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Biology module 4 > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the importance of classification?

A

Keeps things organised
Can manage large amounts of information
Makes organisms easier to identify
Can identify relationships between organisms

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2
Q

What are the 8 groups/subgroups used to classify things?

A 
Domains
Kingdoms
Phylum/Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus/Genera
Species
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3
Q

How many domains are there?

A

3

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4
Q

How many kingdoms are there?

A

5

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5
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

All of the groups and sub groups

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6
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying things

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7
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Prokaryota
Protoctista
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8
Q

What does heterotroph mean?

A

Feed off other things to survive

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9
Q

What does autotroph mean?

A

Feed by photosynthesis

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10
Q

What are the 4 eukaryote kingdoms?

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista

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11
Q

What is the only prokaryote kingdom?

A

Prokaryota (bacteria)

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12
Q

What are the features for the animalia kingdom?

A

Multicellular, mobile, heterotrophs

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13
Q

What are the features for the plantae kingdom?

A

Multicellular, immobile, roots, stem, leaves, cellulose cell wall

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14
Q

What are the features for the fungi kingdom?

A

Single or multicellular, can’t photosynthesise, heterotrophs, very branched chitin cell wall.

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15
Q

What are the features for the prokaryota kingdom?

A

Bacteria, single celled, most common, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, 70s ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall, microscopic unless in large colonies.

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16
Q

What are the features for the protoctista kingdom?

A

Normally single celled, have a nucleus, all organisms that don’t fit in the other kingdoms.

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17
Q

What naming system is used for species?

A

Binomial nomenclature

18
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

19
Q

What are some things to remember when naming species?

A 
Always 2 words
Italics if typed/underlined if written
Capital first word, lowercase second word
First name=genus
Second name=species within genus
Called a binomial name
20
Q

When can you abbreviate a species name?

Eg Canis lupus-> C. lupus

A

The second time you write it.

21
Q

What type of key is used to identify a species?

A

Dichotomous key

2 choices each step

22
Q

Why has classification changed?

A

Originally only observable features were used as there wasn’t microscopes, biochemistry or DNA evidence

23
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

24
Q

What are the features are only in the bacteria domain?

A 
Different cell membrane
Flagella 
Small RNA polymerase
Different DNA replication mechanisms
Peptidoglycan cell wall
25
Q

What are the features are only in the archaea domain?

A

Medium sized RNA polymerase

Extremophiles

26
Q

What are the features are only in the eukaryota domain?

A 
Nucleus 
80s ribosomes
Large RNA polymerase
Eukaryotic cells
Membrane-bound organelles
27
Q

What are the similarities between the bacteria and archaea domains?

A

70s ribosomes

No nucleus

28
Q

What are the similarities between the archaea and eukaryota domains?

A

DNA binding proteins

DNA replication mechanisms

29
Q

How do we now classify things?

A 
Anatomy (observable features)
Cellular features (using microscopes)
Biochemistry (proteins/DNA/RNA)
30
Q

How do you use proteins to classify organisms?

A

Work out amino acid sequence of protein
Repeat for different organisms
Look for similarities and differences
Construct an evolutionary relationship

31
Q

Which 2 proteins are often used to classify organisms?

A

Cytochrome C

Haemoglobin

32
Q

What is the problem with using haemoglobin to classify things?

A

Can’t compare all organisms that don’t have haemoglobin

33
Q

How do you construct an evolutionary relationship?

A

Similar sequence = same group

Different sequence = separate groups

34
Q

Why is cytochrome C usually used to classify organisms?

A

It is used in respiration so everything has it

35
Q

What is the problem with using cytochrome C?

A

Some organisms, like humans and chimps, have the same cytochrome C so that can’t be used to classify them, another protein would be used to classify them.

36
Q

How do you use DNA to classify organisms?

A

Look at DNA sequence of a particular gene that ALL things you are comparing have.
More similar=more closely related=same group
More different=less closely related=different group

37
Q

What are the advantages of using the binomial names instead of the traditional names of organisms?

A

Every species only has one name (doesn’t change with language/region).
Prevents translation errors (always latin).
A traditional name can apply to several different species.

38
Q

Which group from the kingdom classification system is split up by the domain system? Why?

A

Prokaryotae - split into archaea and bacteria as archaea are now thought to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to bacteria

39
Q

How has modern DNA technology contributed to deducing the evolutionary relationships between organisms?

A

Rapid/accurate sequencing allows us to look at relationships between species.
See how they have evolved/mutated
Closely related=similar genomes
Highlights close relationships between species that look/act differently.

40
Q

What is a taxon?

A

Non-overlapping group within a classification

41
Q

What are certain toxic substances and radioactivity collectively known as?

A

Mutagens

Cause mutations by ionising radiation

Biology module 4 (10 decks)

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