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AP Psych > U2: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

U2: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

soma

A

the cell body which maintains the health of the neuron

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2
Q

dendrites

A

recieve messages from other cells

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3
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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4
Q

mylin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and help speed neural impulses

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5
Q

synapse

A

space gap between neurons

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6
Q

glial cells

A

support neurons/stimulates growth repair damage, keep them in place

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7
Q

action potential

A
  1. dendrites recieve info and send to soma
  2. when same is at resting potential, soma is polorized. message causes the soma to depolorize. positive ions come inside the cell and make less neg
  3. if the cell reaches its threshold, an action potential is fired
  4. impulses move down the axon
  5. vesicles are pushed to the axon terminals where they release neurotranmitters into the synapse
    6 refactory period accours where the cell is going vback to rest. another action potential can’t fire
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8
Q

polorized vs depolorized

A

depolorized: the process of when the cells change becomes positive or less negative
polorized - higehr negative change

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9
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential vs inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

EPSP: postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential (depolorized
IPSP: postsynaptic neron does not fire an action potentail

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10
Q

reuptake

A

neurotramsitters are ryclycles by the presynaptic neuron

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11
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agnoist: mimics a neurotranmitter
antagonist - blocks receptor sites

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12
Q

acetylcholine

A

memory: voluntary muscle movement
deficeny alzhiemrs

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13
Q

dopamine

A

experiences of pleaure (reward)
initian of voluntary muscle movement
def: parkingson’s
escess: schizophrenic, addiction

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14
Q

norepinephrine

A

arousal, alertness, attention, mood
defiency : depression
excess: anxiety

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15
Q

serotonin

A

mood, sleep, appetite
deficiency: depression
excess: mania, ocd
fluctuation: bipolar

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16
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory signals, reduce activity of CNS, involoved in sleep and arousal
def: hungtingtons

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17
Q

glutamate

A

exratory signals
stragnthening neural connections; kearning

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18
Q

endorphins

A

reduce pain; euphoria (runners high)

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19
Q

peripherl nervous system

A

somatiic : skeletal
automatic: aumtaic

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20
Q

somatic nervous system

A

volunary

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21
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory; brings in sensory information

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22
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor - carries info from teh brain

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23
Q

automatic nervous system

A

involuntary

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24
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

mobilizes body for action/energy output
increases heartrate, dilates puipls

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25
Q

parasympathtic nervous system

A

conserves energy
maintains quiet state

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26
Q

central nervous system

A

spine and brain

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27
Q

reflexes

A

quick involuntary respose / controlled by spinal cord

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28
Q

traditional vs reflex arc

A

trad: sensory input via affferent neurons - spine - brain - spine - guide muscles via efferent neurons
reflex: sensory input via afferent nerouns - spinal cord - actions via efferent neurons - spine - brain

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29
Q

eeg -

A

attach electrodes to scalp; moniter electrical brain activity

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30
Q

leasioning

A

destroying brain tissue

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31
Q

esb/dbs

A

stimulate brain structure with weak electric currents snet to implanted electrode

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32
Q

cat

A

x-ray of brain strcutre

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33
Q

pet

A

inject small amount of radioactive glucose to moniter chemical activity

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34
Q

mri

A

uses magnetic fields to map out brai structure

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35
Q

fmri

A

moniters blood flow and oxygen to the brain to identify areas of high activity real time

36
Q

hindbrain

A

first area to fully develop

37
Q

medulla

A

vital function (heart rate, blood pressure, berathin)

38
Q

pons

A

sleeping and dreams

39
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

40
Q

reticular formation

A

a network of cells that control alertness, attention, arounasal

41
Q

substantia nigra

A

initian of movement

42
Q

thalamus

A

central relay station for all senses expect small

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

biological drives

44
Q

hippocampus

A

formation of new memories

45
Q

amygdala

A

emotial reations
gear and agresssion

46
Q

basal ganglia

A

important to smooth mucle movemet and actions involved in procerdural memory for skills

