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AP Psych > U6: Development > Flashcards

U6: Development Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

changes (physical, cognitive, social, emotional) across lifespan

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2
Q

germinal stage

A

conception to 2 weeks
sygot
dna is assembled

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3
Q

embryonic stage

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks
embryo
organ development and cells differentiate into differnt functions

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4
Q

fetal stage

A

9 weeks to birth
fetus
organs continue to grow and funtion mroe efficiently
can kick and make a fist

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5
Q

critical period

A

sensitive time period when certain developmental milestone need to occur

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6
Q

critical period in prenatal development

A

embryonic stage

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7
Q

placenta

A

provides nutrients to teh body

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8
Q

teratogens

A

harmful substances that can cause birth defects

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9
Q

cephalocaudal trend

A

development that occurs from head to toe

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10
Q

proximodistal trend

A

development that occurs from center to outward

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11
Q

maturation

A

genetically predetermined sequence of development (nature viewpoint)

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12
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary movements

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13
Q

rooting

A

reflex where baby turns face towards cheek being touched

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14
Q

moro

A

reflex where baby sprawls out when they feel like they are falling

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15
Q

babinski

A

reflex where baby fans out feet when tickled

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16
Q

vision in newborn

A

worst sense; prefer larger objects, objects with contrast, prefer human faces

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17
Q

hearing in newborn

A

prefer high pitched, exaggerated, expressive human voices

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18
Q

taste in newborn

A

prefer sweet tasting things

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19
Q

longititudal design

A

oe group of participants studied over a long period of time

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20
Q

cross sectional design

A

different age groups tested at one time

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21
Q

cohort effects

A

occurs when differences among groups (cohorts) are due to life experiences, historical events, etc
generational gaps

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22
Q

cross sequential design

A

start with differnt age groups and then follow each group over a period of time in intermitent time checks

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23
Q

temperment

A

way of expressing needs and emotions

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24
Q

easy temperment

A

not overly fussy
predictable
adjusts to situations well

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25
Q

difficult temperament

A

more fussy and irrtable
not predictable
hard time adjusting to new situations

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26
Q

slow tow arm temperment

A

start off wary then adjust well when comfortable

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27
Q

inhibited vs unhibited temperment

A

inhibited - gaurded she timdid
unhibited - lets gaud down easily, open to new experiences

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28
Q

attachmnet

A

emotional bond between a child and their caregiver

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29
Q

harlow

A

did a test with monkeys and surrogate mothers of mesh and terry cloth

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30
Q

harlows theory of attechment

A

there is a biological need for contact and comfort

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31
Q

seperation anxiety

A

feelings of distress that young chuildren may experience when cargiver leaves

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32
Q

mary ainsworth’s strange situation

A

feelings of distress that young children may experience when caregiver leaves
also dealed with types of attachment

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33
Q

secure attachment

A

can trust easily; is attuned to emotions; can communicate when upset; coopertive behavior

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34
Q

anxious ambivalent (resistant) attchment

A

very clingy to parent and gets very inconsluble when parent leaves

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35
Q

anxious avoident attachment

A

minmal interaction with parents and does not care when they leave

36
Q

anxious disorganized attachment

A

inconsistent attachment

37
Q

Erikson

A

stages of development

38
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

0 -1
is the world predictable and suprotive; reliable care
event: attachment

39
Q

autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

2-3
am i self sufficient or must i rely on others; independence
event: toilet training

40
Q

initiatve vs guilt

A

3-6
am i good or bad. will i feel guilty for trying new things; control over enviorment
event - exploration

41
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

7-12
am i successful or am i worthless; how can i function in comarison to others
event - school

42
Q

identity vs role confusion

A

12-18
who am i; what is my place in society; identity
event - developing sense of self and social belonging

43
Q

intimacy vs isolation

A

20-30
am i able to become close iwth other and maintain my sense of self
event - relationships

44
Q

generativity vs stagnation

A

30-35
m i able to give love and attention beyond myslef; have i nutured teh next generation
event - work and parent hood

45
Q

schemas

A

mental represtations of objects events, etc
created through experience

46
Q

assimilation

A

fitting in
adding information to an existing schema
s we exxactly have in the past

47
Q

accommondation

A

if new info doesn’t fit, we have to modify an existing schema or make a new schema

48
Q

sensormimotor stage

A

birth to two years
mental activity is confined to sensory ad mptor functions
lacks object permenence

49
Q

object permenance

A

the ability to recognize that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
lacks in sensorimotor satge

50
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 yrs
play pretend, imaginative, represent things with wordsa nd images, use intuition instead of reasoning, lots of questions
displays animism, egocentrism, centration, and irreversibility
lacks theory of mind, and conservation

