Henry VIII: Challenging religious changes, 1533–37 Flashcards
To what was Cromwell appointed to //when?
1535- Viceregent in Spirituals
What power did viceregency give to Cromwell (2)
- Used the power to alter the doctrine
- used his power to launch propaganda campaign in support of the supremacy through preaching in churches
What new bishop was appointed that shared Cromwell’s religious view
Hugh Latimer
What happened in 1535
Royal letters sent to all bishops, JPs and nobility ordering them to imprison clergymen who continued to preach the pope’s authority
When was the Act of Ten Articles
1536
What did The Act of Ten Articles set out (3()
- Define the new doctrine of the English Church
- Article on the Eucharist was deliberately ambiguous
- number of sacraments was decreased from 7 to 3
As Viceregent what did Cromwell do in 1536
- issued a set of Injunctions to the English Clergy; attacked trad. practices such as pilgrimages
What did the 1534 Treason Act do
Prosecute those who refused to swear the oath, as they were traitors
What did the injunctions attack? (4)
pilgrimages, emphasis placed in relics and images, worship of Saints and Holy days
what influential opponents to the supremacy were executed for treason
-Sir Thomas More
-John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
Who were members of the conservative faction in the Royal Court (4)
- Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
- Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby
- Thomas, Lord Darcy
- John, Lord Hussey
How was Mary seen by some
-Those who wanted to see a restoration of the Catholic faith saw Mary as their natural figurehead
What had happened to Mary in 1534
-Was made illigetimate
What happened concerning Mary and Court
1535-36, Court based plot which sought to remove Henry and replace with Mary
What were the monastic orders and what did they follow(2)
-Orders such as the Benedictines and Cistercians
-followed rules of poverty, chastity and obedience
Services of monks and nuns (4)
- prayed for the souls of the dead
- provided support for the poor
- care for the sick and elderly
- monasteries provided employment on their estates for both unskilled agricultural workers and skilled craftsmen
By the 1530s how many religious houses were there and how many people in religious orders
900 religious houses
-12,000 people in religious orders
Why were monasteries held in high regard in the North
North often hit by social and economic hardship
-provided a vital lifeline for those local communities in times of need
For reformers like Cromwell what did monasteries represent (2)
Wealth and the corruption of the church
-and promoting the superstitious belief of purgatory
Why were the monasteries dissolves (2)
- monks/nuns owed their obedience to Rome
- dissolving the monasteries would give a valuable source of income
What revealed the wealth of the monasteries and when
1535- Valor Ecclesiasticus
How much did the dissolution raise
between 1536 and 1537
-1.3 million
commissioners appointed by Cromwell
Thomas Legh, Richard Layton
When were the first monasteries dissolves
1536 Act of Parliament- authorised the dissolution of smaller monasteries
(worth less than £200 per annum)
What sparked the Lincolnshire Rising
- dissolution of the monasteries and the activities of government officials sparked on 2-3rd October
- were overseeing the dissolution of the smaller monasteries and visitations of the clergy
What were the religious causes of the rebellion (4)
- rebels called for an end to the heresies of Luther
- restoration of the powers of the pope
- reversal of the dissolution of the monasteries
- members of the clergy complained about government attacks on the traditional privileges of the Church, such as benefit of the clergy
Evidence of the religious motivations (3)
-name: PILGRIMAGE
-carried a banner showing the 5 wounds of Christ
-9/24 Pontefract Articles were Religious grievances
Economic motives to the rebellion (3)
1534 Subsidy (hit the impoverished North hard)
-Complained about entry fines and enclosures
-1535 Acts of Uses
Social motivations to the rebellion
-Feared of the impact that the dissolution would have on the poor (who relied on alms)
-shown by the Pilgrims ballads circulation in 1536
What were the political demands of the rebels (2)
-A northern parliament
-Mary to be made legitimate
Who did the rebels think they were rebelling against
-not the king himself but his ‘evil councillers’
How did the men of Louth show their anger at the dissolution
Marched to Legbourne nunnery and capturing the commissioners who were trying to dissolve it
How many rebels were in the Lincolnshire rising
10,000
How had the Lincolnshire Rising ended
- Gentry asked the Duke of Suffolk for a pardon
- caused anger in the commons but persuaded to go home by Suffolk representative
Who was the leader of the Lincolnshire Rising
Nicholas Melton
Who supported the Lincolnshire Rising
all cross sections of society
-Commons
