Classification

Question 1

What is the importance of classification?

Answer 1

Keeps things organised
Can manage large amounts of information
Makes organisms easier to identify
Can identify relationships between organisms

Question 2

What are the 8 groups/subgroups used to classify things?

Answer 2

Domains
Kingdoms
Phylum/Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus/Genera
Species

Question 3

How many domains are there?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

How many kingdoms are there?

Answer 4

5

Question 5

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 5

All of the groups and sub groups

Question 6

What is taxonomy?

Answer 6

The science of classifying things

Question 7

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 7

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Prokaryota
Protoctista

Question 8

What does heterotroph mean?

Answer 8

Feed off other things to survive

Question 9

What does autotroph mean?

Answer 9

Feed by photosynthesis

Question 10

What are the 4 eukaryote kingdoms?

Answer 10

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista

Question 11

What is the only prokaryote kingdom?

Answer 11

Prokaryota (bacteria)

Question 12

What are the features for the animalia kingdom?

Answer 12

Multicellular, mobile, heterotrophs

Question 13

What are the features for the plantae kingdom?

Answer 13

Multicellular, immobile, roots, stem, leaves, cellulose cell wall

Question 14

What are the features for the fungi kingdom?

Answer 14

Single or multicellular, can’t photosynthesise, heterotrophs, very branched chitin cell wall.

Question 15

What are the features for the prokaryota kingdom?

Answer 15

Bacteria, single celled, most common, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, 70s ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall, microscopic unless in large colonies.

Question 16

What are the features for the protoctista kingdom?

Answer 16

Normally single celled, have a nucleus, all organisms that don’t fit in the other kingdoms.

Question 17

What naming system is used for species?

Answer 17

Binomial nomenclature

Question 18

What is a species?

Answer 18

A group of similar organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

Question 19

What are some things to remember when naming species?

Answer 19

Always 2 words
Italics if typed/underlined if written
Capital first word, lowercase second word
First name=genus
Second name=species within genus
Called a binomial name

Question 20

When can you abbreviate a species name?

Eg Canis lupus-> C. lupus

Answer 20

The second time you write it.

Question 21

What type of key is used to identify a species?

Answer 21

Dichotomous key

2 choices each step

Question 22

Why has classification changed?

Answer 22

Originally only observable features were used as there wasn’t microscopes, biochemistry or DNA evidence

Question 23

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 23

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

Question 24

What are the features are only in the bacteria domain?

Answer 24

Different cell membrane
Flagella 
Small RNA polymerase
Different DNA replication mechanisms
Peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 25

What are the features are only in the archaea domain?

Answer 25

Medium sized RNA polymerase | Extremophiles

Question 26

What are the features are only in the eukaryota domain?

Answer 26

``` Nucleus 80s ribosomes Large RNA polymerase Eukaryotic cells Membrane-bound organelles ```

Question 27

What are the similarities between the bacteria and archaea domains?

Answer 27

70s ribosomes | No nucleus

Question 28

What are the similarities between the archaea and eukaryota domains?

Answer 28

DNA binding proteins | DNA replication mechanisms

Question 29

How do we now classify things?

Answer 29

``` Anatomy (observable features) Cellular features (using microscopes) Biochemistry (proteins/DNA/RNA) ```

Question 30

How do you use proteins to classify organisms?

Answer 30

Work out amino acid sequence of protein Repeat for different organisms Look for similarities and differences Construct an evolutionary relationship

Question 31

Which 2 proteins are often used to classify organisms?

Answer 31

Cytochrome C | Haemoglobin

Question 32

What is the problem with using haemoglobin to classify things?

Answer 32

Can't compare all organisms that don't have haemoglobin

Question 33

How do you construct an evolutionary relationship?

Answer 33

Similar sequence = same group | Different sequence = separate groups

Question 34

Why is cytochrome C usually used to classify organisms?

Answer 34

It is used in respiration so everything has it

Question 35

What is the problem with using cytochrome C?

Answer 35

Some organisms, like humans and chimps, have the same cytochrome C so that can't be used to classify them, another protein would be used to classify them.

Question 36

How do you use DNA to classify organisms?

Answer 36

Look at DNA sequence of a particular gene that ALL things you are comparing have. More similar=more closely related=same group More different=less closely related=different group

Question 37

What are the advantages of using the binomial names instead of the traditional names of organisms?

Answer 37

Every species only has one name (doesn't change with language/region). Prevents translation errors (always latin). A traditional name can apply to several different species.

Question 38

Which group from the kingdom classification system is split up by the domain system? Why?

Answer 38

Prokaryotae - split into archaea and bacteria as archaea are now thought to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to bacteria

Question 39

How has modern DNA technology contributed to deducing the evolutionary relationships between organisms?

Answer 39

Rapid/accurate sequencing allows us to look at relationships between species. See how they have evolved/mutated Closely related=similar genomes Highlights close relationships between species that look/act differently.

Question 40

What is a taxon?

Answer 40

Non-overlapping group within a classification

Question 41

What are certain toxic substances and radioactivity collectively known as?

Answer 41

Mutagens | Cause mutations by ionising radiation