a vehicle which produces the power for it to move. Use engine 通常不用motor指车辆的发动机，而用engine: My car needs a new engine. 我的车需要换一台新的发动机。
2.old-fashioned or informal a car汽车
•That’s a nice motor you’ve got, Dave. 你这车不错啊，戴夫。
→ outboard motor
motor 2 adj. [only before noun 仅用于名词前]
1.relating to cars or other vehicles with engines汽车的；机动车辆的
•the motor industry 汽车工业
•a motor accident 车祸
•motor insurance 汽车保险
2.having an engine有引擎的，机动的
•a motor scooter 低座小摩托车
3.technical relating to nerves that make muscles move运动神经的
•impaired motor function 受损的运动神经功能
motor 3 v. [I always + adv/prep ]
old-fashioned
to travel by car
乘汽车旅行；驾车旅行
•Bertie is motoring down from London. 伯蒂要从伦敦开车走。
nay
/neɪ/
1.[sentence adverb,句子副词] literary used when you are adding something to emphasize what you have just said
不但如此，而且〔用于强调〕
•a bright e_SEnD nay, a blinding light 一道明亮，甚至令人目眩的光
2.old use used to say no不，否
•Nay, lad. It’s not that bad. 不，小伙子。 没有那么糟。
nay 2 n. [C ]
a ‘no’ – used when voting
反对〔用于投票〕
overboard
əʊvəbɔːd/
adv. 自船上落下；向船外
adj. 极其热心的；全身心投入的
1.over the side of a ship or boat into the water从船舷掉入水中
•One of the crew fell overboard and drowned. 有一个船员从船上落水淹死了。
•Man overboard (= said when someone falls off a boat )! 有人落水了！
2.go overboard
to do or say something that is too extreme for a particular situation
做事[说话]过分，走极端
•I hope politicians will not go overboard in trying to control the press. 我希望政客们在控制媒体方面不要做得太过分。
3.throw sth overboard
to get rid of an idea, system etc that is considered to be useless or unnecessary
抛弃某事物，去除某事物
platform
/’plætfɔːm/
1.TRAIN 火车
the raised place beside a railway track where you get on and off a train in a station
站台，月台
•The Edinburgh train will depart from platform six. 开往爱丁堡的火车将从六号站台发车。
2.FOR SPEECHES 用于演讲
a stage for people to stand on when they are making a speech, performing etc
讲台；戏台，舞台
•a small raised platform at one end of the room 房间一端凸起的小讲台
3.POLITICS 政治
[usually singular] the main ideas and aims of a political party, especially the ones that they state just before an election 〔尤指竞选之前发表的〕政纲，纲领
•a strong women’s rights platform 强硬的妇女权利政纲
•the Labour party platform 工党纲领
a chance for someone to express their opinions, especially their political opinions 〔发表观点的〕机会，讲坛〔尤指政治讲坛〕
[+ for]
•The conference provides a platform for people on the left wing of the party. 这次会议给该党的左翼人士提供了发表意见的机会。
plunge
/plʌndʒ/
1.[I,T always + adv/prep] to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards
（使）突然向前倒下[跌落]
[+ off/into etc]
•Her car swerved and plunged off the cliff. 她的车突然转向，冲下了悬崖。
•Both the climbers had plunged to their deaths . 两位攀登者都坠落身亡。
2.[I] if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount
〔价格、比率等〕暴跌，骤降
•The unemployment rate plunged sharply. 失业率骤降。
•In the recession, the company’s profits plunged 60%. 萧条时期，那家公司的利润骤跌了60%。
[+ to]
•Oil prices have plunged to a new low . 石油价格创了新低。
3.[I] literary if a ship plunges, it moves violently up and down because of big waves〔船〕猛烈地颠簸
THESAURUS decrease
PHRVB 短语动词
plunge inphr v
1.to start talking or doing something quickly and confidently, especially without thinking about it first贸然行动
•It’s a difficult situation. You can’t just plunge in and put everything right. 情况棘手，不是贸然行动就解决得了的。
•‘I don’t agree,’ she said, plunging into the conversation. “我不同意。”她突然加入了谈话。
2.to jump or dive into water跳进〔水中〕
•He stripped off and plunged into the sea. 他脱光衣服跳入海中。
3.plunge sth←→in to push something firmly and deeply into something else
把某物投[插，刺]入某物
•He opened the bag and plunged his hand in. 他打开包，把手伸了进去。
•Plunge the pasta into boiling water. 把意大利面倒入沸水中。
•Repeatedly she plunged the knife into his chest. 她在他的胸膛连刺数刀。
plunge ( sb/sth ) into sthphr v
1.to suddenly experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, or to make someone or something do this
（使某人/某物）陷入[遭受]〔某种困难或不利局面〕
•A strike would plunge the country into chaos. 罢工会让国家陷入混乱。
•The house was suddenly plunged into darkness . 房子一下子陷入黑暗之中。
•After the war, the family plunged into debt. 战后，这家人债台高筑。
plunge 2 n.
