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Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485-1603 > Tyrone's rebellion 1594-1603 > Flashcards

Tyrone's rebellion 1594-1603 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the ‘Irishry’

A

Lands beyond the Pale

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2
Q

What was the Lord Deputy

A

England controlled Dublin and the Pale through a Lord Deputy. Until Mary’s reign, this position was held by earls of Kildare.

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3
Q

How did Elizabeth ANGLICANISE Ireland

A

E1 began to pursue a more hard-line policy of trying to replace Irish traditions and laws with English ones. E.g. English tried to establish councils to govern regions of Connaught and Munster (modelled on Councils of North and Wales) as well as sub-dividing regions into English style counties using sheriffs.

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4
Q

What was plantation

A

fortifying the Pale and encouraging English settlers to move into territory just outside the Pale with the aim of civilising the Irish by introducing English customs and practices

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5
Q

What were the 2 issues that caused resentment to boil over into open rebellion

A

-The Reformation- the largely Catholic Irish wished to maintain their links to Rome
-The Plantations- especially of Munster and Ulster

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6
Q

Who was Hugh O’Neill opposed by

A

Sir Turlough Luineach O’Neill

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7
Q

What drove O’Neill into open warfare

A

Sir Henry Bagenal’s ambitions for E1 to appoint him the first president of Ulster

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8
Q

Support for Hugh O’Neill and Hugh Roe O’Donell

A

Significant- became a national struggle for independence because of the charismatic and inspirational leadership of O’Neill

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9
Q

Foreign support (3)

A
  • Obtained support from Spain- Phillip II was keen to have revenge on E1 for the Armada 1588
  • helped the Irish rebels with financial and military aid
  • Believed that Spanish aid would counter English support for the Dutch
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10
Q

What success did the rebels get because of O’Neill’s military leadership (4)

A
  • raising and training men from within his lordship
  • encouraging English soldiers resident in Ireland to serve him
  • hiring mercenaries from Scotland
  • purchasing the latest military technology
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11
Q

Causes of the rebellion (5)

A
  • English plantations beyond the Pale
  • Tyrone’s grievances
  • Grievances of other Ulster lords
  • Mistakes of the English government
  • Religion
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12
Q

How did English plantations beyond the Pale cause rebellion

A

-1570s attempts to establish settlement in Ulster by Sir Thomas Smith and Earl of Essex led to…
RIVAL clans O’Neills and O’Donnel to unite against the English which led to 1574 massacre

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13
Q

How did Tyrone’s greivance contribute to the causes of the rebellion

A

Tyrone wanted control over Ulster but E1’s government refused- 1595 rebelled

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14
Q

How did the grievances of other Ulster lords cause rebellion

A

-Some were not willing to accept English style rule, e.g Hugh Roe MacMahon was executed and lands given to english settlers ie Sir Henry Bagenal
-Hugh O’Donnell was imprisoned by the English, escaped in 1591
-Hugh Maguire resented English interference in Fermanagh

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15
Q

Mistakes of the English government

A

-Failed to recognise that Tyrone was prepared to work with them
-1590 more hard-line approach, used the composition system to extend their control in Ireland

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16
Q

What were the Religious causes (3(

A

-Traditions and laws in Ireland were replaced with English ones
-New English settlers arrived in Munster- were radical Protestants
-Influx of Protestant settlers created an additional threat for those loyal to Catholicism

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17
Q

What were the 5 battles

A
  • Battle of Clontibret 1595
  • Battle of Yellow Ford 1598
  • Battle of Curlew Pass 1599
  • Battle of Kinsale 1601
  • Siege of Dunboy
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18
Q

Who won the Battle of Clontibret ‘95

A

Truce was reached
BUT truce did not last. Irish encouraged by Spanish support to keep fighting

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19
Q

Why did Clontibret ‘95 outcome happen

A

-Rebels found their tactic of capturing small fortressess too expensive
-E1 keen to negotiate
-1596 negotiations broke down
1596 Spanish offered support
-Propaganda- Catholics to join the rebels

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20
Q

Spanish offering support 1596

A

Tyrone and O’Donnell offer crowns of Ireland to Archduke of Alba,
in return rebels get Spanish army, money and weapons

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21
Q

The Battle of Yellow Ford ‘98 result

A

Tyrone victorious- encouraged discontented Irishmen to rebel
-Munster plantations overthrown rapidly

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22
Q

Support for Tyrone within Ireland

A

-Rebel army large and well organised
-Used English and Spanish captains to train his men and imported weapons and ammunition
-Also had the support of other Ulster chieftains (Hugh Roe O’Donnel and Hugh Maguire)

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23
Q

Tyrone rebel army figures 1595

A

1,000 cavalry
4,000 musket men
1,000 pikemen

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24
Q

Tyrone rebel army figures 1596

A

6,000 foot soldiers and 1,200 cavalry

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25
Q

1596 Spanish support

A

Sent 100 ships but 32 were dispersed by strong winds

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26
Q

Lord Deputy Russel outnumbered in the Battle of Clontibret

A

had only 1,100 men

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27
Q

What did the Irish capture in May 1595

A

Enniskillen Castle and besieged Monaghan Castle

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28
Q

What did Sir Henry Bagenal do in the Battle of Clontibret

A

Attempted to help the besiege the garrison
marched with 1750 men

29
Q

What did Tyrone do to Sir Henry Bagenal in the Battle of Clontibret 95

A

-Ambushed by Tyrone
Bagenal’s army forced to fight and use up their supplies

30
Q

2nd Clontibret Ambush

A

-suffered 31 deaths, 109 wounded
-Bagenal eventually rescued by sea
-battle showed that Irish were well organised and out numbered them