51
Q

animism

A

believing inanimate objects are real and have feelings
displayed in preoperational stage

52
Q

egocentrism

A

when a child believes that others see the world as they do
they cannot put themselves in someone elses shoes
displayed in preoperational stage

53
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to understand their own and other’s mental states are that they may differ
feeling, perceptions, and thoughts and they are the behaviors these might predict
lacking in preoperational stage

54
Q

conservation

A

the awarness that physical quantoties remmain the same despit changes in shape and appearence
lacking in preoperational stage

55
Q

centration

A

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
displayed in preoperational stage

56
Q

irreversibility

A

the inability t envision reversing an action
displayed in preoperational stage

57
Q

concrete opertaional

A

7-11 yrs
developed conservation
lack of egocentrism and animism
can use simple logic like addition or subtraction
CANNOT use higher level though or abstract reasoning

58
Q

formal operational stage

A

11+ yrs
can use higher level thought
can think abstractly
can use reason to hypothesize

59
Q

vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development

A

social interaction/cultrue/language development influence cognitive development
children benefit from mentors who scoffold

60
Q

zone of proximal development

A

made by vygotsky
range of tasks that are too difficult for a person to learn along but can be accomplished with guidance from someone with experience in the task

61
Q

vygotsky

A

made sociocultural theory of cognitive development
made zone of proximal development

62
Q

kohlberg’s moral development theory

A

preconventional stage - gaining rewards / avoiding punishments
conventional stage - following rules / laws; gaining other’s approval
postconventional stage - equality, justuce, ethical principles, human rights
frq has to have morla dilema)

63
Q

kohlberg

A

moral development theory

64
Q

gilligan

A

adpated kohlbergs theory to include gender differences in moral development and reasoning

65
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

parents - strict, unsympathetic, not open for discussion
children - somewhat unfriendly, withdrawn, distrustful, possibly aggressive

66
Q

permissive parenting style

A

parents - lacks discipline/ boundaries, gives complete freedom, more like a freinds
children - dependent, somehwta immature, lacks self regulation

67
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

parents - uses reasoing, encourages sialougue w/ children, increases childs responsibility over times
children - more friendly, coorperative, wee adjusted

68
Q

empathy vs sympathy

A

empathy - ability to relate to what someone else is going through
sympathy - just feeling bbad fro someone

69
Q

self regulation

A

ability to control own emotions or behaviors

70
Q

socialization

A

learning appropiate behaviors/norms in society
not gender relationship

71
Q

sex vs gender

A

sex - gnetics/ biology
gender - society defines gender

72
Q

gender schemas

A

appropiate behaviors, emotions, attitudes, occupations, etc for gender

73
Q

gender roles

A

particular part of eh schema that relates specifically to culturally defined appropiate behaviors each gender

74
Q

gender stereotypes

A

particular part of teh schema that relates specifically to the culturally influenced beliefs about each gender

75
Q

puberty
primary vs secondary sex characteristics

A

biological and physical chages that occur during adolescnce in prepertaion for reproduction
primary sex characteristics - mecessary for reproduction
secondary sex characteristics - changes taht are not necessary for reproduction

76
Q

synaptic pruning

A

getting rid of inefficient and unnessacary synaptic connection

77
Q

synaptic pruning

A

getting rid of inefficient / unnecessary synaptic connection

78
Q

prefrontal cortex and risk taking

A

still developing prefrontal cortex and increased ris taking
continues to develop until about 25 yrs
prefrontal in in charge of higher order thinking, decsion making, planning)

79
Q

marcia

A

four identity statuses

80
Q

marcias 4 identity statuses

A

achievmet - successful achievment of a sense of identity
foreclousure - unquestioning adoptation of parental or societal norms
moratorium - active struggling for a sense of identity
diffusion - absence of struggle for identity with no obvious concern about it

81
Q

social identity theoru

A

to what extent do the groups one belongs to influence one’s identity
of all sociocultural groups you belong to, which most influences your identity

82
Q

early adulthood

A

20-40 yrs
physical and cognitive growth continues
social focus - intimace vs isolation (erikson)
establishing self and career

83
Q

middle adulthood

A

40-65 yrs
social focus - gnerativity vs stagnation (erikson)
cognitive is still good overall
sight physical deterioation
decline in eyesight, hearing, soreness)

84
Q

late adulthood

A

social focus: intergrity and despair
cognition: slower rocessing, fluid intelligence starts to decline
physical: continued deterion of body and blood flow to brain

85
Q

dementia

A

significant changes in cognitive processing

86
Q

longevity

A

females tend to live longer

87
Q

terminal drop

A

sharp decline in cognitive abilities
usually just before death

AP Psych (8 decks)

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