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biology module 4 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you select squares at random?

A

Layout tape measures as axis

Use random number generator to get coordinates for particular square in grid

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2
Q

Definition of biodiversity?

A

A measure of the number and type of organisms in a certain area
Mixture of richness and eveness

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3
Q

How do you calculate richness?

A

Take appropriate samples in habitat
Record all species
Qualitative data (list of names)

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4
Q

How do you calculate evenness?

A

Take appropriate samples in habitat
Record all species
Record number of each species/% cover
Quantitative data (number of individuals of each species)

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5
Q

What 2 ways are there for measuring genetic diversity?

A

Look at observable features

Count the number of different alleles for a specific locus

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6
Q

What is the problem with using observable features to measure genetic diversity?

A

Unreliable as you don’t know exactly what alleles they have, just an indicator

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7
Q

What is the definition of a locus?

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

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8
Q

How do you calculate the genetic diversity?

A

Work out the proportion of loci that have more than 1 allele

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9
Q

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci=

A

Number of polymorphic gene loci/

Total number of loci

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10
Q

What does polymorphic gene loci mean?

A

Polymorphic - Different versions

Gene loci - location of gene

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11
Q

What are SNP’s

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Reason for human differences, very small

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12
Q

What is Simpson’s diversity index?

A

Measures biodiversity of a habitat (richness and evenness)

D = 1 - (sum of (n/N²))

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13
Q

What does everything mean in the Simpson’s diversity index?

D = 1 - (sum of (n/N²))

A

D - Diversity
n - Number of individuals in species
N - Total number of things

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14
Q

What 3 factors affect biodiversity?

A

Human population growth
Climate change
Agriculture

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15
Q

How does human population growth affect biodiversity?

A

Habitats destroyed for housing/roads etc
Hunting/poaching - eg dodo birds
More pollution/greenhouse gases eg CO2, methane which cause climate change

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16
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity?

A

Icebergs melt - no habitat for things that live on them, sea levels rise, temperature lowers, currents change
More dry - Only xerophytes survive so less diversity
Increase forest fires

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17
Q

How does agriculture negatively affect biodiversity?

A

Pesticides kill pests/insects but also kill beneficial insects (bees)
Habitat destroyed to use land for a monoculture

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18
Q

How can agriculture positively affect biodiversity?

A

Get subsidies from government to maintain/grow hedges

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19
Q

What are the 3 reasons for conservation?

A

Ecological
Economical
Aesthetic

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20
Q

What are ecological reasons for conservation?

A

Interdependence - species depend on each other
Keystone species - presence affects many in the habitat
Genetic resource - Wild varieties may have useful features like disease resistance

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21
Q

What are the economical reasons for conservation?

A

Tourism - eg safaris
Monoculture - 1 crop, decrease diversity
Soil depletion - monoculture could require certain minerals like nitrates and deplete stores in the soil
Rare plants can be sold for a lot of money

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22
Q

What are the aesthetic reasons for conservation?

A

Landscapes are nice to look at

Nature parks to visit eg when dog walking

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23
Q

What is the definition of ex situ conservation?

A

Conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal habitat

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24
Q

What is the definition of botanical garden?

A

A collection of plants all together in one place, like a zoo for animals, seeds can be collected from the wild and plants propagated quickly

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25
Q

What is the definition of zoo?

A

A collection of animals. Most have an important role in conservation such as captive breeding programmes and research into endangered species

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26
Q

What is the definition of seed bank?

A

Collection of seed samples Eg millenium seed bank. Seeds are stored in dry/ freezing conditions to preserve them

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27
Q

What is the CBD (AKA Rio convention)?

A

Convention of biological diversity
Agreement signed at the Rio earth summit in 1992 to conserve biodiversity. It also takes into account peoples needs and sustainable development

28
Q

What is the CITES?

A

Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora. Regulate trade of wildlife, live specimens and products

29
Q

What is the definition of in situ conservation?

A

Carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

30
Q

What is the definition of a local nature reserve?

A

Smaller sites of protected countryside sometimes including habitat/species preservation

31
Q

What is the definition of marine conservation zone?

