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CETP Review > Anatomy + Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Trigeminal V is a ___ type nerve. Its functions are:

A

Sensory AND Motor.
Facial Sensation + Jaw Mvmt (chewing and speech)

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2
Q

Name all 6 cranial nerves involved in speech/swallowing

A

Trigeminal V
Facial VII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory (spinal) XI
Hypoglossal XII

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3
Q

Facial VII is a ___ type nerve. Its functions are:

A

Sensory AND Motor.
Taste in front 2/3 (sense); salivary glands + Facial expressions (motor)

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4
Q

Glossopharyngeal IX is a ___ type nerve. Its functions are:

A

Sensory AND Motor.

SensatN of post. 1/3 Tongue (taste/temp/position/pain),salivary glands, and pharynx sensatN (touch)

Laryngeal elevatN/pharyngeal dilation

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5
Q

Vagus X is a __ type nerve. Its functions are:

A

Sensory AND Motor.

Superior branch very important for swallow:
SensatN of base of tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, true and false VFs, pyriform sinuses and post. pharyngeal wall.

Motor - soft palate, pharyngeal constrictors, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, cricopharyngeus (speech/swallow, preventN of nasal regurgitation, airway closure, opening UES)

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6
Q

Accessory spinal XI is a ___ type nerve. Its functions are:

A

Motor.
Mvmt of the shoulder, arm and throat (palatopharyngeus muscle; courses along with Vagus X to elevate palate)

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7
Q

Hypoglossal XII is a ___ type nerve. Its functions are:

A

Motor.
Extrinisic + intrinsic muscles of the tongue

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8
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue alter its position. Name the 4 muscles involved and their functions.

A

Genioglossus - depress + protrude
Hyoglossus - depress + retract
Styloglossus - elevate + retract
Palatoglossus - elevate post. tongue + lower velum

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8
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue alter its shape. Name the 4 muscles involved.

A

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

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9
Q

The ___ nerve innervates all muscles of the tongue except the ____ muscle.

A

Hypoglossal XII; palatoglossus

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9
Q

Why would paralysis of the Glossopharyngeal IX nerve be damaging for a swallow?

A
  • Not sending messages to the brain that there’s food on the back of the tongue + pharynx
  • Loss of motor control in half of pharynx to successfully swallow
  • Absent gag reflex –> increased risk of choking
  • Decreased taste –> less interest in eating?
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9
Q

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve is a branch from what cranial nerve?

A

Vagus X

Remember that the RLN touches all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

Trigeminal V

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12
Q

What would happen if there were damage to the Hypoglossal XII nerve?

A

Tongue paralysis:
- Diminished intelligibility
- Swallowing problems (dec. oral prep, no pressure to propel bolus –> needs to reach the arches to trigger the response)

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13
Q

T/F: Damage to the Hypoglossal XII nerve can cause impaired taste.

A

False - that would be either the Glossopharyngeal IX or Facial VII

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14
Q

The cranial nerves are part of the
a) Central Nervous System
B) Peripheral Nervous System
C) Somatic Nervous System
D) Automatic Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Both afferent and efferent:
Sensory are afferent, collecting info about the environment and bringing it to the CNS
Motor neurons are efferent, delivering messages from the CNS to muscles + glands

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15
Q

T/F: The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

A

True

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16
Q

The Automatic Nervous System controls ____ functions, such as:

A

Involuntary
Heart beat, digestion, breathing

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17
Q

The Somatic Nervous System is responsible for ____ functions, such as:

A

Voluntary
Skeletal muscle movement

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18
Q

The Sympathetic nervous system is part of the ____ nervous system. Its functions are:

A

Automatic Nervous System
Fight or flight; increases heart rate, prepares the body for stress

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19
Q

The Parasympathetic nervous system is part of the ____ nervous system. Its functions are:

A

Automatic.
Decreasing heart rate; “rest and digest”

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20
Q

The Brainstem controls ____. It contains 3 parts:

A

Vital functions
Midbrain + pons + medulla

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21
Q

The Midbrain is involved in controlling…

A

Eye movement
Arousal + Alertness
Hearing

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22
Q

The Thalamus’ role is the…

A

Main relay station btwn the cerebral cortex + brain stem

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23
Q

The Hypothalamus is involved in…

A

Regulating the body’s temperature, heart rate, hunger & thirst

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24
Q

The Medulla is involved in…

A

Breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure & flow

25
Q

The Pons is involved in…

A

Chewing, facial movement, blinking and balance

26
Q

The Cerebellum is involved in…

A

Balance, posture, equilibrium, muscle mvmt

27
Q

Broca’s area (#__ and ___) is responsible for…

A

44 & 45 (Left hemisphere only)
Speech production/motor speech

28
Q

Wernicke’s area (#__) is responsible for…

A

22 (Left hemisphere only)
Language/auditory comprehension

29
Q

The ___ system is the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle mvmt such as speech.

A

Pyramidal system

30
Q

Movement on the right side of the body is generally controlled by nerve fibers that originate in the ____, and vice-versa.

A

Left cerebral cortex

31
Q

The _____ tract is critical to speech production.

A

Corticobulbar tract

32
Q

Lower Motor Neurons are found in the ____ and ____ nerves. They are part of the ____ nervous system and are the final route by which neural impulses communicate with muscles.

