Immune response Flashcards
Which lymphocytes are involved in the cell mediated response?
T lymphocytes (mature in thymus gland)
What are antigen presenting cells?
Phagocytes can process antigens and present them on their cell surface membrane.
How do T helper cells become activated?
They have complementary shapes to the antigens that are presented on the phagocytes.
What is it called when T helper cells become activated?
Clonal selection
When T helper cells are activated what happens next?
They are then copied by mitosis
What is it called when T helper cells are copied?
Clonal expansion/clonal proliferation
What 4 things can T helper cells differentiate into?
Killer T cells
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells
Activated T cells
What do killer T cells do?
They kill pathogens by making pores in pathogen membranes
What do suppressor T cells do?
Inhibits killer T cells and antibody production after the infection is over.
What do memory T cells do?
Remain after the infection is over, can become activated when infected with the same antigen.
What do activated T cells do?
They remain after the infection is over
Which lymphocytes are involved in the humoral response?`
B lymphocytes (mature bone marrow)
How do B lymphocytes become activated?
T helper cells release cytokines, this is clonal selection
Which 2 things can B lymphocytes differentiate into?
Memory B cells
Plasma cells
What do memory B cells do?
Circulate in the blood to respond quickly if the antigen is encountered a second time
Can quickly differentiate into plasma cells
What do plasma cells do?
Contain lots of rough ER in order to synthesise antibodies (which are proteins)
Why is the secondary immune response much quicker than the primary immune response?
First time a pathogen enters you have to do everything while the second time memory cells quickly differentiate into killer T cells and plasma cells.
In the secondary immune response what is better about plasma cells?
They produce antibodies more quickly and more antibodies are produced.
What’s the difference between cytokines and opsonins?
Cytokines released by white blood cells to regulate overall immune response.
Opsonins are signal molecules that bind to a pathogen to accelerate phagocytosis.
