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Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485-1603 > Agrarian discontent: Kett's rebellion 1549 > Flashcards

Agrarian discontent: Kett's rebellion 1549 Flashcards

1
Q

What did many contemporaries blame the growth of poverty and vagrancy on

A

enclosures

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2
Q

Example of someone who made large profits on sheep farming

A

Sir William Fermour of Norfolk owned 17,000 sheep

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3
Q

Practices used by landlords that effected the poorest/ most vulnerable (2)

A
  • Rack renting
  • Engrossing
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4
Q

Who were the most vulnerable to enclosures (2)

A
  • Copyhold tenants (leases more open to challenges)
  • landless (reliant on common land)
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5
Q

attempt of parliament to regulate enclosures

A

1489

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6
Q

What did the ‘common-wealth man’ think about enclosures

A
  • Saw it as a fundamental source of poverty, unemployment and vagrancy
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7
Q

The Common-wealth men + their professions (3)

A
  • John Hales- government official
  • Robert Crowley- writer
  • Hugh Latimer- Bishop of Worcester
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8
Q

What did the Common-wealth men preach? (3)

A
  • Need for social reform and need to control enclosures
  • Believed that social reform should happen for the good of the commonwealth
  • aim to create a Godly commonwealth
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9
Q

Why were the ideas of the common-wealth men important (2)

A
  • Protector Somerset was influenced by their thinking to introduce commissions of enquiry into illegal enclosures
  • Although many rebels were illiterate; they could still hear and understand these ideas. Ideas influenced the rebel’s aims and actions in 1549
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10
Q

What was the real cause of poverty in Tudor society

A
  • Population growth
  • Caused more pressure on the job market, wages fell and prices rose + inflation
  • Enclosures simply exacerbated the problem
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11
Q

How much did the population increase by from 1525 and 1551

A

2.3 million to 3.0 million
-as population grew it became harder to ensure an adequate food supply

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12
Q

What did the increase in poverty cause parliament to pass

A

1547 Vagrancy Act

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13
Q

When were there bad harvests

A

1545 and 1549 - made food shortages worse

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14
Q

What caused landlords to switch to sheep farming rather than arable farming

A
  • European market in wool and cloth were temporarily booming
  • Required less labour
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15
Q

What also further exacerbated existing economic problems

A

the debasement of the coinage

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16
Q

When were the commissions for enclosures

A

1548 and 1549

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17
Q

Duke of Somerset actions against enclosure (3)

A
  • Commissions for enclosures ‘48 and ‘49
  • Passed a private parliamentary bill protecting copyholders against enclosure
  • appointed John Hales to oversee gov. reform of social end economic problems
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18
Q

What did the commissions NOT have the power to do?

A

didn’t have the power to order illegal enclosures to be taken down or punish those in breach with the law

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19
Q

How did Somerset deal with illegal enclosures himself

A
  • Ordered the ploughing up of illegal enclosures
    estates of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk ploughed up
    and park belonging to John Dudley Earl of Warwick
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20
Q

unintended consequences of the enclosure commissions (2)

A
  • Somerset alienated the landed gentry and the nobility. This was the group who were the first line of defence in a rebellion, and Somerset was reliant on this group for support in the gov.
  • Commons of England though Somerset was on their side
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21
Q

How was Somerset seen by the commons

A

‘The Good Duke’

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22
Q

What initially helped the riots gained momentum

A

Many on the leading landlords were away from that region due to them being summoned to Windsor Castle on 1 July

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23
Q

Where did Kett’s rebellion begin

A

Wymondham (Norfolk)

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24
Q

What camp did the rebels set up and when

A

camp on Mousehold Heath 12th july (Norwich)

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25
Q

Wealth disparity in Norwich + how did effect the rebellion

A

6% of the population owned 60% of the land and goods
-Sharp divide between the rich and poor, which the rebels could exploit to gain sympathy from the townspeople

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26
Q

Why else was Norwich a good location

A
  • Was an important administrative center
  • threatening such a vital city was a good way to get the government’s attention
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27
Q

What did Kett’s camp encourage others to do 2

A

Encouraged other camps to be set up:
-Downham Market (Norfolk)
-Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk)