31
Q

1596 settlement between the British and Tyrone

A

-Tyrone agreed to submit, pay damages, stop demanding freedom of worship and accept English sovereignty
-English agreed to remove their Garrisons and Tyrone would keep control of Ulster

32
Q

Who did Thomas Lord Burgh replace

A

Replaced Lord Deputy Sir Russell and Sir Henry Norris

33
Q

When was the Battle of Yellow Ford

A

1598

34
Q

What was Burgh’s initial plan in 1597

A

March to Ulster and attack his estates in Dungannon but was outnumbered by Tyrone

35
Q

What made it worse for the British in 1597

A

Burgh died suddenly and Sir Henry Norris also dies
-Burgh also made the crucial mistake of reverting to the use of small garrison forts

36
Q

Strength of Tyrone’s army in 1597

A

5,000 men

37
Q

English defeat at Yellow Ford

A

Aug 1598- 830 English killed including Bagenal
-Munster plantations were overthrown rapidly
(3,000 Munster settlers were faced with a sudden uprising by their tenants)

38
Q

How did E1 react to the defeat at Yellow Ford

A

sent 1900 troops to protect Dublin
Between 1598-1599 sent 6,300 more men

39
Q

Who did Elizabeth replace Burgh with in 1599

A

Robert Devereux second Earl of Essex as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

40
Q

When was the battle of Curlew Pass

A

1599

41
Q

Who did the Earl of Essex try to rescue in the battle of Curlew Pass

A

Sir Donough O’Conner at Collooney Castle
-one of the few Irish chieftains that continued to support the British
-ordered Sir Conyers Clifford to rescue O’Connor

42
Q

How many men did Sir Conyers Clifford have to rescue O’Conner

A

1490 footmen and 205 cavalry

43
Q

What happened to Clifford’s troops

A

On route was ambushed and lost 1/3 of the army
-O’Conner had to surrender to rebels and valuable ally lost

44
Q

Outcome of Battle of Curlew Pass ‘99

A

O’COnner forced to surrender to rebels and valuable ally lost
-Temporary truce was negotiated with Tyrone by Essex

45
Q

What was given in the truce of Curlew Pass ‘99

A

Rebels were allowed to continue to occupy the lands and fortresses they possessed or had captured

46
Q

Sir Henry Bagenal as a military leader

A

-Not a good military tactician, unable to learn from his mistakes
-Clontibret and Yellow Ford humiliating defeats wherein he was killed

47
Q

Robert Devereux Earl of Essex failings (3)

A

-Poor organisation meant that he did not have the equipment necessary to follow his planned attack on Ulster (fault of the English Privvy Council)
-Poor strategic decisions (e.g splitting up the army to bolster English garrisons)
-Decided to campaign in Munster- wore out his troops

48
Q

Example of Earl of Essex’s mismanagement

A

By August 1599- he only had a force of 4,000 out of the 17,200 he arrived with

49
Q

Charles Blount, Earl of Mountjoy personality

A

Had considerable fighting experience
-decisive and imaginative military leader

50
Q

What did Mountjoy do in 1600

A

Marched South into Munster with a force of 2,000 men
had 13,200 men in his army
-Had the support of the new president of Munster- Sir George Carew

51
Q

What weakened rebel control in Ulster

A

Hugh Maguire was killed in a Skirmish

52
Q

What did Mountjoy successfully do

A

end the rebellion in Munster

53
Q

What had Mounjoy done by October 1601

A

Mountjoy had reached Kinsale and besieged it with 7,000 men

54
Q

Failure of Spanish support

A

Battle of Kinsale- English launched a surprise attack
-Spanish had been waiting for the Irish in a pre-arranged meeting spot but the Irish never got there

55
Q

When was the siege of Dunboy

A

1602

56
Q

What happened to the rebels in Dunboy

A

Although surrendered
-58 of the defenders were executed in the local market

57
Q

How many died in the Dunboy garrison

A

143- ended the last of Irish resistance in Munster

58
Q

What did Mountjoy do after the siege of Dunboy

A

Pursued Tyrone in Ulster with 3,000 men - rest of his followers submitted

59
Q

Outcome of the siege of Dunboy

A

English victory- ended the rebellion in Ireland
Mountjoy offers generous terms to Tryone

60
Q

What was Tyrone given by Mountjoy

A

Pardoned and recognised as Chief Lord of Ulster

61
Q

Why were the English concessions so generous

A

Elizabeth had died 6 days earlier
-Mountjoy keen to return to England to integrate with James Vi

62
Q

Where did the cost of providing the English armies fall to (+ example)

A

To the English Counties
- Cost taxpayers £3,300

63
Q

How did the cost of Tyrone’s rebellion effect the English (3)

A
  • Central government was levying to increase taxation
  • 1590s period of economic and social hardship
  • Result was increasing levels of complaint
64
Q

Example of increasing levels of complaint concerning high taxes

A

1596- men of Middlesex refused to contribute to local payments for their munsters of men and equipment

65
Q

What did this financial pressure mean for English armies

A

Not large enough, poorly equipped and trained

66
Q

Tyrone’s financial situation in contrast to Englands

A

-Developed an efficient financial system which led him to fund a well-trained, well-equipped army
-Reorganised Ulster’s economy to increase his income

67
Q

Tyrone’s income + cost of his army

A

-Income of £80,000 per annum
By 1598 his army cost £500 per day, but Tyrone was able to afford this expence

68
Q

Why was the war so long?

A
  • England’s financial crisis
  • Fighting in unfamiliar territory (English at a disadvantage, Irish used guerrilla warfare)
  • Further hampered by logistical problems (communication was slow)

Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485-1603 (10 decks)

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