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Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485-1603 > Challenging the succession 1485-1499 > Flashcards

Challenging the succession 1485-1499 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the impact of Bosworth (2)

A
  • Henry was seen as a usurper, whose claim to the throne was weak
  • Henry’s victory was seen as a sign that God approved of his assumption to power
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2
Q

How did Henry manage the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions (2)

A
  • Married Elizabeth of York to unite the houses Jan 1486
  • Gave the Yorkists (esp. Richard supporters) at Bosworth, an opportunity to prove their loyalty
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3
Q

Example of notable surviving Yorkists that were pardoned (3)

A
  • John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
  • Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey
  • Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
    All were pardoned because they seemed prepared to work with the new regime
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4
Q

Example of Henry rewarding supporters (2)

A
  • Jasper Tudor was created Duke of Bedford
  • Thomas Stanley made Earl of Derby
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5
Q

How did Henry attempt to make the Crown’s finances more secure

A

passed the Act of Resumption in 1486
- allowed Henry to take back all the Crown lands that were given away since 1455; increased wealth

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6
Q

When did Staffords and Lovell leave sanctuary and what did they do

A

April 1486- tried to raise a rebellion in the name of the Earl of Warwick

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7
Q

How was Lovell’s rebellion surpressed (2)

A
  • Suppressed by Jasper Tudor
  • Lovell fled to Burgundy and took refuge with Margaret Duchess of Burgundy
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8
Q

What did Lovell try to do after

A

Raise a rebellion in Yorkshire, exploiting loyalties to Richard III
little support and FAILED

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9
Q

What happened to the Staffords

A

-Sir Humphrey Stafford was executed but Thomas was pardoned

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10
Q

What did Stafford and Lovell fail to do

A

gain any support,
-Henry advanced on the Midlands, the Stafford fled and failed to take refuge in sanctuary again

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11
Q

Where had the Staffords and Lovell entered protection

A

Entered the protection of sanctuary at Colchester- where they plotted to rebel against Henry

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12
Q

What men hoped to restore the Yorkist monarchy (3) first time

A

-Humphrey Stafford
-Thomas Stafford
-Francis, Lord Lovell

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13
Q

What did Henry do when summoned parliament in 1485 (3)

A
  • Confirmed Henry as King
  • Declared Henry’s reign had begun on 21 August 1485 (day before Bosworth)
  • Cancelled ‘Titilus Regius’, which previously made Elizabeth of York illegitimate
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14
Q

What did Henry do to secure his throne (6)

A

-Crowned in a formal ceremony
-Summoned parliament
-Married Elizabeth of York
-Rewarded his supporters
-Dealt with Ricardians
-1486- Embarked on a progress to the Midlands/North

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15
Q

Which pardoned Yorkist betrayed the King’s trust

A

John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln- loyal until 1487, when he fled the court and was killed in the Battle of Stoke

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16
Q

What were 2 rebellions that did not include pretenders

A

Yorkshire (1489)
Cornwall (1497)
-Stemmed not from dynastic causes but from the King’s demands for money

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17
Q

What caused the 1489 Yorkshire rebellion (3)

A
  • Henry planned to aid Brittany
  • Parliament granted him £100,000
  • tax caused widespread resentment because it was raised in a new way, a sort of income tax
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18
Q

Why was the 1489 Yorkshire rebellion in Yorkshire (2)

A
  • Tax was particularly badly received because it was suffering the after-effects of a bad harvest
  • Also resented the fact that counties to the north of them were exempt from the tax
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19
Q

Henry’s reaction to 1489 Yorkshire rebellion (3)

A
  • Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland put their case to the king but Henry refused to negotiate
  • When Northumberland returned, he was murdered
  • the Earl of Surrey defeated the rebels outside of York
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20
Q

What caused the 1497 Cornwall rebellion

A
  • (Jan 1497) Parliament voted for a heavy tax to finance an expedition north to resist the expected Scot/Warbeck invasion
  • Cornish, who were traditionally independent, refused to contribute to the defence of the northern part of the kingdom
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21
Q

How many rebels were involved in the Cornish rebellion (3)

A

JUNE
-Rebel force of about 15,000 men marched to London and reached Blackheath
-Were confronted by a royal army and defeated
-Estimated 1000 rebels were killed

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22
Q

Who did Simnel impersonate?