-Monks form Lincolnshire Abbeys (Barlings/Kirkstead)
-some members of the gentry
Why was the Lincolnshire Rising threatening(5)
- Gentry became involved
- 10,000
- spread rapidly
- involvement of the clergy/ monks (church usually reinforced the social order)
- level of organisation
What was a mistake H8 made
on 19 October he disbanded the 2nd army, leaving the DoS to deal with Lincolnshire on his own
When did the PoG start
10th October 1536
When did the rebels take over York
16th October
-rebellion in East riding attracted 10,000 followers
How did the rebels in York show their intentions
Restored 2 religious houses that had been dissolved
What leading members of the gentry and nobility were supporting the PoG (3)
-Lord Latimer
-Sir Christopher Derby
-Robert Aske
Geographical extent of the PoG
covered most of the NOrth and NOrth East (except Lancashire)
How many were in the PoG, including who
30,000
-in its ranks well trained fighters with experience in wars against Scotland
What were Henry’s military resources in the PoG
OVERSTRETCHED
What happened on the 23 October
Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Shewsbury marched North with an army of 8,000 men
What ended the PoG
8 december
-King’s pardon to the rebels. Begin to disperse
What did Bigod plan to do
capture Scarborough and Hull
When was Bigod captured
10 february 1537
Suppression of the rebels
Carlisle rebels were hanged and executions conducted throughout Cumberland
How many people were executed, including who (4)
144 people executed
-including Robert Aske, Sir Thomas Percy, Bigod and Lord Hussey
influential members of the nobility that were involved in the PoG (4)
-Lord Darcy
-Lord Hussey
-Sir Robert Constable
-Sir Thomas Percy
How was Aske an effective figure
- Acted as a military captain
- legal training and position of gentry made him a natural leader
Aske’s mistakes (2)
- overly idealistic
- conviction in the moral rightness of his protest meant that he was too willing to accept concessions
Why did Bigod fail (4)
- committed evangelical, not Catholic
- lacked natural ability to co-ordinate
- unable to harness support
- lacked gentry leadership
What did Cromwell opportunistically do
purged remaining yorkist rivals
e.g Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter
- Henry Pole Lord Montague
What did Cromwell use the PoG to further do
-used monastic involvement in the PoG, as a pretext to close larger monasteries
(monasteries could now be associated with treason and disobedience of Henry’s supremacy)
When did the closure of larger monastaries begin
1537
How did the closure of larger monasteries begin (4)
- not through an act of parliament
- tactic of ‘voluntary’ closures
- Abbots that surrendered their monasteries were well rewarded by the Crown in their pensions
- Abbots who resisted were executed
Act for larger monasteries
1539- Act of the Suppression of Religious Houses
What was Henry’s initial letter to the rebels(3)
- expressed outrage that the rebels would dare to defy his rule
- made no concessions
- no mercy to the ringleaders of the risings
rebel reaction to Henry letter
- encouraged the rebels to continue
- had more to gain by continuing putting pressure on government
What was in Henry’s second letter to the rebels
-offered negotiation between DoN and 300 of the rebels
-careful not to address Pilgrim’s articles
What did Henry do to try and control the rebellion
- Made a series of promises to the rebels that appeared to address their grievances (NOT IN WRITING)
- able to go back on his word
- vague promises
What did Henry fake promise (3)
-a Northern parliament
-general pardon
-truce
How did Henry promise the Northern parliament
at a later date that was unnamed
-able to delay discussion of controversial grievances (e.g dissolution of the monasteries)
What made the PoG go home
delaying tactics and Henry’s promises
What did DoN suggest to Henry
convinced that negotiation and playing for time would be a better tactic
-suggested that Henry propose Northern parliament
Why did the DoN’s position make it easier to negotiate
rank and position as leading member of the Conservative faction of Court
-Aske and gentry/nobility trusted him to put their case to Henry
How did DoN defeat the rebels
Made a compromise arrangement
-Norfolk agreed with rebels that monasteries should formally surrender to king’s officials but would then be restored again until parliament met
-this convinced the rebels to accept the king’s pardon
How did DoN deal with Bigod’s rising and failed attempt at Carlisle
Martial law
How did DoN exploit increasing divisions and distrust between commons and former gentry Pilgrims
recruited former rebels to his council:
-Sir Ralph Elleker
-Robert Bowes
How many were executed who attacked Carlisle
74
What was done to prevent further unrest (2)
- Re-organised Council of the North
- appointed loyalist such as Tunstall, who was given extensive powers to enforce obedience to the royal will