1.take the plunge
to decide to do something important or risky, especially after thinking about it for a long time
〔尤指经过长时间思考之后〕决定奋力一搏，决定冒险一试
•We took the plunge and set up our own business. 我们毅然决定自己创业。
2.[C] a sudden large decrease in the price, value etc of something
〔价格、价值等的〕骤降
[+ in]
•a dramatic plunge in house prices 房价的暴跌
3.[C usually singular,一般用单数] a sudden movement down or forwards
突降；俯冲
•The plane began a headlong plunge towards the Earth. 飞机开始栽向地面。
ponder
/’pɒndə/
formal
to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened
仔细考虑，深思
SYN consider 【正式】
THESAURUS think
•He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home. 他一边往家走一边继续思考那个问题。
[+ on/over/about]
•The university board is still pondering over the matter. 大学董事会仍在考虑那个问题。
ponder how/what/whether
•Jay stood still for a moment, pondering whether to go or not. 杰伊静静地站了一会儿，琢磨着要不要去。
queer
/kwɪə/ 1.taboo an offensive word used to describe someone who is homosexual, especially a man. Do not use this word. 〔尤指男性〕同性恋的 2.old-fashioned strange or difficult to explain 奇怪的；难以解释的 •She gave a queer laugh. 她古怪地笑了笑。 •Hank was beginning to feel a little queer. 汉克开始感觉有点不对头。 3.queer in the head old-fashioned slightly crazy 脑子有问题的；精神不太正常的 DERIVATIVE 派生词 queerly adv •Sue looked at him queerly. 休神情古怪地望着他。 queer 2 n. [C ] taboo an offensive word for a homosexual person, especially a man. Do not use this word. 同性恋者〔尤指男性〕 queer 3 v. queer sb's pitch/queer the pitch for sb informal to make it difficult for someone to do something that they had planned to do 破坏[阻挠]某人的计划
reel
/riːl/
1.to be confused or shocked by a situation
迷惑；震惊
•Norman’s brain was reeling, but he did his best to appear calm. 诺曼头都晕了，但他尽量显得平静。
[+ from]
•The party is still reeling from its recent election defeat. 这个政党仍被最近的选举失利弄得晕头转向。
2.to step backwards suddenly and almost fall over, especially after being hit or getting a shock尤指被打或震惊而〕踉跄着后退
•Diane reeled back in amazement. 黛安娜惊讶得朝后打了一个趔趄。
•The force of the punch sent him reeling against the wall. 那一拳打得他趔趄着靠在墙上。
3.[always + adv/prep] to walk in an unsteady way and almost fall over, as if you are drunk
蹒跚，踉跄
•Andy reeled away from the bar and knocked over his stool. 安迪踉跄着离开吧台，把凳子都撞倒了。
reel sb/sth ←→ in phr v
1.to wind the reel on a fishing rod so that a fish caught on the line comes towards you
卷，绕 〔钓线〕
•It took almost an hour to reel the fish in. 花了将近一个小时才收了线，把鱼钓上来。
2.to get or attract a large number of people or things吸引〔大量的人或物〕
•The programme reels in more than 13 million viewers a show. 这节目每次播出都能吸引超过1,300万名观众收看。
reel sth ←→ offphr v
1.to repeat a lot of information quickly and easily一口气背出
•Jack reeled off a list of names. 杰克一口气背出了一长串名字。
2.to do something again and again
一再做某事
•The Yankees reeled off 14 straight wins. 扬基队连胜14场。
cotton reel <i>BrE</i> 【英】 棉线轴；reel 卷轴；a reel of film 一盘胶片 REEL 卷轴；卷盘
reel 2 n. [C ]
1.a round object onto which film, wire, a special string for fishing etc can be wound 卷轴，卷筒；卷盘；绕线轮
→<i>见</i> fishing
•a cotton reel 棉线轴
•a fishing rod and reel 钓竿和钓线轴
the amount that one of these objects will hold 一卷（之量）
•a reel of film 一卷胶卷
2.one of the parts of a cinema film that is contained on a reel
（一部影片的〕一盘
•the final reel 影片结尾部分
3.a quick folk dance, especially one from Scotland or Ireland, or the music for this
里尔舞〔一种轻快的民间舞蹈，尤指苏格兰或爱尔兰舞蹈〕；里尔舞曲
render
/’rendə/
1.to cause someone or something to be in a particular condition
使成为；使变得；使处于〔某种状态〕
render sb/sth impossible/harmless/unconscious etc
•He was rendered almost speechless by the news. 听到这个消息他几乎说不出话来。
•The blow to his head was strong enough to render him unconscious. 他头上挨了重重的一击，昏了过去。
2.formal to give something to someone or do something, because it is your duty or because someone expects you to
给予，提供
•an obligation to render assistance to those in need 为有困难的人提供援助的义务
•a bill of $3,200 for services rendered 一张3,200美元服务费的账单
render a decision/opinion/judgment etc
•It is unlikely that the court will render an opinion before November 5. 法庭不可能在11月5日以前表态。
3.to express or present something in a particular way〔以某种方式〕表达；表现
render sth as sth
•She made a sound that in print is rendered as ‘harrumph’. 她发出一个声音，写出来就是harrumph。