A

Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick

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23
Q

What Irish support did Simnel receive?

A

Received the support of the lord deputy, the Earl of Kildare- one of the most powerful nobles in Ireland
- Was crowned Edward Vi by Earl of Kildare

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24
Q

Who else had Simnel been supported by and how

A

Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
-She sent money and a force of 2000 German mercenaries to Ireland, led by an experienced field commander Martin Schwarz

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25
Q

What did Henry do in response to Simnel?

A

-the real Earl of Warwick was taken out of the Tower and exhibited in London to expose the imposter

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26
Q

Which noble/claimant supported Simnel (2)

A
  • Earl of Lincoln joined Lord Lovell at the court of Margaret Burgundy (1487)
  • In May 1487, Lincoln then accompanied Lovell and Schwarz to Ireland
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27
Q

Why had the pretenders been a dangerous challenge (3)

A

-gained support of English nobles (such as Earl of Lincoln)
-foreign support
-Lasted a long time 1487-99

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28
Q

When was the battle of Stoke

A

16 June 1487

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29
Q

How many men did Lincoln have at the battle of Stoke

A

8000

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30
Q

How many men did Henry have at the battle of Stoke

A

Royal army- 12000

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31
Q

Who died in the Battle of Stoke

A

Lincoln and Schwarz

32
Q

Who was captured in the Battle of Stoke

A

Simnel and Symonds

33
Q

How was Richard Symonds punished

A

sentenced to life imprisonment in a bishop’s prison

34
Q

How was Lambert Simnel treated

A

Recognising that he had merely been a pawn;
Henry made him a turnspit in the royal kitchen

35
Q

How could Henry’s actions be described?

A

Calculated mercy

36
Q

How were nobles who fought at Stoke dealt with

A

-28 were attained and their lands confiscated
(passed 28 Acts of Attainder against the rebels)

37
Q

What did the Battle of Stoke show (2)

A
  • How vulnerable the kingship was
  • Country was still unsettled
38
Q

After the Battle of Stoke what did Henry do?

A

25 November 1487, crowned Elizabeth of York queen

39
Q

Why was Elizabeth of york crowned queen (4)

A
  • Unite the nation
  • Secure the goodwill of the people
  • satisfy the disaffected Yorkists
  • Strengthen the dynasty
40
Q

When did Perkin Warbeck emerge/ where

A

1491- Cork, Ireland
-claims to be Richard Duke of York

41
Q

When had Richard Duke of York disappeared

A

1483- Henry had no way of disapproving Warbeck’s claim

42
Q

What reception did Warbeck get in Cork in 1491

A

Mixed reception-
people of Cork enthusiastic but Earl of Kildare reluctant to get involved directly

43
Q

When was Warbeck invited to France and by whom

A

Charles VIII of France in 1492- Warbeck treated as if he were really a prince

44
Q

By 1494-95 Henry became increasingly worried by the threat from Warbeck, why? (3)

A
  • Agents from Burgundy were able to infiltrate England and there were cases of men trying to recruit supporters in 1493-94
  • Sir William’s Stanley’s betrayal
  • Warbeck’s attempted landing in Kent
45
Q

Why was Sir William’s Stanley’s betrayal particularly worrying

A
  • He was Chamberlain of the King’s Household, had daily personal access to Henry
  • Stanley was in communication with Warbeck
  • Jan 1495, Stanley was convicted of treason and executed
46
Q

When was Warbeck’s attempted landing in Deal, Kent + with how many soldiers

A

July 1495
-small force of 300 soldiers

47
Q

Why did Warbeck flee Deal, Kent

A

failed to get any local support

48
Q

When does Warbeck try to invade England from Scotland + with how many people

A
  • September 1496, with a small force of 1400
  • Failed to raise support in the North and retreated back to Scotland
49
Q

What did the threat of Warbeck force Henry to do

A

1497- Henry forced to raise taxation to fund an army to fight Warbeck

50
Q

When was the Cornwall rebellion + how many involved

A

June 1497, numbered about 15,000
-royal army won a decisive victory, around 1,000 rebels killed

51
Q

When did Warbeck leave Scotland for Ireland

A

July 1497- aimed to take advantage of the recent unrest in the region to provoke a rebellion against the Tudor dynasty

52
Q

Henry using patronage to defend against Warbeck

A

Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon- was given the job of defending Exeter against the rebels