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28
Q

What were local gentry surprised by

A

by the sheer scale and rapidity of the rising

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29
Q

Unlike the PoG what did Kett’s rebels not do

A

didn’t seek to persuade the gentry to join them
- the landowning elites were the group they were rebelling against

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30
Q

Why did the mayor and the city council cooperate with Kett

A
  • The size of the rebel camp and Kett having the upper hand- no alternative
  • helped Kett by organising the collection of food and supplies
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31
Q

What happened on the 21 July 1549

A

government messanger reached Norwich
-encouraged by this the mayor and the council started to fortify the city against the rebels

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32
Q

What happened on the 22 July and what did this cause

A
  • rebels offered the mayor a truce, but the town council refused
  • provoked a successful full scale attack on Norwich by the rebels which led to to the capture of the mayor
33
Q

What did the offer of a pardon do to the rebels (31st July)

A

inflamed the rebels, saw themselves as loyal subjects of the crown and not rebels

34
Q

What army did Somerset initially send

A

sent an army under William Parr, the Marquess of Northampton
- contained Italian mercenaries

35
Q

What happened on the 31st of July

A
  • The Marquess offered a pardon for anyone who would surrender
  • only 20 surrendered
36
Q

What happened after the 31st July

A
  • Rebels launched another attack on Norwich
  • The Marquess was forced to withdraw and many of the gentry fled
  • Norwich remained in the hands of the rebels for another 3 weeks
37
Q

How many men did the Earl of Warwick’s army have

A

12,000

38
Q

When did Warwick’s army reach Norwich+ what did they do

A

23 August
-offered a pardon to everyone EXCEPT Kett (offer turned down)

39
Q

What did the REBELS do on 23 August

A

showed their organisation by raiding carts carrying Warwick’s weaponry and captured guns which they used against Warwick

40
Q

What did Warwick do on the 24th August

A

Entered Norwich and arrested and hanged some rebels

41
Q

How did the rebels fight against Warwick initially

A

Waged a form of guerrilla warfare using arson and ambushes

42
Q

What was a turning point in the rebellion and when

A

the arrival of 1,000 mercenaries on the 26th August
+Warwick succeeded at cutting off the rebel’s line of supply

43
Q

Where did the camp move to?

A

Mousehold Heath to Dussindale

44
Q

What happened on the 27 August

A

Warwick made a final attempt at negotiations; rebels refused and fired warning shots

45
Q

Why did the rebels lose against the royal army

A

Weren’t trained and didn’t have the weapons or skills to defend themselves

46
Q

How many rebels were killed

A

3,000 and Kett was tried and executed for treason in December 1549

47
Q

Sir John Flowerdew was an escheator-
What is an escheator?

A
  • A local official that was responsible in overseeing Crown’s rights over its lands
  • post gave local officials opportunity to make money through bribes and intimidation
48
Q

Example of the rebels resenting the privileges and the abuse of power of the royal gentry

A

Lord Sheffield was captured and brutally beaten to death

49
Q

The rebels also demanded better local governance
-what did the rebels do to demand this

A
  • Camp at Mousehold Heath the rebels wanted to show they could administer law and order effectively
  • saw themselves as creating a new model of government for their locality
50
Q

What specific things did the rebels do to show they could run an effective government without the gentry (2)

A
  • Kett adopted a system of writs and commissions to issue orders for supplies of food and drink
  • members of the gentry that were captured were put on trial before Kett under the Oak of Reformation
51
Q

What motivated the rebels (6)

A
  • Enclosure sparked the rebels
  • abuse of the practise of foldcourse
  • resentment over large landlord’s power
  • wanted to end corrupt government
  • demanded all bondmen should be made free
  • wanted clergymen who were educated and not greedy/corrupt
52
Q

What did the rebels want for the social heirachy

A

for social hierarchy to remain but for landed elites to play a very different role in the hierarchy wherein they would be prevented from exploiting the commons

53
Q

How many were in Mousehold Heath

A

16,000 men

54
Q

Why was Kett’s rebellion particularly threatening (2)

A
  • Government resources were already overstretched by the outbreak of the Western Rising- forced Somerset to divide his forces
  • government took longer to respond, giving rebels time to organise and strengthen their defences
55
Q

What member of the nobility was meant to put down the rebellion and why couldn’t he (4)

