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CETP Review > Neurogenic Communication Disorders > Flashcards

Neurogenic Communication Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Dementia is due to degenerative diseases of the ___

A

CNS

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2
Q

Three types of dementia based on their location

A

Cortical dementia = cerebral cortex
Subcortical dementia = basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem
Mixed dementia = cortical + subcortical structures

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3
Q

Cortical dementia examples

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Pick’s disease
Primary progressive aphasia

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4
Q

Most common subcortical dementia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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5
Q

PD is due to deterioration of _____ in the basal ganglia + brainstem which inhibit neuronal activity and prevent unintended movements

A

Dopamine producing neurons

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6
Q

Early stage signs of PD

A

Micrographia
Tremor in hands
Immobility

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7
Q

Typical onset age of PD

A

50-56

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8
Q

Definition of mild cognitive impairment

A

Goes beyond normal aging but not significant enough to affect activity participation/functional independence (e.g. episodic memory loss, language impairments, neuropsychiatric symptoms)

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9
Q

T/F: PD affects cognition

A

True - memory, abstract reasoning, and other tasks that require sustained mental function progressively become compromised

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10
Q

T/F: Impaired vocabulary and syntax are some of the first signs of PD

A

False - vocab, syntax and grammar are preserved in PD until the late stages

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11
Q

Typical life expectancy post-onset of HD
a) 5-10 years
b) 10-15 years
c) 15-20 years
d) 20+ years

A

c) 15-20 years

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12
Q

Personality changes in HD

A

Irritability and emotional outbursts

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13
Q

T/F: In both PD and HD, intellectual functions begin to slow

A

False – in HD yes but PD, usually in tact, able to remain in familiar environments with supervision

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14
Q

What type of memory do Montessori activities acces?

A

Procedural memory

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15
Q

First symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A

MR. JDM (Jeffrey Dean Morgan)

  • Lapse in Memory
  • Faulty reasoning
  • Poor judgement
  • Disorientation in non-familiar enviros
  • Alterations in mood (depressed, irritable, suspicious)
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16
Q

T/F: Intellect and cognition are mostly spared in AD

A

False - become increasingly impaired

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17
Q

Two main features of non-fluent PPA

A
  • Agrammatism
  • Hesitant speech with AOS
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18
Q

At least 2 of the following for non-fluent/agrammatic PPA

A
  • Difficulty understanding complex phrases
  • Preserved word comprehension
  • Preserved object knowledge
19
Q

2 features that must be present for semantic PPA

A
  • Anomia (impaired word retrieval/confrontation naming)
  • Impaired single-word comprehension
20
Q

At least 3 of the following for semantic PPA

A
  • Impaired object knowledge (especially low-freq)
  • Surface dyslexia/dysgraphia
  • Spared repetition
  • Spared speech production (grammar + motor)
21
Q

2 features that MUST be present for logopenic PPA

A
  • Impaired word retrieval in spontaneous speech/naming
  • Impaired repetition of sentences
22
Q

At least three of the following for logopenic PPA

A
  • Phonological errors (e.g. cluster reduction)
  • Spared single-word comp/object knowledge
  • Spared motor speech
  • Absence of agrammatism
23
Q

Three main categories of RHBD impairments

A
  1. Attentional / Perceptual Deficits
  2. Affective Deficits
  3. Communicative Deficits
24
Q

What are the attentional deficits of RHBD?

A
  • Left-side neglect
  • Denial of illness
  • Facial recognition deficits
  • Reproducing shapes
  • Disorientation
  • Visuoperceptual deficits
25
Q

What are the affective deficits of RHBD?

A
  • Difficulty understanding emotions on faces
  • Difficulty understanding emotion expressed in a single word/tone of voice
  • Difficulty expressing emotions
26
Q

What are the communicative deficits of RHBD?

A
  • Difficulty with prosody (expressive and receptive)
  • Impaired/disorganized narrative + discourse skills
  • Difficulty understanding implied/abstract messages
  • Pragmatics (e.g. turn taking, eye contact, excessive speech, topic maintenance)
27
Q

What is a general way to distinguish between aphasia and dementia in evaluation?

A

Aphasia – tend to perform better on nonverbal tests of intelligence/problem solving than verbal tasks
Dementia – poor on both

28
Q

What type of memory is affected at the beginning of Alzheimer’s?

A

Declarative
- Semantic (facts, words, names - meaning of a word/expresssion)
- Historical events
- Episodic (related to emotion)

29
Q

What type of memory is more affected toward the end of Alzheimer’s?

A

Procedural
- Associations
- Motor skills
-

30
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Ability for intentions from the past to inform actions in the present (made a plan to do something later in the day)

31
Q

In most cases, a dementia diagnosis requires progressive deterioration in at least 3 of the following functions:

A

Intellectual functions
Judgement
Thinking (cognition?)
Visuospatial skills
Constructional abilities
Language
Memory
Emotion
Behaviour

32
Q

What is Mild Cognitive Impairment?

A

Only ONE of the potential functions is impaired and the severity is MILD

33
Q

Causes of reversible dementias

A

About 20% of cases:

Metabolic disturbances

Chronic renal failure
Persistent anemia

Drug toxicity

Lung & heart disease

Nutritional deficiencies

34
Q

T/F: Pre-existing learning disability makes a person more vulnerable to effects of TBI

A

True

35
Q

Risks post-TBI

A
  • Seizures
  • Depression + PTSD (self-medication)
  • 2nd TBI
  • Criminality
  • Homelessness
36
Q

Post-injury factors that influence recovery

A
  • Early medical intervention (time is brain)
  • Early rehab
  • Long-term support network
  • Individual resilience/effort/adjustment
37
Q

What is a diffuse brain injury?

A

Crosses multiple brain regions –> affects entire brain

38
Q

Examples of diffuse brain injury

A

Global Ischemic (loss of oxygen)
Edema (brain swelling)

39
Q

What is a focal brain injury?

A

Injury to a specific part

40
Q

Examples of focal brain injury

A

Scalp lacerations
Skull fractures
Contusions (brain bruise)
Intracranial hemorrgage

41
Q

Acceleration vs. Non-acceleration trauma

A

Acceleration – moving head hits moving object/stationary object/or whiplash
Non-acceleration – non-moving head hit by object –> consequences come from the deformation of the skull

42
Q

Which is more dangerous, an epidural hematoma or a subdural hematoma?

A

Subdural –> spreads more slowly, so no initial symptoms; epidural can be resolved with a hole to relieve pressure and remove blood

43
Q

Common consequence (secondary) of diffuse injuries

A

Cerebral edema

44
Q

Environmental compensations for TBI

A
  • Stick to a routine
  • Keep belongings in a designated place
  • Educate the family on what’s going on and how to interact
  • Set time limits for working on difficult tasks (avoid errors + fatigue)

CETP Review (11 decks)

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