47
Q

corpus callsum

A

bundle of fibers that connects teh right and eft hemisphere and allows both halves to communicate

48
Q

occipital lobe

A

conatins visul cortex
seeing

49
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains comatosensory contex
touch (pressure pain tem)

50
Q

temporal lobe

A

contain auditory cortex
hearing

51
Q

rontal lobe

A

motor cortex - movement
orefrontal cortex - higher order thinking and personality

52
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that fire whne we watch others perform action

53
Q

plasticty

A

the ability of the bain to strgnthem existing neural connections and form new connection

54
Q

left hemishpere

A

controls right side of the body
speech language, logic, analysis, math

55
Q

brocas area

A

left frontal lobe
production of speech and language

56
Q

wernikes area

A

left temporal lobe
comprehension and intrepretation of speech and language

57
Q

right hemisphere

A

controls left side of body
nonverbal, creative, spatial patterns, facial recognition, emotion

58
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream and absorbed by organs and glands throughout teh body

59
Q

hormones

A

chemicals released by the endocrine system into the bloodstream

60
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system in the brain

61
Q

consciousness

A

awarness of external events internal sensation, yourself, your thoughts

62
Q

consciousness, subconscious, unconscious

A

conscious - current awarness
subconscious - just below present awarness; can int consciousness
unconscious - completly unaware; connot access (but still influences us)

63
Q

states of consciousness

A

characteristics of awarness at a given point in time
awake alert

64
Q

altered states of sonsiousness

A

big changes in behavior or mental processes

65
Q

ircadian rhythms

A

24 hour cycle

66
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

in hypothalamus; reguates he circadian rythem

67
Q

entrainment

A

adjusting to a new cycle

68
Q

sleep cycle

A

awake and alert - beta waves
awake and resting - alpha waves

stage 1 - theta waves

stage 2 - theta waves; sleep spindles (burts of brain waves) k complex (waves appear)

NREMstage 3 - delat waves; dep sleep

reverse through states 3, then 2, then eneter 1st REM cycle

REM - rapid eye movement - heart rate bp, brain waves increase; mix of beta and theta waves; dreaming

beginning of night more time in deep; end of night more time in rem

69
Q

rem rebound

A

if yo are deprived of rem sleep, the next night will spend more time in REM and get tehre mroe quickly

70
Q

acending recticular activating system

A

part of rectivuar formation (alertness, attention, arousal)

71
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep and stay asleep

72
Q

narcolepsy

A

excessive daytime sleepiness;

73
Q

sleep apnea

A

when someone stops breathing momentarily during the night

74
Q

nightmares vs night terrors

A

nightmares - scary dreas during REM; can remenber; can easily be woken
night terrors - horrific images/ dreams during deep sleep; hard to wake

75
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking (occurs during stage 3; from random neural firing in the areas of teh brain

76
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

body does not experience normal sleep paralysis during REM; people act out their dreams

77
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment thory of dreaming

A

dreams ae symbols of unconcious urges / desires / fears

78
Q

manifest content vs latent content

A

manifest - plot story of the dream
latent content - underlying symbolism/meaning of the dream

79
Q

cognitive theory of dreamig

A

dreams allo us to process infomation from the day and aid in problem solving

80
Q

activatio synthesis theory of dreaming

A

dreams are random by products of random neural firings that we try to make sense of in a story

81
Q

lucid dreaming

A

being aware that you are dreaming

82
Q

psychological dependence on a drug

A

need for teh drug for a sense of well being

83
Q

physical dependence on a drug

A

continued use of frug is necessary to avoid withdrawal

84
Q

tolerance

A

inceasing amount of drug is needed to produce same effect

85
Q

naroctics/opiats

A

reduce pain; agnostic for endorphins
ex: morphine, vicodin, heroin

86
Q

sedatives/deppressants

A

decrease activity of CNS; agnostic for GABA
ex: alcahol, sleeping pills , barbituiates

87
Q

stimulates

A

increase activity of CNS; agnostic for norepinephrine
ex: cocaine, ADHD meds, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, MDMA

AP Psych (8 decks)

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