render sth sth
•Infrared film renders blue skies a deep black. 红外线胶片将蓝色的天空拍成深黑色。
render sth in sth
•a sculpture rendered in bronze 一尊青铜雕像
rivet
/’rɪvɪt,’rɪvət/
1.be riveted on/to/by sth
if your attention is riveted on something, you are so interested or so frightened that you keep looking at it
目不转睛地看某物
•All eyes were riveted on her in horror. 所有人都恐惧地盯着她看。
2.be riveted to the spot
to be so shocked or frightened that you cannot move
〔震惊或害怕得〕动弹不得
3.[T] to fasten something with rivets
〔用铆钉〕固定，铆接
rivet 2 n. [C ]
a metal pin used to fasten pieces of metal together铆钉
RELTD bolt
sheer
/ʃɪə/
MEANINGS 义项
1. the sheer weight/size etc used to emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc 〔某物〕之重/之大等〔用于强调〕 [+ of] • The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult. 该国幅员辽阔，造成了通信的困难。 2. sheer luck/happiness/stupidity etc luck, happiness etc with no other feeling or quality mixed with it 纯粹的运气/快乐/愚蠢等 SYN pure
• I’ll never forget the look of sheer joy on her face. 我永远也不会忘记她满脸喜悦的神情。 • sheer hypocrisy 十足的虚伪 3. a sheer drop, cliff, slope etc is very steep and almost vertical 〔悬崖、斜坡等〕陡峭的，近乎垂直的 显示更多 sheer 2 adv. 英 MEANINGS 义项
straight up or down in an almost vertical line
陡峭地，近乎垂直地
SYN steeply
• cliffs which rose sheer from the sea 从海面垂直拔起的悬崖 sheer 3 v. [I always + adv/prep ] 英 MEANINGS 义项
to change direction suddenly, especially in order to avoid something
突然转向〔尤指为了避开某物〕
SYN swerve
[+ off/away]
•
The boat sheered away and headed out to sea. 这艘小船突然转向朝大海驶去。
shift
/ʃɪft/
1.MOVE 移动
[I,T] to move from one place or position to another, or make something do this （使）移动，（使）转移
•Joe listened, shifting uncomfortably from one foot to another. 乔听着，不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。
•She shifted her gaze from me to Bobby. 她把目光从我身上移到博比身上。
[T] to move something, especially by picking it up and carrying it 移动；搬动
•Give me a hand to shift these chairs. 帮我挪一挪这几把椅子。
2.CHANGE ATTENTION 转移注意力
[T] to change a situation, discussion etc by giving special attention to one idea or subject instead of to a previous one
转移〔注意力等〕
shift sth away/onto/from etc
•The White House hopes to shift the media’s attention away from foreign policy issues. 白宫希望把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题上转移开。
attention/emphasis/focus shifts
•In this stage of a rape case, the focus often shifts onto the victim and her conduct. 强奸案审理到这一阶段，焦点往往会转移到受害人以及她的行为上去。
shift gear (=change what you are doing)转换行为
•It’s hard to shift gear when you come home after a busy day at work. 上班忙了一天回到家里很难回过神来。
3.CHANGE OPINION 改变观点
[I,T] if someone’s opinions, beliefs etc shift, they change转变；改变〔意见、信仰等〕
•Public opinion was beginning to shift to the right (= become more right-wing ) . 公众舆论开始右倾。
•shifting attitudes towards marriage 逐渐转变的婚姻观
•He refused to shift his ground (= change his opinion ) . 他拒绝改变自己的立场。
shift 2 n. [C ] AC
1.a change in the way people think about something, in the way something is done etc
〔想法、做法等的〕改变，转变
•a marked shift (= noticeable change ) in attitudes towards women 对女性态度的明显变化
[+ from/to]
•the shift from one type of economic system to another 从一种经济体系向另一种经济体系的转变
[+ in]
•an important shift in policy 政策上的重大改变
if workers in a factory, hospital etc work shifts, they work for a particular period of time during the day or night, and are then replaced by others, so that there are always people working 〔工厂、医院等轮班制中的〕当班时间
•
I work shifts. 我轮班工作。
•
A shift system has been introduced. 实行了轮班工作制。
do/work a (10-/12-/24- etc hour) shift
•
Dave had to work a 12-hour shift yesterday. 戴夫昨天要上一个12小时的班。
night/day etc shift
•
The thought of working night shifts put her off becoming a nurse. 想到要上夜班，她就打消了当护士的念头。
early/late shift
•
I’m on the early shift tomorrow. 明天我要上早班。
shift work/worker/working
•
people who do shift work 做轮班工作的人
the workers who work during one of these periods 轮班工人
night/day/early/late shift
•
before the early shift goes off duty 在早班工人下班之前
2.
a shift key
〔键盘上的〕shift键，换挡键
•
To run the spell-checker, press SHIFT and F7. 要使用拼写检查程序，按shift键和F7键。
3.
a simple straight loose-fitting woman’s dress
直筒连衣裙
