U4 L1 Printing Technology Through The Years Flashcards
What did Ancient civilizations in Egypt and Sumeria use to make sheets?
papyrus pressed together
When did a member of the Chinese Han Dynasty emperor’s court invent paper?
AD 105
What does the word paper derive from?
papyrus
How is paper made?
- wood/cotton/flax plant
- break down into fibers
- submerge in water
- mesh screen makes thin layer
- when dried, becomes sheet
Recycling paper products was not promoted until when?
1970s
When was block printing developed?
4-7th century
What is xylography also called?
relief printing, today we call it letterpress
When and where was the concept of movable type evolved?
China, 1040 AD
What is movable type?
blocks of clay with characters are glued together and inked to form a copy
By 1275 AD, what did the movable type in AD 1040 develop into?
wooden slugs
Did China bring their printed materials to the masses/rest of the world? Why?
no, cultural restrictions and complexity of Chinese characters
The alphabet of romance languages, including English, contains only how many characters?
26, less than Chinese characters
When was Gutenberg’s first press made?
1452
What was the material the Bibles printed with the Gutenberg press were printed with?
vellum
What was vellum?
sheets used in printing, made of tanned hide
What was the first movable-type printing press?
Gutenberg press
When did the ‘power of the press’ begin?
invention of printing press
What is the pros and cons of using paper to communicate?
P- readily available for use in many different forms
C- mass use of paper led to deforestation and waste
What was the most important outcome of Gutenberg’s printing press?
production of written material for the masses
What was intaglio?
- copper/zinc plates are engraved with picture/design
- wood block, background carved, raised image, opposite of engraving
Where was intaglio invented?
Germany
What was intaglio used for in the PAST?
- wallpaper
- fabric
- expensive magazines
What is intaglio used for TODAY?
- printing currency
- printing passports
- expensive postage stamps
When and what did William Ged invent?
- 1727, stereotype
- negative of engraved plate
- plaster poured onto an engraved plate, where a new plate can be made from that mold
What is today’s meaning of the word stereotype?
- psychological
- making assumptions based on physical features or other qualities
When was the rotary press invented?
19th century
Who, where, when was the rotary press invented?
- Richard M. Hoe
- New York
- 1847
How did the rotary press work?
intaglio plates secured on cylinders that could be cranked and continuously fed with paper
Who created the first linotype machine? And when?
- 1886
- German inventor, Ottmar Mergenthaler
How did the linotype machine work?
- type composed automatically
- type compositor creates lines with keyboard
- casted onto metal inside machine
- allowed for font size and style to be composed with ease
What was the linotype process nicknamed? And why?
hot type, molten lead letters that create it
What was the linotype machine called? And why?
the blower, are needed to cool molten lead
What was the most significant outcome of linotype printing?
cheaper printing
When was the last time New York Times used hot type in the composing room for the morning edition?
1978
How long did the age of hot type last?
nearly a century
What replaced hot type and linotype?
cold type
What is cold type?
method of printing where compositors sat and typed in computer terminals
What did lithography and photo engraving allow for?
faster production of images and photos
What do Lithographers and engravers do today?
create fine art and other materials
When was the lithographers and Engravers International Union formed?
1964
Offset linotype and phototypesetting paved the way to what?
digital compositing
How was Offset lithography invented?
- 1903, by accident
- Ira Washington Rubel
- printing to rubber plate between metal plates and paper allowed process to be used in rotary press
Does Offset printing use a second plate in the printing process?
yes
When did Phototypesetting take over printing tech practices?
1940s
What advancements did Digital Prepress and computer tech provide to printing?
- internal editing capabilities
- see finished product before mass-produced
- manipulation of color process (four-color CMYK)
- designers can work with type elements
What colors does CMYK include?
- cyan
- magenta
- yellow
- black
What does type elements include?
- font and font sizes
- colors and shading
- spacing in tracking and kerning
What is clip art?
ready-to-use public domain illustrations
What is tracking?
basically the space between letters (widening or narrowing type)
What is kerning?
changing space between letters
What are galleys?
pages of a layout before they are printed
What is the pros and cons of digital transmission?
P-times can be better managed, staff reduced
C- file can be lost due to system incompatibilities, glitches, or crashes
What is the pros and cons of digital publishing?
P- info can be created/distributed faster/efficiently
C- plagiarism, copyright, piracy
