Typical Development of Communication Flashcards
Backing (def. and age of elimination)
Alveolar sounds like /t/ and /d/ are substituted with velar sounds like /k/ and /g/ (e.g. “gog” for “dog”)
- Atypical; usually seen in more severe phonological delays
Fronting
Velar/palatal sounds are substituted with alveolar sounds (e.g. “tootie” for “cookie”)
- Eliminated by approx. 3.5 years
Gliding
/r/ and /l/ are replaced with glides (/w/ or /y/)
- Elim. by age 6
Stopping
Fricatives or affricates are substituted with a stop (e.g. “dump” for “jump”)
- /f/ and /s/ by age 3
- /v/ and /z/ by 3.5
- sh, ch, j by 4.5
- th by age 5
Vowelization
/l/ or “er” sounds replaced with a vowel (e.g. “appo” for “apple”)
- No approx age of elimination
Affrication
Nonaffricate replaced with an affricate ch or j (e.g. “joor” for “door”)
- Elim by age 3
Deaffrication
Affricate is replaced with a fricative or stop (e.g. “ship” for “chip”)
- Elim by age 4
Alveolarization
Nonalveolar sound is substituted with alveolar (e.g. “tu” for “shoe”)
- Elim by age 5
Labialization
Nonlabial sound substituted for a labial sound (e.g. “pie” for “tie”; mouf for mouth )
- Elim by age 6
What is assimilation and when should it be eliminated approx?
A consonant starts to sound like another sound in the word (e.g. “bub” for “bus”); elim by age 3
What is denasalization and when does it typically disappear?
- Nasal consonant changes to a non-nasal consonant (e.g. “doze” for “nose”)
- Elim by 2.5
Final consonant devoicing
e.g. “pick” for “pig”
- Elim by age 3
Prevocalic Voicing
Voiceless consonant in the beginning of a word is substituted with a voiced consonant (e.g. “gomb” for “comb)
- Elim by 6
Coalescence
Two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme that still has similar features (e.g. “foon” for “spoon”)
- No typical age of elim
Reduplication
A complete or incomplete syllable is repeated (e.g. “baba” for “bottle”)
- Elim by 3
Cluster reduction
Consonant cluster becomes single consonant (“pane” for “plane”)
- Without /s/, gone by 4
- With /s/, gone by 5
Final consonant deletion
e.g. “toe” for “toad”
- Elim by 3
Initial consonant deletion
e.g. “unny” for “bunny”
- Atypical, usually seen in more severe delays
Weak syllable deletion
e.g. “nana” for “banana”
- Elim by age 4
Epenthesis
A sound is added btwn two consonants, typically a schwa sound (e.g. “buh-lue” for “blue”)
- Elim by 8 y/o
During pregnancy, when does the fetus start to react to external sounds? (e.g. changes in frequency; changes in phonemes)
After the 26th week
T/F: A newborn prefers the sound of its mother’s language to the sound of another
True
Until what age can a newborn easily distinguish between phonemes in any language?
Starting at 6 months, starts to lose ability to distinguish btwn phonemes that are not contrastive in their native language.
By 10 months, ability is usually lost.
(Called “Perceptive Narrowing/Reorganization”)
Perlocutionary stage: Reflexive vocalizations occur….
Age 0-2 months
- crying, sneezing, coughing