BS2 REDUCED Flashcards
Why was the North a difficult region to control
- geographically isolated causing poor communication
H8 attempt at increasing control in the North
using his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy in 1525
Northern families not always keeping the peace
1525- Lord Dacre fined £1,000 for his tolerance to disorder
When was the Council re-organised
1537 after PoG
How was the Council of the North re-organised
- became voice of the people in London and permanent HQ in York established
Where was the authority of the council of the north extended to
Durham, Cumberland and Westmorland
where was President of the Council of the North from
From Midlands or the South- allowed impartiality
Changes having to be made to council of the North
1569 Revolt of the Northern Earls- imposition of Protestants created resentment
Changes in 1572 to Council of the North
Henry Hastings made president of the North
- traditional power of noble families such as Dacres, Percies and Nevilles eroded
What was Wales considered
- Area of lawlessness and social disorder
Wales prior to 1535
- Operated under separate law system
- trad. blood fued existing
What did the 1535 Act of Union do
- Abolished principality of Wales and marcher lordships with 12 English Style counties
What was the english style of government
use of sherrife, coroners and JPs to ensure local order
1542 Wales Act cementing this control
- Replaced law with an English system
- Council of the Marches re-organised into the Council of Wales 1542
Council of Wales 1542
- more formal body
- president and vice-president appointed by monarch
Yeomen leading rebellions, formulating demands and acting as spokesmen
- 1497 Cornish Rising
-1549 Kett’s rebellion
What led to increased literacy
humanist ideas
Oxford
1,150- 1550
2,000- at the end
male illiteracy
80%- 1550
72%- 1600
yeomen no longer left out of local govt (3)
- prosperous and literate administered poor laws
- part of the legal system, less likely to take part in rebellion
- Oxfordshire Riot 1596, did not include yeomen
taxes prior to 1513
- via medieval method based on ‘fifteenths and tenths’, based on property known as moveables
medieval method causing discontent (2)
- possible for those with wealth and power to avoid paying their share
- urban communities paying more than those in countrysides
tax based revolts
Yorkshire 1489
Cornwall 1497
1513 Subsidy social tension
REDUCED- wealthiest in society contributed more to taxation
1513 subsidy SUCCESS
repeated in 1514, 15, 23
- raised £320,000
1513 subsidy limited
- by the end of E1 reign only generated £80,000
- increasingly corrupt after 1563
- contributed to political tensions of 1593
1563 social issues (3)
- bad harvests 1554-56
- outbreak of influenza 1555 and 1559
- LEDTO social and economic crises, caused pressure on central and local authorities to control vagrancy and pot. social disorder
1563 Statute of artificers (3)
- required wages to be set and assessed by JPs annually
- hours of work being fixed
- everyone between ages 12-60 required to work on the lands to ensure adequate food supplies
1563 Statute of artificers success (2)
- lasted for the rest of the period
- government emphasised food production as an essential job
Statute of Artificers 1563 limitation (2)
- Further acts to control poverty were needed
- Vagrancy began to increase in 1580s and 1590s
1590s social instability
- riots in Oxfordshire 1596
- 1596 food riots in London, South East and South West
1598 Act for the relief of the Poor (3)
- local administration of Poor Relief
- post of “overseer of the poor” assessing the amount of Poor relief needed
- Act later combined with the Act for the Relief of Soldiers and Mariners (provided pensions for wounded former soldiers)
1598 Act Long Lasting
- lasted till 1834
JPs role in 1598 Act
supervised the ‘overseer of the poor’
Why did monarchs allow for increased borough representation
- kept nobility and gentry happy
- allowed for the manipulation in elctions
Edward 6 new MPS
34 new MPs
M1 new MPs
25 new Mps
E1 new MPs
62- including rotten boroughs of Dunwich and Andover
Crown creating new boroughs, so that it could place its own candidates
Christopher Hatton elected as MP for Higham Ferrers in 1571
Creation of new Boroughs limitations
- Increased number of MPs, harder to control parliamentary debates
- M1 facing revolt by MPs in 1555
H7 effectively using patronage to secure his position on the throne
made Jasper Tudor Duke of Bedford and entrusted him with control of Wales and the Marches in 1490
Henry Viii using patronage to extend royal control
- granted Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk estates in Lincolnshire in 1536, to reassert royal power in the region after PoG
Patronage misused, relying on a strong, active monarch
Court faction led by Edward Seymore, Earl of Hertford, manipulating H8’s will to gain control over Edward Vi, making a member of the nobility too powerful
Patrinage causing factions and political tensions
- Rival factions led by Robert Cecil and Earl of Essex
Patronage causing rival factions
Rivalry between Robert Cecil and Earl of Essex
What did Earl of Essex do?
1601- Earl of Essex and 140 supporters planned to use an armed force to surround and capture the Queen, ultimately failed
What did Royal progresses allow
- allowed monarchs to increase their visibility, reminding their subjects of their military and legal power
Henry 7 progresses to secure his position on the throne
- went on a progress of the Midlands and the North a year after the Battle of Bosworth, as well as in 1487 and 1497, when he faced challenges
- sustain direct contact with the localities
H8 Progresses to increase support and minimise challenges
- Travelled to the North in 1541, reports of further political unrest
Nature of Elizabeth’s progresses
- Went on progresses annually, venturing to the farthest regions of the country such as Yorkshire and Cornwall
Why did Elizabeth go on progresses
- Enhanced her authority and improved her relations with the men she trusted to run local government on her behalf
What were Lord lieutenants responsible for
- recruiting and training troops for defense of the kingdom
Why did the post of Lord lieutenant emerge
Result of the threat of foreign powers and rebellions
Lord lieutenants under H8
Temporary post to deal with wars in Scotland, France and the PoG in 1536
Lord lieutenants under E6
used in response to Kett and Western rebellions in 1549
Lord lieutenants recruited from (3)
- majority recruited from the nobility,
- answered directly to the monarch,
- raising troops for a national army, not their private armies as they had done under H7
Mary 1 Lord lieutenants
attempted to make to the post of Lord Lieutenants a permanent post, dividing the kingdom into 10 lieutenancies who dealt with military matters in their designated regions
Lord lieutenants 1559
the post lapsed as the War with France ended
Lord lieutenants under E1
Post became permanent as a result of the war with Spain (1585-1604)
Lord lieutenants effectiveness under E1
- Harnessed the power of the nobility
- members of the privy council often being Lord lieutenants
How did Lord lieutenants enhance monarch’s ability to control more directly (2)
- Lord lieutenants gathered information about local conditions
- meant that the system of recruitment and military organisation was more efficient
Lord lieutenants limitations
- not an innovation, still relied on the nobility to carry out their traditional military role
- not permanent throughout the period, only emerging as a result of rebellion or war abroad
Number of JPs on county benches increasing
H8; 25–> 30
E1; 40—–>90
