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AP Psych > U1: History Approaches and Research Methods > Flashcards

U1: History Approaches and Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

psycholohy

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge aquired through observation, gathering/analyzing data; evidence of support

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3
Q

g stanley hall opened

A

1st american psych lab
founded apa

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4
Q

edward titchener

A

structuralism
primary method of reserch = introspection; inward looking; using self reflection; examined the elements/peices of the consious experience

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5
Q

structuralism

A

examined elements and pieces of the consiousness experience

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6
Q

william james

A

intrested in the purpose/ use/ value of the conscious experience (asks why)
focused on application

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7
Q

functionalism

A

focuses on the purpose of the consiousness experience

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8
Q

gestalt psychology

A

emphasis our tendesency to intregrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

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9
Q

psychoanalytical approach

A

unconcious urges/impulse or repressed memmories of early childhood trauma influences behavior

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10
Q

frued

A

phsycoanalytical approach

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11
Q

behavioral approach

A

behavior is learned through observations, rewards/punishments and making observation

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12
Q

humanistic approach

A

humans are inheritently good; we are striving to reach our potential; we each have a unique perspective and self concept; we all have free will

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13
Q

cognitive approach

A

mental processes such as thoughts, memeory, decisions, problem solving influence behavior

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14
Q

biological approach

A

brain, chemisty and structure; genetics; hormones etc influence behavior

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15
Q

sociocultural approach

A

cocietal cultural facturals influence behaviors

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16
Q

individualist vs collectivist cultures

A

induvidualist vlaues delf more than group
collectivist values group

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17
Q

eclectism

A

combing more than 1 approach

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18
Q

clinical psychology

A

concerned with diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

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19
Q

developmenta psychology

A

human development across the life span

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20
Q

ocial psychology

A

the role of social forces
how do other people influence our behavior

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21
Q

educational psychology

A

how people learn and the best way to teach them

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22
Q

health psychology

A

how psychological factors relate to our health

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23
Q

experimental psychology

A

looks at perception and understanding it

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24
Q

cognitice psychology

A

cognitice approach

25
Q

psychometrics and quantitative

A

measurments of behavior by developing tests

26
Q

personality psychology

A

understanding consistency of behavior

27
Q

counseling psychology

A

helps with the evaluation/diagnosis of people struggling with everyday problems

28
Q

industrial psychology

A

psych in the buisness

29
Q

informed consent

A

participants know/consent to being part of resercg and know the technicalities

30
Q

eception

A

can’t be decieved so that participants aren’t doing anything they wouldn’t want to
must be justified and corrected during brieding

31
Q

confidentiality

A

identity of participants can’t be revealed

32
Q

risk/harm

A

participants can’t be places under significant mental/physical risk

33
Q

debriefing

A

participants are told purpose of study and provided ways to contact reserchers
any deception is corrected

34
Q

hypothesis vs theaory

A

hyspothesis - a testable, educated, preduction about the relationship between 2 variables
theory - a tentative explantion of behavior / phenomenon (after lots of reserch

35
Q

operational definitions

A

defining variables in a specific measurable way for scientific testing

36
Q

correlational research

A

investigating the relationship between variables (not cause and effect)

37
Q

natuuralistic observation

A

obseving behavior in a natural setting without interference

38
Q

case studies

A

intesnse examination of one person, small group, or unique set using a variety of methods

39
Q

surveys

A

questionnaire used to learn about participants opinions, beliefs, attitudes, general patterns of behavior

40
Q

experiment

A

goal is to establish a cause and effect relationship in a controlled setting
it is trying to explain behavior

41
Q

population vs sample

A

population - target group of intrest for study
sample - members of the popularion who are chosen to participate in reserch; smaller that pop

42
Q

random smaple

A

every memeber of pop. has an equally likely chance of being chosen to participate in the reserch

43
Q

representative sample

A

goal of random sampling
when the demographics of the sample are proportional to the demographics of the population
allows results to be generalized

44
Q

independent vs dependent variable

A

independent - manipulated or controlled by experiment
dependent - measured/ observed to see if the IV had an effect

45
Q

experiemental vs control group

A

experimental - group / conditions that recieve the IV
control - groups / conditions that do not recieve the IV

46
Q

extraneous / confounding variables

A

any variable other than IV that may influence the DV

47
Q

random assignment

A

every participant has an equal chance of being placed into any of the groups

48
Q

quasi experiment

A

experimental design that does not use random sampling because eithe immpossible or unethical

49
Q

meta analysis

A

statistical methods for combing multiple studes on a topic (to compare / contrast what has been found thus far)

50
Q

placebo effect

A

occus when the participants expectations cause a change in behavior / the way you feel when given an inactive treatment

51
Q

halo effect

A

when someone’s overall evaluation of a person influence more specific ratings

52
Q

single blind design

A

participants do not know which group/condition they are assigned to
helps reduce participant bias

53
Q

double blind design

A

when neither the resercher nor the particpant know which group particpants are assigned to;
removes experimenter bias

54
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean - average
meadian - middle number
mode - most freuqent score

55
Q

measures of dispersion

A

range: the highest score minus the lowest score
standard deviation - average distance between each schore and the mean of teh data set

56
Q

positive vs negative correlation

A

pos - the 2 variables head in teh same direction
neg - the 2 variable head in opposite direction

57
Q

illusory correlation

A

seeing a relationship between 2 variables when no such relationship exists

58
Q

correlation coeffiecient

A

statistical number that measures teh relationship between 2 variables

59
Q

statistical significance

A

how likely is it that changes to teh DV were due to the IV

AP Psych (8 decks)

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