Types of immunity/vaccines

Question 1

What are the 4 types of immunity?

Answer 1

Active natural immunity
Passive natural immunity
Active artificial immunity
Passive artificial immunity

Question 2

What are the characteristics of passive immunity?

Answer 2

Antibodies are given not made
It’s short term
No memory cells are produced
Takes effect quicker

Question 3

What are the characteristics of active immunity?

Answer 3

Exposed to antigens so antibodies are made
It’s long term
Memory cells are produced
Slow to take effect

Question 4

What is active natural immunity?

Answer 4

When you encounter an antigen in the environment and therefore produce antibodies against it.

Question 5

What is active artificial immunity?

Answer 5

Vaccines induce active immunity as you make antibodies against the antigen in the vaccine.

Question 6

What is passive natural immunity?

Answer 6

Antibodies are passed from one animal/person to another

Question 7

What is passive artificial immunity?

Answer 7

Given antibodies to attach to the antigens/toxins

Question 8

What is an example of active natural immunity?

Answer 8

Getting chicken pox, producing antibodies against it and therefore not getting chicken pox again

Question 9

What is an example of passive natural immunity?

Answer 9

Antibodies passed from mother to foetus via placenta
Antibodies passed onto baby in breast milk
Colostrum - milk especially high in antibodies

Question 10

What is an example of active artificial immunity?

Answer 10

MMR vaccine offers artificial active immunity against the measles, mumps and rubella viruses.

Question 11

What is an example of passive artificial immunity?

Answer 11

Antivenom - Antibodies given against venom for example, snake venom
Antitoxin - Antibodies against the toxin for example, diphtheria

Question 12

How do vaccines work?

Answer 12

Must have antigens from pathogen to stimulate immunity
Phagocytes engulf antigens, show them on surface, T cells become activated, activate B cells, produce plasma cells, produce antibodies, without getting disease

Question 13

What are the 4 types of vaccine?

Answer 13

Dead microorganisms
Live attenuated (modified/weakened) microorganisms
Toxoid (modified form of toxin)
Sub unit from microorganism (only antigen)

Question 14

What is an example of a dead microorganism vaccine?

Answer 14

Vaccine for cholera

Question 15

What is an example of a live attenuated microorganism vaccine?

Answer 15

MMR vaccine

Question 16

What is an example of a toxoid vaccine?

Answer 16

Tetanus vaccine

Question 17

What is an example of a sub unit from a microorganism vaccine?

Answer 17

Hepatitis B

Question 18

What are the 8 features of a good vaccine?

Answer 18

Few side effects
Necessary - must have a demand
Ethical to manufacture
Be able to make suitable quantities
Have suitable storage methods
Cost effective - economically viable
Easily administered - droplets on tongue (oral)
Effective - trigger plasma cells to make antibodies, provide herd immunity

Question 19

What is herd immunity?

Answer 19

When enough people become immune, even people that aren’t immune are unlikely to get the disease as not many people carry it (can’t pass it on)

Question 20

Negatives of vaccines

Answer 20

Often involves animal testing.
Side effects - can cause long term harm.
Some oppose due to religion.
Trials sometimes carried out without knowing health risks.