A

Areas protected as they are important to conserve the biodiversity of naturally rare, threatened and representative habitats in the sea

32
Q

What is the definition of a national park?

A

15 areas of protected countryside in the UK covering many of the most beautiful/valued landscapes

33
Q

What is the definition of SSSI?

A

The country’s best wildlife/geological sites that have been designated as sites of scientific interest

34
Q

What is the definition of a wildlife reserve?

A

Designated areas set aside for the conservation of a species or habitat

35
Q

What is the definition of CSS?

A

Countryside stewardship scheme, 1991, conserve English landscapes primarily by funding farmers to manage/maintain countryside. This has now been replaced by the Environmental Stewardship Scheme.

36
Q

Which tactics for conservation are in situ?

A 
Local nature reserve
Marine conservation zone
National parks
SSSI
Wildlife reserve
CSS
37
Q

Which tactics for conservation are ex situ?

A

Botanical garden
Zoo
Seed bank

38
Q

Which tactics for conservation are conventions?

A

CBD
CITES
CSS

39
Q

What are the advantages of in situ conservation?

A

Don’t have to move organisms
Maintains biodiversity of habitat
Doesn’t affect interdependence in habitat

40
Q

What are the advantages of ex situ conservation?

A

Conserve species, prevent extinction
Habitats may have been lost - only choice
People visit and spend money which can be used in conservation projects
Breeding programmes maintain biodiversity

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of in situ conservation?

A

Difficult to control natural environment (eg who enters)

Expensive (difficult to maintain a large area)

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of ex situ conservation?

A

Expensive to move organisms
Difficult/impossible to return organisms to the wild
Difficult/dangerous to transport/capture animals
Decrease biodiversity of natural habitat
May not breed in captivity
People have ethical concerns

43
Q

What is the definition of sampling?

A

A method for estimating the number of organisms in a particular area

44
Q

What is the definition of systematic sampling?

A

Sampling species in different areas of the same habitat

45
Q

What is the definition of opportunistic sampling?

A

Sampling the organisms easily available

46
Q

What is the definition of random sampling?

A

A method for collecting data which involves selecting individuals by chance

47
Q

What is the definition of chance?

A

This factor can be minimised by taking a large number of samples

48
Q

What is the definition of stratified sampling?

A

Splitting populations into sub groups and then taking a random sample

49
Q

What is the definition of a line transect?

A

A line is run through a habitat and samples are taken at certain intervals along the line

50
Q

What is the definition of a belt transect?

A

Two parallel lines are marked in a habitat and samples are taken between them

51
Q

What is the definition of sampling bias?

A

This factor can be removed by taking random samples

52
Q

Advantages of random sampling?

A

Removes/reduces experimental bias

Any subjects can be chosen

53
Q

Advantages of opportunistic sampling?

A

Easy to do

Uses easily available subjects

54
Q

Advantages of stratified sampling?

A

All categories of the population are represented

55
Q

Advantages of systematic sampling?

A

More generalisable as more areas of the habitat are sampled

56
Q

Disadvantages of random sampling?

A

May not have equal numbers of each sub group

57
Q

Disadvantages of opportunistic sampling?

A

Not generalisable/representative of the whole population

58
Q

Disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A

More time consuming

Subgroups may not be clear

59
Q

Disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A

More time consuming

60
Q

Disadvantages of belt transect?

A

More time consuming
More difficult
Interrupted belt transect may miss species

61
Q

Disadvantages of line transect?

A

Small area so some organisms are not sampled

62
Q

Advantages of belt transect?

A

Allow a correlation to be seen between conditions and species present

63
Q

Advantages of line transect?

A

Quicker
Easier
Allow a correlation to be seen between conditions and species present

64
Q

How do you work out abundance?

A

Number of individuals /

Area of sample

65
Q

How do you estimate total population (maths)?

A

Number of individuals in first sample X number of individuals in second sample /
Number of recaptured marked individuals

66
Q

What do you do to estimate total population? (explanation)

A

Capture - mark - release - recapture

67
Q

Definition of a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

biology module 4 (10 decks)

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