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AP Psych > U5 P1 - Memory Cognition and Language > Flashcards

U5 P1 - Memory Cognition and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

thinking and mental processes

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2
Q

encoding, storage, and retrieval

A

encoding - bringing in information from enviorment and processing
storage - holding information in memory over time
retrivial - pulling back information from storage into consciousness

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3
Q

attetion

A

infor most attended to will be encoded better and therefore remebered better

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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

being able to focus on covo and shifting attention when name is said

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5
Q

structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding

A

structural - encoding what the stimulus looks like
phonemic - encoding what the stimulus sounds like
semantic - encoding what the stimulus means

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6
Q

elabroaticve encoding

A

making connection between old and new information

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7
Q

self referent encoding

A

a form of elaborative encoding that makes connection bewteen new info and yourself

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8
Q

levels of processing

A

how deeply we encode the information determines how well we recall the information

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9
Q

information processing model

A

information is made up of 3 stores: sensory, short term, and long term

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10
Q

sensory memory

A

iconic - visual
echoic - auditory

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11
Q

chunking

A

grouping items 9increases amount of info we can recall

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12
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed vivid memories of emotionally significant events 9usually when we first heard the info0

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13
Q

schemas

A

menatl reprentations of people, objects, events usulally craeted by experience

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14
Q

parallel distributed processing

A

momory consits of a network of interconnected fact where new info is added to teh network; mroe interconecdondess = better recall

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15
Q

mnemonic devices

A

strategies for enhancing memory that involove unusual association

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16
Q

acrostics and acroyms

A

phrases and words formed using teh first letter

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17
Q

link method

A

forming a mental image of items to be remebered in a way that links them together

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18
Q

method of loci

A

taking awalk along a familiar path wghere items to be remebered are accosciated iwt familar location

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19
Q

overlearning

A

repeated rehersal of material after tyou first seemed to have mastered it to overcome the forgetting curve

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20
Q

context dependent learning

A

remebering information best inthe same physical location as where the information was learned

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21
Q

remevering

A

information best in the same phsyoligical state as when info was learned

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22
Q

mood congruency

A

info processing is facilitated in a person’s eotional state in similar to teh tone of the info being leraned

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23
Q

distributed vs massed practice

A

distributed - learning in mslal intervals
massed - learning in large chunck

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24
Q

seriel position effect

A

better recall of itens at beginning and end of list
primacy effect - beginning of list
recenecy effect - end of list

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25
Q

tip of touge phenomenon

A

retrieval of incomplete information

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26
Q

constructive memory

A

using exusting shecmas to fill in gaps in meomory during encoding and retrieval

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27
Q

elizabeth loftus

A

misinfomation effect - asked questions about two cars

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28
Q

misinformation effect

A

when momory is affected by post event information

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29
Q

relaity monitoring

A

process of deciding whether memories are based off of external or internal sources

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30
Q

source monitoruing

A

making attributes to the sources of memories

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31
Q

destination meory

A

recalling to whom one has told

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32
Q

forgetting curve

A

most forgetting happens within 1 hour
after 9 hours memory is reletively constant

33
Q

recall vs recognition

A

recall - no cues
regognition - selction from an array of option

34
Q

metjod of savings

A

less time/effort is need to relern material after forgetting

35
Q

ineffective encoding

A

you didn’t forget, you never encoded it in the first place

36
Q

decay

A

gradual eroision of memeory

37
Q

retroactive interference

A

ne info impairs recall of old info

38
Q

proactive interference

A

old info impairs learning/recall of new info

39
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

how well we remeber is based on how much retrieval matches encoding

40
Q

tivated fogetting/repression

A

pushing memeories into unconsciousness

41
Q

retrospective vs prospective memory

A

retrospective - remembering events from the past or previpusly learned information
prospecting - remembering to perform actions in the furture

42
Q

episodic vs seantic vs procedural memory

A

episodic - memories of specific events that happened whil you were present
semantic - memeories of facts or generlized knowledge
proceudral - memeories of skills

43
Q

declaritice explicit vs nondeclaritive implicit memoery

A

declaritive - factual info
nondeclarative - actions, skills, emotions, responsies

44
Q

long term potentiation

A

increase in synptic strength; practice retieving infomation stergnthen synaptic connections

45
Q

retrograde vs anterograde anmesia

A

retrograde - losso f memories before onset of amnesia
anterograde - loss of memories after ofnset of amnesia

46
Q

functional fixidness

A

the tendency to use items only in its most common ways; the inability to use itemsin different ways

47
Q

mental set

A

persistence in using problem solving tsrats that have worked in teh past; is a barrier when it stops you for seeing other ways of solving the problem

48
Q

fixation

A

focusing on only one aspect of the problem; inability to see the problem from another persective

49
Q

unnessary contraints

A

tendency to impart our own rules that are not part of the system

50
Q

algorithm

A

a methofical step by step procure to try all possible solutions; time consuing but gaurenteed solution

51
Q

heurists

A

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used in problem solving or descionmaking

52
Q

composition

A

breaking down a problem into smaller parts

53
Q

using analogies

A

making a connection between current problem and problem you’ve already solved and using similar strats

54
Q

incubation

A

setting the problem aside for a while and coming back to it later

55
Q

attributes and utility

A

attributes - factors to be considered when making a descion
utility - personal value assigend to each attribute

56
Q

availability heuristic

A

a mental shortcut in decsion making based on how readily relevant information comes to mind

57
Q

represntative heurtitc

A

a mental shortcut were someone makes a descion based on how something fits tehir schem or prototype

58
Q

anchoring heuristic

A

tendency to base a judgment on intial informationa nd only change it slightly after new information is presented

59
Q

recognition heuristic

A

tendency to believe that the recognized objects have higher value

60
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs

61
Q

belief perserverence

A

clinging to one’s beliefe safetr the basis of which tehy were made have been discredited

62
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

belief that the odds of a chance event increase if teh event has not happened recently

63
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to only seek, recall, and intrepret info in ways liekly to support on’s own beliefs

64
Q

framing effect

A

decision making can be affected by how choices are structured

65
Q

phenomes

A

smallest element of sound

66
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of language that provides meaning

67
Q

syntax

A

rules that govern the arrangment of words

68
Q

semantics

A

rules that givern the meanings of words

69
Q

surface structure vs deep structure

A

surface - string of words
deep - underlying meaing

70
Q

milestones in language

A

cooing - giggling
babbling - syllables over and over
one word - objects and people
two word - subject verb
subject verb objects - imple sentence

71
Q

overextnsion and underextension

A

overextension - when a child incorrectlty uses a word to describe a wider set of objects
underextension - when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects

72
Q

overregularization

A

overgeneralizing grammatical rules

73
Q

metalignuistic awarness

A

ability to understand language

74
Q

behavorist theories of laguage aquistion

A

learning nurtue - imitation and rewards

75
Q

chomsky’s language aquistion device

A

an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language

76
Q

linguistic relativity

A

whorfian hypothesis
hypothesis that states that ones language influence nature of one’s thoughts and perceptions

77
Q

herman ebbinghaus

A

forgetting curve

78
Q

Chomsky

A

language aquisition device

AP Psych (8 decks)

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