53
Q

When did Warbeck land in Land’s End
How many men did Warbeck attract in Cornwall

A

-September 1497
Between 3,000-8,000 but he was unable to attract the gentry and nobility

54
Q

When was Warbeck captured

A

1497

55
Q

How did Henry treat captured Warbeck at first

A

-Treated well- accepted at Henry’s Court and not formally imprisoned

56
Q

When was Warbeck formally arrested

A

-June 1498, Warbeck tried to escape and was arrested and put in the Tower

57
Q

When was Warbeck tried for treason

A

1499- convicted and hanged

58
Q

How did Henry strengthen his dynasty (3)

A
  • Built his own dynasty; birth of Arthur in 1486, Henry in 1491
  • 1489 achieved a significant alliance with Spain in the “Treaty of Medina del Campo”
  • Major European power acknowledged Henry’s right to be King
59
Q

What other factors helped Henry survive (3)

A
  • Had more resources and power
  • Warbeck unable to sustain foreign support
  • When Warbeck tried to invade (1495,96,97), was unable to attract any significant support
60
Q

What did Henry establish/ have that stopped Warbeck

A
  • By the early 1490s Henry established a network of spies; kept him informed of Warbeck’s movements
    (e.g when Warbeck landed in Kent in 1495 Henry had troops waiting for him)
  • had effective chains of command e.g Earl of Devon in Exeter
    -Succesful use of punishments and rewards
61
Q

What did Henry use to punish those conspiring with Warbeck

A

-Acts of Attainder
-24 men were attained in the parliament of 1495

62
Q

What system did Henry use to make the nobility obey

A

-System of bonds and recognisances
e.g Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset was forced to take out recognisance for £1,000 to ensure good behaviour
- Grey remained loyal and helped put down the 1497 rising in Cornwall

63
Q

How was Warbeck a considerable challenge

A

-Support of foreign powers
-If he had taken advantage of the unrest in Cornwall

64
Q

When did Warbeck arrive in Ireland

A

1491, 1495, 1497
-In 1495 Warbeck was helped by another Irish noble, the Earl of Desmond and attacked the town of Waterford

65
Q

How did Henry deal with the Irish threat

A
  • Sent a small force to deal with Warbeck in 1492
  • 1494 Henry sent a trusted official Sir Edward Poynings to Ireland to enhance English royal authority there
  • in 1495, Poynings rescued the town of Waterford
66
Q

What were Poynings actions in Ireland

A

-ordered the arrest of Kildare on suspicion of treason; imprisoned in England until 1496
-‘Poynings law’ in 1495- no Irish parliament could be summoned unless the English King had given his consent

67
Q

Who was Margaret Duchess of Burgundy

A

Sister of Edward Vi and Richard iii
-Had enormous influence in Burgundian politics
-tried to restore a Yorkist monarch to the throne

68
Q

How did Margaret offer support to rival claimants (3)

A

-Offered protection and active support to Yorkist plotters,
including John de la Pole, Francis Lovell and Perkin Warbeck

-Offered Warbeck protection to him from 1493 to 1495 and used her connection with Maximilian the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor to try to improve Warbeck’s challenge

-prepared to back Warbeck with an armed force in 1495 for his failed landing at Deal

69
Q

How did Henry deal with the Burgundy threat

A

-Enforced a trade embargo
-1496 England and Burgundy signed a treaty known as “Intercursus Magnus”; Margaret agreed to stop supporting Warbeck and trade embargos lifted

70
Q

Why did Anglo-French relations deteriorate

A

French invasion of Brittany in 1489
-France absorbed Brittany in 1491

71
Q

How did Henry deal with the French threat

A

-October 1492 launched an invasion of France
(wanted to inconvenience Charles 8 to rethink his support for Warbeck)

72
Q

What did Henry negotiate with France

A

Treaty of Etaples (1492)
-Charles agreed not to harbour enemies

73
Q

Why did the Scottish threat not continue after 1497

A

-James had grown tired of supporting Warbeck (mb stopped believing Warbeck)
-or James may have realised that Henry was too secure to be easily toppled and that it would cost too much

74
Q

What did Scotland and England agree to

A

7 year truce of Ayton (1497)
-agreed to drop all support for Warbeck
-James iV married Princess Margaret in 1503

75
Q

How many royal troops died at the Battle of Stoke

A

3000

Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485-1603 (10 decks)

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