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AP Psych > U1: History Approaches and Research Methods > Flashcards

U1: History Approaches and Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

psycholohy

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge aquired through observation, gathering/analyzing data; evidence of support

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3
Q

g stanley hall opened

A

1st american psych lab
founded apa

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4
Q

edward titchener

A

structuralism
primary method of reserch = introspection; inward looking; using self reflection; examined the elements/peices of the consious experience

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5
Q

structuralism

A

examined elements and pieces of the consiousness experience

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6
Q

william james

A

intrested in the purpose/ use/ value of the conscious experience (asks why)
focused on application

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7
Q

functionalism

A

focuses on the purpose of the consiousness experience

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8
Q

gestalt psychology

A

emphasis our tendesency to intregrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

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9
Q

psychoanalytical approach

A

unconcious urges/impulse or repressed memmories of early childhood trauma influences behavior

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10
Q

frued

A

phsycoanalytical approach

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11
Q

behavioral approach

A

behavior is learned through observations, rewards/punishments and making observation

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12
Q

humanistic approach

A

humans are inheritently good; we are striving to reach our potential; we each have a unique perspective and self concept; we all have free will

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13
Q

cognitive approach

A

mental processes such as thoughts, memeory, decisions, problem solving influence behavior

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14
Q

biological approach

A

brain, chemisty and structure; genetics; hormones etc influence behavior

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15
Q

sociocultural approach

A

cocietal cultural facturals influence behaviors

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16
Q

individualist vs collectivist cultures

A

induvidualist vlaues delf more than group
collectivist values group

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17
Q

eclectism

A

combing more than 1 approach

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18
Q

clinical psychology

A

concerned with diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

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19
Q

developmenta psychology

A

human development across the life span

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20
Q

ocial psychology

A

the role of social forces
how do other people influence our behavior

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21
Q

educational psychology

A

how people learn and the best way to teach them

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22
Q

health psychology

A

how psychological factors relate to our health

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23
Q

experimental psychology

A

looks at perception and understanding it

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24
Q

cognitice psychology

A

cognitice approach

25
psychometrics and quantitative
measurments of behavior by developing tests
26
personality psychology
understanding consistency of behavior
27
counseling psychology
helps with the evaluation/diagnosis of people struggling with everyday problems
28
industrial psychology
psych in the buisness
29
informed consent
participants know/consent to being part of resercg and know the technicalities
30
eception
can't be decieved so that participants aren't doing anything they wouldn't want to must be justified and corrected during brieding
31
confidentiality
identity of participants can't be revealed
32
risk/harm
participants can't be places under significant mental/physical risk
33
debriefing
participants are told purpose of study and provided ways to contact reserchers any deception is corrected
34
hypothesis vs theaory
hyspothesis - a testable, educated, preduction about the relationship between 2 variables theory - a tentative explantion of behavior / phenomenon (after lots of reserch
35
operational definitions
defining variables in a specific measurable way for scientific testing
36
correlational research
investigating the relationship between variables (not cause and effect)
37
natuuralistic observation
obseving behavior in a natural setting without interference
38
case studies
intesnse examination of one person, small group, or unique set using a variety of methods
39
surveys
questionnaire used to learn about participants opinions, beliefs, attitudes, general patterns of behavior
40
experiment
goal is to establish a cause and effect relationship in a controlled setting it is trying to explain behavior
41
population vs sample
population - target group of intrest for study sample - members of the popularion who are chosen to participate in reserch; smaller that pop
42
random smaple
every memeber of pop. has an equally likely chance of being chosen to participate in the reserch
43
representative sample
goal of random sampling when the demographics of the sample are proportional to the demographics of the population allows results to be generalized
44
independent vs dependent variable
independent - manipulated or controlled by experiment dependent - measured/ observed to see if the IV had an effect
45
experiemental vs control group
experimental - group / conditions that recieve the IV control - groups / conditions that do not recieve the IV
46
extraneous / confounding variables
any variable other than IV that may influence the DV
47
random assignment
every participant has an equal chance of being placed into any of the groups
48
quasi experiment
experimental design that does not use random sampling because eithe immpossible or unethical
49
meta analysis
statistical methods for combing multiple studes on a topic (to compare / contrast what has been found thus far)
50
placebo effect
occus when the participants expectations cause a change in behavior / the way you feel when given an inactive treatment
51
halo effect
when someone's overall evaluation of a person influence more specific ratings
52
single blind design
participants do not know which group/condition they are assigned to helps reduce participant bias
53
double blind design
when neither the resercher nor the particpant know which group particpants are assigned to; removes experimenter bias
54
measures of central tendency
mean - average meadian - middle number mode - most freuqent score
55
measures of dispersion
range: the highest score minus the lowest score standard deviation - average distance between each schore and the mean of teh data set
56
positive vs negative correlation
pos - the 2 variables head in teh same direction neg - the 2 variable head in opposite direction
57
illusory correlation
seeing a relationship between 2 variables when no such relationship exists
58
correlation coeffiecient
statistical number that measures teh relationship between 2 variables
59
statistical significance
how likely is it that changes to teh DV were due to the IV

AP Psych (8 decks)

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