Neurogenic Communication Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Dementia is due to degenerative diseases of the ___

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three types of dementia based on their location

A

Cortical dementia = cerebral cortex
Subcortical dementia = basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem
Mixed dementia = cortical + subcortical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cortical dementia examples

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Pick’s disease
Primary progressive aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common subcortical dementia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PD is due to deterioration of _____ in the basal ganglia + brainstem which inhibit neuronal activity and prevent unintended movements

A

Dopamine producing neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Early stage signs of PD

A

Micrographia
Tremor in hands
Immobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Typical onset age of PD

A

50-56

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of mild cognitive impairment

A

Goes beyond normal aging but not significant enough to affect activity participation/functional independence (e.g. episodic memory loss, language impairments, neuropsychiatric symptoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: PD affects cognition

A

True - memory, abstract reasoning, and other tasks that require sustained mental function progressively become compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: Impaired vocabulary and syntax are some of the first signs of PD

A

False - vocab, syntax and grammar are preserved in PD until the late stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Typical life expectancy post-onset of HD
a) 5-10 years
b) 10-15 years
c) 15-20 years
d) 20+ years

A

c) 15-20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Personality changes in HD

A

Irritability and emotional outbursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: In both PD and HD, intellectual functions begin to slow

A

False – in HD yes but PD, usually in tact, able to remain in familiar environments with supervision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of memory do Montessori activities acces?

A

Procedural memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A

MR. JDM (Jeffrey Dean Morgan)

  • Lapse in Memory
  • Faulty reasoning
  • Poor judgement
  • Disorientation in non-familiar enviros
  • Alterations in mood (depressed, irritable, suspicious)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: Intellect and cognition are mostly spared in AD

A

False - become increasingly impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two main features of non-fluent PPA

A
  • Agrammatism
  • Hesitant speech with AOS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At least 2 of the following for non-fluent/agrammatic PPA

A
  • Difficulty understanding complex phrases
  • Preserved word comprehension
  • Preserved object knowledge
19
Q

2 features that must be present for semantic PPA

A
  • Anomia (impaired word retrieval/confrontation naming)
  • Impaired single-word comprehension
20
Q

At least 3 of the following for semantic PPA

A
  • Impaired object knowledge (especially low-freq)
  • Surface dyslexia/dysgraphia
  • Spared repetition
  • Spared speech production (grammar + motor)
21
Q

2 features that MUST be present for logopenic PPA

A
  • Impaired word retrieval in spontaneous speech/naming
  • Impaired repetition of sentences
22
Q

At least three of the following for logopenic PPA

A
  • Phonological errors (e.g. cluster reduction)
  • Spared single-word comp/object knowledge
  • Spared motor speech
  • Absence of agrammatism
23
Q

Three main categories of RHBD impairments

A
  1. Attentional / Perceptual Deficits
  2. Affective Deficits
  3. Communicative Deficits
24
Q

What are the attentional deficits of RHBD?

A
  • Left-side neglect
  • Denial of illness
  • Facial recognition deficits
  • Reproducing shapes
  • Disorientation
  • Visuoperceptual deficits
25
What are the affective deficits of RHBD?
- Difficulty understanding emotions on faces - Difficulty understanding emotion expressed in a single word/tone of voice - Difficulty expressing emotions
26
What are the communicative deficits of RHBD?
- Difficulty with prosody (expressive and receptive) - Impaired/disorganized narrative + discourse skills - Difficulty understanding implied/abstract messages - Pragmatics (e.g. turn taking, eye contact, excessive speech, topic maintenance)
27
What is a general way to distinguish between aphasia and dementia in evaluation?
Aphasia – tend to perform better on nonverbal tests of intelligence/problem solving than verbal tasks Dementia – poor on both
28
What type of memory is affected at the beginning of Alzheimer's?
Declarative - Semantic (facts, words, names - meaning of a word/expresssion) - Historical events - Episodic (related to emotion)
29
What type of memory is more affected toward the end of Alzheimer's?
Procedural - Associations - Motor skills -
30
What is prospective memory?
Ability for intentions from the past to inform actions in the present (made a plan to do something later in the day)
31
In most cases, a dementia diagnosis requires progressive deterioration in at least 3 of the following functions:
Intellectual functions Judgement Thinking (cognition?) Visuospatial skills Constructional abilities Language Memory Emotion Behaviour
32
What is Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Only ONE of the potential functions is impaired and the severity is MILD
33
Causes of reversible dementias
About 20% of cases: Metabolic disturbances Chronic renal failure Persistent anemia Drug toxicity Lung & heart disease Nutritional deficiencies
34
T/F: Pre-existing learning disability makes a person more vulnerable to effects of TBI
True
35
Risks post-TBI
- Seizures - Depression + PTSD (self-medication) - 2nd TBI - Criminality - Homelessness
36
Post-injury factors that influence recovery
- Early medical intervention (time is brain) - Early rehab - Long-term support network - Individual resilience/effort/adjustment
37
What is a diffuse brain injury?
Crosses multiple brain regions --> affects entire brain
38
Examples of diffuse brain injury
Global Ischemic (loss of oxygen) Edema (brain swelling)
39
What is a focal brain injury?
Injury to a specific part
40
Examples of focal brain injury
Scalp lacerations Skull fractures Contusions (brain bruise) Intracranial hemorrgage
41
Acceleration vs. Non-acceleration trauma
Acceleration – moving head hits moving object/stationary object/or whiplash Non-acceleration – non-moving head hit by object --> consequences come from the deformation of the skull
42
Which is more dangerous, an epidural hematoma or a subdural hematoma?
Subdural --> spreads more slowly, so no initial symptoms; epidural can be resolved with a hole to relieve pressure and remove blood
43
Common consequence (secondary) of diffuse injuries
Cerebral edema
44
Environmental compensations for TBI
- Stick to a routine - Keep belongings in a designated place - Educate the family on what's going on and how to interact - Set time limits for working on difficult tasks (avoid errors + fatigue)