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ugh > Types of Rocks and the Rock Cycle > Flashcards

Types of Rocks and the Rock Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

from the cooling of liquid rock

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2
Q

What determines which igneous rock is formed?

A

how fast it cools and the composition or melted rock

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3
Q

What’s the difference between magma and lava?

A

magma is under the surface and lava is above

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4
Q

Intrusive igneous

A

form deep beneath the surface and have been cooling for millions of years

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5
Q

What are intrusive igneous rocks characterized by?

A

large crystals

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6
Q

Example of intrusive igneous

A

granite

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7
Q

Extrusive igneous

A

forms on the surface of the earth; when lava erupts out of a volcano it cools quick and there is little to no crystal growth

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8
Q

Example of extrusive igneous

A

obsidian, pumice

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9
Q

texture

A

how big the crystals are in an igneous rock

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10
Q

coarse-grained

A

large crystals, slow cooling

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11
Q

porphyritic

A

both large and small crystals, slow cooling with different minerals

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12
Q

fine-grained

A

small crystals, fast cooling

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13
Q

glassy

A

no crystals, instant cooling

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14
Q

composition

A

deals with the chemical make-up of the rock

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15
Q

What are the most common mineral on Earth?

A

silicates

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16
Q

felsic

A

(light) rock made up mostly of silicates, over 65% silica

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17
Q

Andesitic

A

(medium) rock that is half dark/light, between 55-65% silica

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18
Q

Mafic

A

(dark) rock that is rich in Fe and Mg, between 45-55% silica

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19
Q

Ultra

A

rocks rich in Fe and Mg, under 45% silica

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20
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

made from an accumulation of various types of sediments

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21
Q

what is sediment?

A

fragments that result from the breaking (weathering) of rocks, minerals, and organic matter

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22
Q

sediment ex

A

gravel, clay, silt, pebbles, sand, mud, shells, dirt

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23
Q

where does most sedimentary rock form?

A

underwater

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24
Q

sedimentary rock that forms underwater ex

A

limestone, halite

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25
Q

compaction

A

sediments are pushed together and as a result, water and air are squeezed out

26
Q

cementation

A

water passes through the sediments and dissolved minerals left behind act as a cement to hold the sediments together

27
Q

precipitation

A

minerals clump together and fall out of solution

28
Q

evaporation

A

water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind

29
Q

what are the 3 types of sedimentary rocks?

A

clastic, chemical, and organic

30
Q

clastic rock formation

A

formed from fragments of other rocks which have been weathered and eroded

31
Q

clastic rocks are classified by…

A

size of sediments

32
Q

clastic rock examples

A

sandstone, shale, conglomerate, breccia

33
Q

chemical rock formation

A

formed from minerals that were once dissolved in water

34
Q

chemical rocks are classified by…

A

mineral composition

35
Q

chemical rock examples

A

chemical limestone, gypsum, and halite

36
Q

organic rock formation

A

formed from the remains or traces of animals and/or plants

37
Q

organic rock examples

A

coal (plants), chalk (animal skeletons), limestone (shells)

38
Q

what are some features of sedimentary rocks?

A

stratification, ripple marks, and fossils

39
Q

stratification

A

(aka layering) occurs when there is a change in the kind of sediment deposited

40
Q

ripple marks

A

formed from the action of wind or water on sand (seen in sandstone)

41
Q

fossils

A

remains or traces of plants and/or animals

42
Q

metamorphic rock formation

A

formed from other rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) as a result of intense heat (from magma) and pressure (plate tectonics)

43
Q

Where are most metamorphic rocks formed?

A

below the surface

44
Q

what are the 2 ways a metamorphic rock can form?

A

contact metamorphism or regional metamorphism

45
Q

contact metamorphism

A

occurs when hot magma pushes through existing rock and changes the structure and composition of the surrounding rock; the original minerals may form larger crystals

46
Q

regional metamorphism

A

occurs when tectonic plates push against each other causing heat and pressure that chemically changes the minerals in the rock

47
Q

Which type of metamorphism is most common?

A

regional metamorphism

48
Q

foliated metamorphic rock

A

pressure flattens the mineral crystals and pushes into parallel bands- different densities separate into different bands

49
Q

foliated metamorphic rock example

A

slate, schist, gneiss

50
Q

nonfoliated metamorphic rock

A

no visible parallel bands

51
Q

nonfoliated metamorphic rock example

A

quartzite, marble

52
Q

rock cycle

A

rock minerals are constantly being recycled and each rock type can become a different type on its journey through the rock cycle

53
Q

the energy that drives the rock cycle

A

heat, mechanical

54
Q

forces responsible for the three major rock types

A

weathering and erosion, heat and pressure, and melting, desposition and bedding, and foliation

55
Q

weathering and erosion

A

create sediment

56
Q

desposition and bedding

A

sediment is desposited

57
Q

heat and pressure

A

transform parent rock

58
Q

heat and pressure

A

transform parent rock

59
Q

foliation

A

minerals pushed into bands

60
Q

melting

A

turns the material into magma/lava

ugh (42 decks)

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