A

Spinal and cranial
Peripheral nervous system

33
Q

Upper motor neurons are found within the ____ nervous system. They include the pathways of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.

A

Central nervous system

34
Q

The extrapyramidal system transmits impulses that control the:
a) postural support
b) fine motor mvmts
c) both

A

a) postural support

35
Q

Damage to the extrapyramidal system creates motor disturbances that fall under what type of disorder?

A

Involuntary movement disorders

36
Q

The Lower motor neuron pathway comes from the _____ and _____ with a destination of the _____.

A

Originates in the brainstem and spinal cord
Destination in the muscles

37
Q

Signs of Lower motor neuron lesion

A

Damage = loss of ability to innervate skeletal msucles
- Weakness (paralysis or paresis)
- Hypotonia/flaccidity
- Atrophy (wasting of tissue)
- Fasciculations

38
Q

Functions of the Lower Motor Neuron pathway

A
  • Reflexes + muscle tone
  • Acts out upper motor neuron commands for voluntary mvmt and posture
39
Q

Function of the Pyramidal system

A

Direct, voluntary, skilled movement

40
Q

Function of the Extrapyramidal system

A

Control posture, tone, supports voluntary movement

41
Q

Signs of UMN - pyramidal system lesion

A
  • Spasticity
  • Limited ROM (rigidity)
  • Hypertonia
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Weakness (but not a primary sign)
  • Positive Babinski sign
    No fasiculations
42
Q

Signs of extrapyramidal system lesion

A
  • Hypokinesia from decrease in dopamine at substantia nigra (Parkinsonism - Bradykinesia, rigidity, festination, mask-like)
  • Hyperkinesia from decrease in acetylcholine due to BG (slow, writhing movements - athetosis, dystonia OR fast movements - chorea, tics, myoclonia)
43
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron pathway starts at the ____ and ends at the ____.

A

Cortex
Cranial and spinal nerves’ nuclei

44
Q

Name the 5 differences btwn breathing for life and breathing for speech

A
  1. Inhalation through the nose vs. mouth
  2. Ratio: Life = 40in/60out Speech = 10in/90out
  3. Volume of air: L=10%; S=20-25%
  4. Expiration muscles: Vital=passive; speech=uses intercostals and diaphragm
    *5. Vital - thoracic wall moves laterally? Speech - moves medially?
45
Q

Muscle movement for vital inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract

46
Q

Muscle movement for vital expiration

A

Passive! - diaphragm and external intercostals relax

47
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. What is their overall purpose/function?

A

Cricothyroid
Interarytenoids x2
Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Thyroarytenoid

Function: Modifies the shape/configuration of the larynx; change change the pitch/tension

48
Q

Name the infrahyoid muscles. What is their overall purpose?

A

Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

Depressing hyoid bone/thyroid/larynx –> going to make voice lower

49
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles. What is their overall purpose?

A

Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric x2

Elevates the hyoid bone which will elongate the vocal folds and make pitch higher

50
Q

Although the Extrapyramidal system is part of the Upper Motor Neuron pathway, “UMN lesions” refers only to the Pyramidal system.
When there is a lesion to the Extrapyramidal system, we would refer specifically to damage to the…

A

-Cerebellum
-Basal ganglia
-Substantia nigra

51
Q

Which lesion site is spasticity associated with?
a) Substantia Nigra
b) Upper Motor Neuron
c) Central Grey Nucleus
d) Lower Motor Neuron

A

b) Upper Motor Neuron

52
Q

Which lesion site is fasiculations associated with?
a) Upper Motor Neuron
b) Substantia Nigra
c) Lower Motor Neuron
d) Central Grey Nucleus

A

c) Lower Motor Neuron

53
Q

The symptom of hypotonia is associated with cerebellar lesions and what other probable lesion site?
a) Upper Motor Neuron
b) Lower Motor Neuron
c) Central Grey Nucleus
d) Substantia Nigra

A

b) Lower Motor Neuron

54
Q

Le symptôme de l’atrophie est associé à quel site de lésion probable?
a) Upper Motor Neuron
b) Le cervet
c) Les NGC
d) Lower Motor Neuron

A

d) Lower Motor Neuron

55
Q

A deviation of the tongue to the left (no fasiculations or atrophy) is associated with with what nerve?
a) Trigeminal nerve V
b) Facial nerve VII
c) Vagus nerve X
d) Hypoglossal nerve XII

A

d) Hypoglossal XII

56
Q

The symptom of weakness on the inferior right side of the face is associated with a lesion to what nerve?

A

Facial nerve VII

57
Q

The symptom of weakness on the inferior right side of the face is associated with a lesion to the UMN or LMN?

A

UMN

58
Q

What is the proper name for the vocalis muscle, or the innermost part of the vocal folds?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

59
Q

T/F: Esophageal cancer is part of Head&Neck cancer

A

False

60
Q

Patients should seek medical evaluation if hoarseness extends beyond ___

A

2 weeks

61
Q

A total laryngectomy removes __

A

Everything from hyoid bone to first tracheal ring

62
Q

Larynx moves __ and __ to open the esophageal sphincter

A

Up and forward

63
Q
A

CETP Review (11 decks)

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