Typical Development of Communication Flashcards
Backing (def. and age of elimination)
Alveolar sounds like /t/ and /d/ are substituted with velar sounds like /k/ and /g/ (e.g. “gog” for “dog”)
- Atypical; usually seen in more severe phonological delays
Fronting
Velar/palatal sounds are substituted with alveolar sounds (e.g. “tootie” for “cookie”)
- Eliminated by approx. 3.5 years
Gliding
/r/ and /l/ are replaced with glides (/w/ or /y/)
- Elim. by age 6
Stopping
Fricatives or affricates are substituted with a stop (e.g. “dump” for “jump”)
- /f/ and /s/ by age 3
- /v/ and /z/ by 3.5
- sh, ch, j by 4.5
- th by age 5
Vowelization
/l/ or “er” sounds replaced with a vowel (e.g. “appo” for “apple”)
- No approx age of elimination
Affrication
Nonaffricate replaced with an affricate ch or j (e.g. “joor” for “door”)
- Elim by age 3
Deaffrication
Affricate is replaced with a fricative or stop (e.g. “ship” for “chip”)
- Elim by age 4
Alveolarization
Nonalveolar sound is substituted with alveolar (e.g. “tu” for “shoe”)
- Elim by age 5
Labialization
Nonlabial sound substituted for a labial sound (e.g. “pie” for “tie”; mouf for mouth )
- Elim by age 6
What is assimilation and when should it be eliminated approx?
A consonant starts to sound like another sound in the word (e.g. “bub” for “bus”); elim by age 3
What is denasalization and when does it typically disappear?
- Nasal consonant changes to a non-nasal consonant (e.g. “doze” for “nose”)
- Elim by 2.5
Final consonant devoicing
e.g. “pick” for “pig”
- Elim by age 3
Prevocalic Voicing
Voiceless consonant in the beginning of a word is substituted with a voiced consonant (e.g. “gomb” for “comb)
- Elim by 6
Coalescence
Two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme that still has similar features (e.g. “foon” for “spoon”)
- No typical age of elim
Reduplication
A complete or incomplete syllable is repeated (e.g. “baba” for “bottle”)
- Elim by 3
Cluster reduction
Consonant cluster becomes single consonant (“pane” for “plane”)
- Without /s/, gone by 4
- With /s/, gone by 5
Final consonant deletion
e.g. “toe” for “toad”
- Elim by 3
Initial consonant deletion
e.g. “unny” for “bunny”
- Atypical, usually seen in more severe delays
Weak syllable deletion
e.g. “nana” for “banana”
- Elim by age 4
Epenthesis
A sound is added btwn two consonants, typically a schwa sound (e.g. “buh-lue” for “blue”)
- Elim by 8 y/o
During pregnancy, when does the fetus start to react to external sounds? (e.g. changes in frequency; changes in phonemes)
After the 26th week
T/F: A newborn prefers the sound of its mother’s language to the sound of another
True
Until what age can a newborn easily distinguish between phonemes in any language?
Starting at 6 months, starts to lose ability to distinguish btwn phonemes that are not contrastive in their native language.
By 10 months, ability is usually lost.
(Called “Perceptive Narrowing/Reorganization”)
Perlocutionary stage: Reflexive vocalizations occur….
Age 0-2 months
- crying, sneezing, coughing
Perlocutionary stage: cooing occurs…
Age 2-4 months
- tongue is able to be more mobile as oral space increases
- very nasal sounds; vowels
Perlocutionary stage: Vocal play
Age 4 - 6/7 months
- Breathing and phonation are more coordinated
- Quasi-consonants
Behavioural Theory
- believes that lanugage develops from explicit learning, not innate systems
- children only learn the language they’re exposed to
- speech behaviours are reinforced with responses
Nativist Theory
Chomsky
- universal grammar rules in all languages
- everyone is born with a “Language Acquisition Device”
- believe it’s important to focus on syntax in therapy
- doesn’t think you need to reward child for speaking; therapists say you do for someone who acquired skills atypically
Cognitive Theory
Piaget
- proper dev. of cognition is necessary for linguistic expression (e.g. a child needs to be exposed to a dog before they can say those words)
- children must progress through stages of development (e.g. children’s use of the phrase “all gone” usually coincides with their understanding of object permanence)
- believes cognitive precursors are innate but language is not
Social Interactionism - therapy using this theory would be based on increasing ……?
Vygotsky & Bruner
Language only possible due to human interaction
Child’s conversation partners are significant contributors to language acquisition
Therapy focusing on this theory would be based on increasing children’s motivation to communicate
Languge continues to be refined across the lifespan
Which of the following does NOT occur between 8-10 months?
a) Understanding no
b) Variegated babbling (bamagaba)
c) Uncovering a hidden toy (object permanence)
d) Using “all gone”
e) Gestural language such as shaking head no
D) “All gone”