A

Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
-had been arrested for treason since 1546
-Norfolk’s absence from the region created a power vacuum
-local gentry lacked leadership and rebellion was able to gather momentum

56
Q

Evidence showing the organisation of the rebels

A

Were able to sustain and supply a large camp of people for 6 weeks

57
Q

What did local administrators do with the rebels

A

because the rebels appeared peaceful and well organised, they responded to rebel requests
-E.g the churchwardens of Carlton Colville collected money and sent it to Mousehold
THREAT TO SOCIAL HEIRACHY AND SOCIAL ORDER

58
Q

What did France do and when

A

8 August, France declared war on England- put government on more strain

59
Q

What social group was Robert Kett from and why was this useful

A

Emerging group of artisans and yeoman farmers
-often held in considerable respect by their local community; thus could gather support and demand obediance

60
Q

What kind of leader was Kett

A
  • Very idealistic with a strong sense of social justice
  • charismatic leader and was able to persuade +organised
  • attacked the greed of the gentry
61
Q

weaknesses of Kett (2)

A
  • Not a military man and lacked tactical awareness to deal with a well trained army
  • decision to move to Dussindale was a disaster; wasn’t on a hill and couldn’t protect themselves against cavalry
62
Q

Why were the rebels able to defeat the Marquess of Northampton?

A
63
Q

What was Sommerset’s style of rule like?

A

dictatorial- tended to bypass Council and relied on his friends and advisors (e.g William Paget) to make key policy decisions

64
Q

What else did Somerset do that made the commons think he was a friend of the poor

A

set up a special court in his own house where the poor could seek justice

65
Q

What were the unintended consequences of Somereset’s actions (2)

A

-alienated the landed elites, whose support he needed
-sent the rebels the message that he was on their side

66
Q

How was Somerset’s response to the rebellion criticised?

A

accused of endangering the social and political order by negotiating with the rebels and offering them concessions

67
Q

What did Somerset do that further exacerbated the rebels (2)

A
  • A series of letters between Somerset and the rebels that encouraged the rebels
  • Somerset made promises that showed that he was sympathetic to their complaints
  • promised the rebels that parliament would be moved from October to November to discuss rebel complaints
68
Q

How did Somerset’s mixed signals make the rebellion worse?

A

When Somerset resorted to force, the rebels saw this as betrayal
-only hardened their determination to resist

69
Q

What happened that was initially a failure for the Earl of Wariwick

A

-incident between rebels and Warwick’s troops, in which a young rebel boy died
-hardened attitudes on both sides

70
Q

What was Warwick’s leadership helped by (2)

A
  • Arrival of Swiss mercenaries
  • gradual reduction of the rebel’s supply lines
71
Q

How many rebels were killed in Dussindale

A

3,000 and warwick only lost 40

72
Q

How many rebels was Warwick prepared to hang in Norwich

A

49 rebels

73
Q

How many rebels were ordered to be hung, drawn and quartered at the Oak of reformation

A

9

74
Q

What eventually happened to Kett

A

Hanged in chains from the walls of Norwich castle, where his body was left to rot

75
Q

How were other parts of the rebellion dealt with peacefully

A
  • other rebel camps in east Anglia were dissolved w/o violence
  • used propaganda to to persuade rebels that to rise up and revolt was against the laws of God and England
76
Q

How many of the rebel demands were economic

A

18/29

77
Q

Rebel concern with local government (3)

A
  • Wanted an end of corrupt government by local gentry, in particular roles by escheators and feodary
  • these officials accused of lining their pockets at the expense of central government
  • demanded that local government officials to be chosen by the local people to ensure that someone honest was chosen (extremely radical demand)
78
Q

Religious demands of the rebels (3)

A
  • complaints were made about the quality of the clergy
  • demand for better preaching in Article 8
  • Concerned about the education of local clergy and asked that any clergymen unable to preach properly shouldn’t be allowed
79
Q

Evidence that shows that religion was not the prime cause for Kett’s rebellion

A
  • Did not want a restoration to Catholicism
  • rebels used the Book of Common Prayer 1549 in daily services at camp
  • sympathetic to Duke of Somerset’s move towards Protestantism

Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485-1603 (10 decks)

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